meteorology: part 1 earth science golodolinski/black 2009
TRANSCRIPT
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Meteorology:Part 1
Earth Science
Golodolinski/Black
2009
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Meteorology Vocabulary
MeterologyThe study of the Earth’s atmospheric
changesWeather
MeteorologistA scientist who studies weather
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Weather
WeatherShort term condition of the atmosphereCan change very quickly, within days,
hours, or minutesWeather is constantly changing, and it refers to
the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. Climate, however, is based on observations of weather that have been collected over many years. Climate helps describe a place or region.
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Composition of Atmosphere
Major component is air.
Air is a mixture of different gases and particles, each with its own physical properties.
Volume of clean, dry air
Other components include: water vapor, ozone,
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Meteorology Vocabulary (continued)
AtmosphereThe shell of gases surrounding EarthDivided into layers based on temperature changes
with altitudeThe 4 atmosphere layers are:
TroposphereStratosphereMesosphereThermosphere
Each layer is seperated by a “-pause” In ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere”
p. 14
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Thermal Structure of Atmosphere
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ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere” p. 14
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Part 1: Energy in Earth’s System
Internal EnergyInside the EarthCauses
Radioactive decayHeat left over from the forming of Earth
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Part 1: Energy in Earth’s System
External Energy Solar energy from the
Sun Effected by
Position of the sun is in the sky
The amount of solar energy absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere
How long the sun is above the horizon
Insolation Incoming solar radiation
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ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere” p. 14
**Questions #1-4 p. 167**
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ESRT: “Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere” p. 14
**Answers #1-4 p. 167**
*Questions #1-16 p. 168-9
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How Energy Reaches Earth
RadiationEnergy transfer in the form of electromagnetic
wavesCan travel through empty spaces in all directionsMost of the Sun’s energy that reaches Earth’s
surface is in the visible light range on the Electromagnetic spectrum. The sun emits light and heat as well as the ultraviolet rays
that cause a suntan. These forms of energy are only part of a large array of energy emitted by the sun, called the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Radiation All objects, at any temperature, emit
radiant energy.Hotter objects radiate more total energy
per unit area than colder objects do. The hottest radiating bodies produce the
shortest wavelengths of maximum radiation.
Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are good emitters as well.
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What happens to solar radiation?
When radiation strikes an object, there usually are three different results.
1. Some energy is absorbed by the object.
2. Substances such as water and air are transparent to certain wavelengths of radiation.
3. Some radiation may bounce off the object without being absorbed or transmitted.
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Solar Radiation
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How Energy Reaches Earth
Electromagnetic SpectrumThe classification of radiation based on wavelength,
frequency, and amplitudeESRT p.14
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Visible Light Consists of an Array of Colors
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ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14
Questions #1-7 p. 170
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ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14
Questions #1-7 p. 170
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ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14
Answers #1-7 p. 170
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ESRT: Electromagnetic Spectrump.14
Answers #1-7 p. 170
Questions #1-6 p. 170-1
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How Energy Reaches Earth
Angle of Insolation The altitude of the sun over the horizon, measured in
degrees Highest altitude is 90° (directly overhead) Changes depending on 3 things: time of day, latitude, season
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Angle of Insolation Changes Depending on 3 Things:
1. Time of day Sunrise
Sun is lowest in the sky- cooler temperatures
Solar noon Sun is highest in the sky- warmer temperatures
Sunset Sun is low in the sky- cooler temperatures
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Angle of Insolation Changes Depending on 3 Things:
2. LatitudeThe lower the latitutde-
the higher the angle of insolation
Equator= 0°; altitude of sun is high all year, warm temperatures
Poles= 90° (North and South); altitude of sun is low all year, colder temperatures
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Angle of Insolation Changes Depending on 3 Things:
3. SeasonSeasonal changes occur because
Earth’s position relative to the sun continually changes as it travels along its orbit.
In the northern hemisphere: Sun is highest in the sky in June:
Warm temperatures Summer The summer solstice is on June
21; the “official” first day of summer.
Sun is lowest in the sky in December:
Cooler temperatures Winter The winter solstice is on
December 21; is the “official” first day of winter.
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Solstice
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How Energy Reaches Earth
Duration of InsolationThe length of time the sun is over the
horizonDepends on latitude and time of yearAt the equator (0°): 12 hour days all year
long- no seasonsAs the latitude increases…
Summer= Longer days- warmer temperaturesWinter= Shorter days- cooler temperatures
Questions #1-3 p. 173
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Atmospheric Transparency
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Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation
Light vs. Dark
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Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation
Rough vs. Smooth
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Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation
Land vs. WaterLand heats up faster than water because
water has a higher specific heatLand cools down faster than water, because
water has a higher specific heatIn the winter, the lake may not freezeIn the spring, part of the lake may still be
frozen even though the temperatures are warm
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Land vs. Water
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Atmospheric Transparency: Reflection/ Refraction/ Absorption of Insolation
Specific HeatThe amount of heat (calories) needed to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance one degree Celsius.
ESRT p. 1The higher the specific heat, the more heat
energy it requires to raise the temperature of the material
The lower the specific heat, the faster it heats up
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ESRT: Specific Heat p.1
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ESRT: Specific Heat p.1Questions a-e p. 175
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ESRT: Specific Heat p.1Answers a-e p. 175
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Atmospheric Transparency
A good absorber of electromagnetic energy is a good radiator of electromagnetic energy. If a material heats up quickly, it will also cool down quickly.
Questions #1-5 p. 176
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Terrestrial Radiation
Terrestrial RadiationRadiation from Earth’s Surface
InfraredLong wave radiation emitted from Earth’s
surface and other terrestrial objects
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Terrestrial Radiation
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Terrestrial Radiation
Greenhouse effectOccurs as long wave radiation (infrared) is
trapped within Earth’s AtmosphereGreenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide
and waver vapor, absorb the long wave radiation
Traps in heat which causes Earth’s surface temperatures to increase
About 50 percent of the solar energy that strikes the top of the atmosphere reaches Earth’s surface and is absorbed.
Questions #1-9 p. 177-8
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Terrestrial Radiation
ConductionTransfer of energy
from molecule to molecule
Most effective in solids, but can occur in gasses or solids
ExampleMetal bar
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Terrestrial Radiation
ConvectionEnergy transfer caused by the differences in
densityOccurs in fluids (liquid or gasses)Most dominant heat transfer in Earth’s
AtmosphereWarm air rises, cool air sinks
Questions #1-4 p. 179;
Section Review Questions #1-16 p. 180-2