SHYAM LAL COLLEGE(M)

PROJECT- RURAL DEVELOPMENT

SUPERVISED BY- SHYAM SUNDER PRASAD SIR

PROJECT NAME-RURAL DEVELOPMENT

CENTER POINT OF PROJECT- MNREGA

MADE BY- ASHISH SINGH-5920 PRASHANT-5921 SWATA-5927

INTRODUCTIONThe 2011 Census estimates that 83.3 crore people, about 69 percent of the countrys total population of 121 crore, continue to live in rural India. A major challenge thus arises is, how to feed Indias growing population with rising incomes with the given land and water resources. Rural development has always been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries, throughout the world. In the developing countries and some formerly communist societies, rural mass comprise a substantial majority of the population. Over 3.5 billion people live in the Asia and Pacific region and some 63% of them in rural areas. Although millions of rural people have escaped poverty as a result of rural development in many Asian countries, a large majority of rural people continue to suffer from persistent poverty. The socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas are widening and creating tremendous pressure on the social and economic fabric of many developing Asian economies. These factors, among many others, tend to highlight the importance of rural development. The policy makers in most of the developing economies recognize this importance and have been implementing a host of programs and measures to achieve rural development objectives. While some of these countries have achieved impressive results, others have failed to make a significant dent in the problem of persistent rural underdevelopment. Rural - Is an area, where the people are engaged in primary industry in the sense that they produce things directly for the first time in cooperation with nature as stated by Srivastava (1961).Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. Such areas are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas, and also from unsettled lands such as outback or wilderness. People live in village, on farms and in other isolated houses. Rural areas can have an agricultural character, though many rural areas are characterized by an economy based on logging, mining, oil and gas exploration, or tourism. Lifestyles in rural areas are different than those in urban areas, mainly because limited services are available. Governmental services like law enforcement, schools, fire departments, and libraries may be distant, limited in scope, or unavailable. Utilities like water, sewer, street lighting, and garbage collection may not be present. Public transport is sometimes absent or very limited;people use their own vehicles, walk or ride an animal. A society or community can be classified as rural based on the criteria of lower population density, less social differentiation, less social and spatial mobility, slow rate of social change, etc. Agriculture would be the major occupation of rural area.

Development: It refers to growth, evolution, stage of inducement or progress. This progress or growth is gradual and had sequential phases. Always there is increasing differentiation. It also refers to the over all movement towards greater efficiency and complex situations. Rural development designates the utilization of approaches and techniques under one single programme, which rally upon local communities as units of action. It provides a large umbrella under which all the people engaged in the work of community organizations, community progress and community relation.Rural Development (RD) is a process, which aims at improving the well being and self realization of people living outside the urbanized areas through collective process.According to Agarwal (1989), rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of rural poor.

The United Nations defines Rural Development as:Rural Development is a process of change, by which the efforts of the people themselves are united, those of government authorities to improve their economic, social and cultural conditions of communities in to the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national programme.Rural Development is a process of bringing change among rural community from the traditional way of living to progressive way of living. It is also expressed as a movement for progress. Scope and Importance of Rural DevelopmentRural development is a dynamic process, which is mainly concerned with the rural areas. These include agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social infrastructure, fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless, village planning, public health, education and functional literacy, communication etc.

Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in India because of the following reasons.1. About three-fourth of India's population live in rural areas, thus rural development is needed to develop nation as whole. 2. Nearly half of the country's national income is derived from agriculture, which is major occupation of rural India. 3. Around seventy per cent of Indian population gets employment through agriculture.4. Bulks of raw materials for industries come from agriculture and rural sector.5. Increase in industrial population can be justified only in rural populations motivation and increasing the purchasing power to buy industrial goods.6. Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead to political instability.The main objective of the rural development programme is to raise the economic and social level of the rural people. The specific objectives are:1. To develop farm, home, public service and village community.2. To bring improvement in producing of crops and animals living condition.3. To improve health and education condition etc. improvement of the rural people.4. To improve villagers with their own efforts.The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) spearheads the countrys efforts to reduce poverty in the rural areas. Until recently, its work was divided among three departments: (i) Department of Rural Development (ii) Department of Land Resources (iii) Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation. In July 2011, the Department of Drinking & Sanitation was converted into a separate ministry, the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation.The MoRD website states, This Ministrys main objective is to alleviate rural poverty and ensure improved quality of life for the rural population especially those below the poverty line. Towards this end, it sponsors scores of development programmes, big and small, influencing various spheres of rural life and activities, from income generation to environmental replenishment.14 A small number of programmes of the two ministries MoRD and MDWS, however, account for a substantial share of the expenditure on rural development. Primarily, these include the following:1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): This aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wageemployment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. (Budgetary allocation in 2012-13: INR 33,000 billion)2. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM): The basic objective of the National Rural Livelihood Mission is to create efficient and effective institutional platforms of the rural poor that enable them to increase their household incomes through sustainable livelihood enhancements and improved access to financial services. It plans to cover 70 million households living below the poverty line (BPL) in rural India. (Budgetary allocation in 2012-13: INR 3,563 billion) 3. Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWDP): The main objectives of the IWDP are to restore ecological balance in a watershed by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, water and vegetative cover, and thereby, help provide sustainable livelihoods to the local people. (Budgetary allocation in 2012-13: INR 2,744 billion)4. Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY): This scheme provides financial grants to rural BPL families and the next of-kin of defense personnel killed in action for construction of houses and upgradation of existing unserviceable kutcha houses. (Budgetary allocation in 2012-13: INR 9,966 billion)5. National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP): The goal of this scheme is to provide adequate safe water for domestic uses on a sustainable basis. (Budgetary allocation in 2012-13: INR 10,500 billion)6. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA): The Total Sanitation Campaign, now renamed as the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, assists Gram Panchayats to achieve comprehensive sanitation coverage. (Budgetary allocation in 2012-13: INR 3,500 billion)As from the above discussion we have came to a conclusion that if we have to develop rural areas than we have to increase their purchasing power means we have to provide employment to them who lives in rural areas and have no skills. Government of India had run a number of rural employment program but result were not up to the mark. The face of rural employment is not clear yet.

RURAL EMPLOYMENTSince independence rural employment has been the prime agenda of debate in the country as 74% of the unemployed population hails fromrural India. For the past three decades India has been implementing rural employment generation programmes. Different innovative schemes and programmes have been initiated time and again indifferent five year plans. Some have helped achieve goals, be it short or long-term, whereas others have faced technical and implementation snags. In the past, a number of schemes have provided temporaryemployment on public works programmes at the governments discretion, but the present-day scenario brings with it legislation and rights-based approach for implementing pro-people developmentpolicies in the country. the biggest example of this is the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).

Evolution of Rural Employment Generation Programmes in IndiaThe idea of generating employment in public works existed in different state level policies back in time, one of the first being the Maharashtra model of rural employment which existed since the 1970s.The National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and the Rural Landless Employment Programme (RLEP) were the flagship employment generation initiatives which surfaced in the 1970s as a direct replica of the Maharashtra EGS . In 1989, the existing government merged the two schemes into one, refurbished the schemes and made Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI ) the medium of implementation and service delivery. By merging the NRE P and RLE P - The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY ) was launched in 1989. For the first time funds for implementation of the programme were directly disbursed to the village institutions accounts responsible for planning to create employment opportunities, and overseeing implementation. After few years of its initiation - political indifference and irregular fund flow created problems of implementation on the ground grassroot level resulting in a limited impact on rural employment generation.But in the year 1993, when Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was introduced, the centralised fund-disbursement trend was followed, ignoring the essence of bottom-up approach in planning and implementation of rural employment program; as a result EAS showed its limitation on expansion of rural livelihood opportunities. In 2002, JRY and EAS were merged into Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yogana (SGRY ). After two years, in 2004, the National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) was launched with an exclusive focus on the 150 identified backward districts. From an analytical review of the different strategies and programmes adopted from time to time towards rural employment generation - it is apparent that most of the schemes were incapable to bring about a desired impact on rural employment growth due a number of factors- (a) lack of need based planning (b) lack of active participation of various stakeholders in the planning and implantationprocess(c) irregular fund flow (d) lack of political will and (e) irregular monitoring. While formulating most of the schemes there is lack of enough information about the existing community resources which could have been properly utilised during the implementationphase by ensuring an active participation of the target population. Across all the schemes, involvement of the local self-Govt. i.e. PRI inprogram-implementation were not satisfactory. While assessing the success of any employment generation program - the amount of durable assets created as result of an the program has always been given more importance than the number of days employment generated on long term basis in a sustainable manner among the rural population. Social Audit of programmes is nearly absent for plugging the loopholes if there maybe. There is felt need to adopt a culture bound approach while making the rural poor aware about the introduction of new schemes in terms of availability of proper information, particularly in rural areas. This will guarantee an active participation of stakeholders as well as of the beneficiaries Policy-makers should be more informative and sensitive about the pulse of rural unemployment scenario.Way ForwardThe schemes launched by the government from time to time have provided relief to the rural population. These programmes never guaranteed employment to every household in the village, but they were just allocation-based programmes. A typical feature of these schemes is that none of the jobs are permanent in nature; they are all short term casual jobs, usually for a period of hundred days or more. Job opportunities created by these schemes and programs acted just as a supplement to the rural house income and in most of the circumstances they failed to ensure the basic amenities of life for a rural family in sustainable manner. Taking into consideration the limitation of earlier rural employment programs, in recent years the government has taken a historic move by enacting the MGNREG A, which is perhaps the largest employment generating program in the world ensuring a one-step-ahead move towards guaranteeing the right to work in a country with a population over a billion. MGNREGA

Bulk of Indias unemployed live in the rural areas and providing employment to them has been the recurring theme of all major five year plans. Rural employment in India has been synonymous with employment in the agriculture sector. With GDP in agriculture falling in the last two decades more and more people in the rural areas need employment opportunities. The government had initiated a number of rural development policies, including rural employment generation schemes since the 80s. However, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS ) launched in 2005 has yielded the best results and is now the largest employment generation scheme in the world. The government is committed to address the issue of employment generation in rural areas, which has been the main thrust behind the promulgation of the MGNREGS .

Despite decades of planned development and poverty eradication programs at the national and state levels, poverty continues to persist in India. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) has been a subject of lively debate. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage-employment in a financial year to a rural household who volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was approved by the Indian Parliament in September 2005. This Act started functioning from 2ndFeb.2006. Initially it was introduced in 200 districts of the country and later extended to another 130 districts in 2007-08. By 1st April 2008, it was further extended to 593 districts covering 4, 49, 40, 870 rural households. NREGA is renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act on 2-10-2009. The main aim of this Act is to enhance the purchasing power of rural people.The salient features of MGNREGA are:a) Adult members of a rural household may apply for employment if they are willing to do unskilled manual work. At least 100 days workwill be provided per household per annum.

b) Such a household will have to apply for registration to the local Gram Panchayat, in writing or orally.

c) The Gram Panchayat after due verification will issue a Job Card to the household. The Job Card will bear the photograph of all adult members of the household willing to work under NREGA.Dd) All adults who have completed 18 years of age are eligible to work.

e) Employment will be provided within 15 days of application for work.

f) Men and women will be paid equal wages and preference will be given to women in each work.

g) If employment is not provided within 15 days,daily unemployment allowance in cash has to be paid. Liability of payment of unemploymentallowance is of the States.

h) At least one-third of persons to whom work is allotted have to be women.

i) Disbursement of wages has to be done on weekly basis and not beyond a fortnight and wages are credited directly to their bank/post office account.

j) Panchayat Raj Institutions have a principal rolein planning and implementation.

k) E ach district has to prepare a shelf of projects. The selected works to provide employment are to be selected from the list of permissibleworks. The different categories of permissible works are as follows:l Water Conservation and water harvestingl Drought Proofing (including plantation and afforestation)l Irrigation canals including micro and minor irrigation worksl Flood Control and Protection Worksl Minor irrigation, horticulture and land development on the land of SC /ST /BPL/ IAY and land reform beneficiariesl Renovation of traditional water bodies including desilting of tanksl Land Developmentl Rural ConnectivityThe shelf of projects has to be prepared on the basis of priority assigned by Gram Sabha. At least 50% of works have to be allotted to Gram Panchayats for execution. A 60:40 wage and material ratio hasto be maintained. Contractors and use of labour displacing machinery are prohibited.

l) Work should ordinarily be provided within 5 km radius of the village or else extra wages of 10% are payable

m) Work site facilities such as crche, drinking water, shade have to be provided.

n) Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Sabha at least once in every six months.o) Grievance redressal mechanisms have to be put in place for ensuring a responsive implementation process.

p) All accounts and records relating to the Scheme are to be made available for public scrutiny and to any person desirous of obtaining a copy of such records, on demand and after paying aspecified fee.

q) Those who violates the MGNREG A Act will be penalized with a penalty of rupees up to 1000/

Funding:

The Central Government bears the costs on the following items:

a) The entire cost of wages of unskilled manual workers.

b) 75% of the cost of material, wages of skilled and semi-skilled workers.

c) Administrative expenses as may be determined by the Central Government, which will include, inter alia, the salary and the allowances of the Programme Officer and his supporting staff, work site facilities.

d) Expenses of the Central Employment Guarantee Council.

The State Government bears the costs on the following items:

a) 25% of the cost of material, wages of skilled and semi-skilled workers.b) Unemployment allowance payable in case the State Government cannot provide wage employment on time.c) Administrative expenses of the State Employment Guarantee Council.Share of women in work force:The Act stipulates that priority shall be given to women. In terms of implementation it mandates that a minimum of one-third of the beneficiaries are women who have registered and have requestedfor work. Women participation for FY 2008--09 was 48%. The highest women participation for FY 2008- 09 was reported in Tamil Nadu (80%) and Kerala (84%) respectively.

Share of SC/ST Households in Employment:In terms of providing employment to members of SC & ST households in 2008-09 the figure stood at nearly 54.72%. In 15 states it was higher than the national average.Supplementing Income:Post-NREG A there has been a revision of minimum wages across the country. Average household earning have increased from Rs. 2795 inFY 2006-07 to Rs. 4060 in FY 2008-09. A major share of NREGA expenditure is as unskilled wageAllocation of Funds to MGNREGA:During the financial year 2006-07 Rs. 11000 crores, during 2008-09 Rs. 37397.06 crores, during 2009-10 Rs. 39100 crores, and during 2010-11 Rs. 40100 crores (while Rs.79387 were allotted during this financial year to rural development, more than 50% of this were allotted to MGNREGA) were allotted.

To clearly understand the working of MNREGA our team go out for field work to get the real situation and condition of MNREGA. Now lets see what comes after the expedition of outside.

RESEARCH AREA VILLAGE- GAUNAR BLOCK- SARDARNAGAR DISTRICT- GORAKHPUR STATE- UTTAR PRADESH

Total Population of Village- 10448

Total Number of General- 5139(49.18%)

Total Number of Women in Village- 5052(48.36%)

Total Number of OBC- 3139(30.05%)

Total Number of SC- 2169(20.76%)

Total Number of ST- 1

Total Job Card Issued- 720

General- 102(14.16%)

OBC- 249(34.65%)

SC- 369(51.36%)

Women- 213(29.63%)

We have collected some data of MNREGA related to that particular research area. As we know if we have to show the working of MNREGA then we have to study the fund received and the total expenditure on man and material. So statics related to that is enclosed here.

Our team have also talked to many of workers , Gramin Rojgar Sevak and Pradhan of the panchayat.

INTERVIEW WITH WORKER-1Question 1- What is your name?

Answer Dayasagar

Question 2- How many members are there in your family?

Answer- SEVEN

Question 3- Do you have a job card?

Answer- Yes

Question 4- How many working days are provided to you?

Answer- 100 days

Question 5- How much you is given for one day?

Answer- 125Rs.

Question 6- On which do you spend your money?

Answer- Food

Question 7- Does this program help you?

Answer- Yes

Question 8- In how many days does your money comes in your accont?

Answer- 15 days

Question 9- Do you have a bank account?

Answer- In Purvanchal Gramin Bank

INTERVIEW WITH WORKER-2

Question 1- What is your name?

Answer Gopal

Question 2- How many members are there in your family?

Answer- SEVEN

Question 3- Do you have a job card?

Answer- Yes

Question 4- How many working days are provided to you?

Answer- 75-80 days

Question 5- How much you is given for one day?

Answer- 125Rs.

Question 6- On which do you spend your money?

Answer- Food

Question 7- Does this program help you?

Answer- Yes

Question 8- In how many days does your money comes in your accont?

Answer- 15 days

Question 9- Do you have a bank account?Answer- In Purvanchal Gramin BankINTERVIEW WITH WORKER-3Question 1- What is your name?

Answer Harishchandra

Question 2- How many members are there in your family?

Answer- SEVEN

Question 3- Do you have a job card?

Answer- Yes

Question 4- How many working days are provided to you?Answer- 80-90 days

Question 5- How much you is given for one day?

Answer- 125Rs.

Question 6- On which do you spend your money?

Answer- Food and education

Question 7- Does this program help you?

Answer- Yes

Question 8- In how many days does your money comes in your accont?

Answer- 20 days

Question 9- Do you have a bank account?

Answer- In Purvanchal Gramin Bank

INTERVIEW WITH WORKER-4Question 1- What is your name?

Answer Nand Kishore

Question 2- How many members are there in your family?

Answer- Eight

Question 3- Do you have a job card?

Answer- Yes

Question 4- How many working days are provided to you?

Answer- 70 days

Question 5- How much you is given for one day?

Answer- 125Rs.

Question 6- On which do you spend your money?

Answer- Food and medicine

Question 7- Does this program help you?

Answer- Yes

Question 8- In how many days does your money comes in your accont?

Answer- 25-30 days

Question 9- Do you have a bank account?

Answer- In Purvanchal Gramin Bank

INTERVIEW WITH GRAMIN ROJGAR SEVAKQuestion 1- What is your name?

Answer- Ramashish

Question 2- From when you are at this post?

Answer- Since 2007

Question 3- What are the main works done under your supervision?

Answer- Making of drainage system in village(nali) Making of bricks road(kharanja) Leveling Pond digging

Question 4- Does any inspection is done by the upper level?

Answer- Yes, once in 4-6 months

Question 5- How much is given to you as salary?

Answer- 3300Rs.

Question 6- In how many period does your salary comes in your account?

Answer- Not fixed, since last 13 months not a single coin has come in the account.

Question 7- In village MNREGA comes in which year?

Answer- 2006

Question 8- It is clearly visible that corruption is vested in working of MNREGA also, so what are your suggestions to stop this corruption?

Answer- To avoid corruption, the transfer of Gramin Rojgar Sevak is to be done from one village to another village so that Sarpanch of a village cannot make connection with GRS and he cannot do any corruption without any help of GRS.

Question 9- Do you think that all the needful people know about this program or fully aware of this program?

Answer- No, people are not fully aware of it we have to take the workers from their home to provide work, they never came and ask for work.

Question 10- How many of total people came regularly?

Answer- Out of 750, hardly 150 came regularly.

INTERVIEW WITH PRADHANQuestion 1- Since when you are Gram Pradhan?

Answer- From 2010 to till now

Question 2- How many policies are currently running in the village for rural development?

Answer- There are many policies but the main, which comes under panchayat are:(a) Lohaiya Awas Yojana (b) Indira Awas Yojna(c) MNREGA

Question 3- How many projects have started in your period?

Answer- Upto 50

Question 4- Into those projects, how much are finished?

Answer- 40-45 are finished and 10-5 are in line

Question 5- How much job cards have been issued till now?

Answer- At least 720, out of which 30% are women and 200-250 came regularly.

Question 6- Does any guidelines comes from upper level?

Answer- Yes, there is a lady social coordinator Meera Pal

Question 7- Does anyone come for inspection?

Answer- Yes

Question 8- According to you does people are fully aware of MNREGA or not?

Answer- Peoples are aware and they want job also, but after SP government came in power money doesnt comes, thats why we cant do anything.

Question 9- Do you want more power under MNREGA at panchayat level?

Answer- No, the power can be entertained by us only if we have money for work, we want money not power.

Question 10- Is MNREGA really prove as a factor for rural development?

Answer- Yes

Question 11-Does there is any discrimination on the basis of caste on working site?

Answer- No, nothing like that.

Question 12- Averagely how many working days are providing by you?

Answer-100 days.

Question 13- Any suggestion to stop corruption?

Answer- Corruption cannot be stopped by a individual, everyone is corrupt from lower level to upper level.

Some Problems Came Out During Research

(a)It is observed that the workers and Gramin Rojgar Sevak have to wait months together for their wages and they have to pay up to Rs.50/- as bribe for their job card.

(b)It is also noticed that most of the works are confined to papers only and quality is not beingmaintained.

(c) It is seen that their was no women workers were there when we gone to the working site and total enrolled women are only 30% of all workers.

(d)After questioning with workers we came to know that their was no facility available for them at working site like drinking water, crche, shed etc.

(e)Peoples are less aware of the policy running for them .

(f) Time interval in between inspection is very much.

(g)Budgeting for the program is not properly done, there is always a lack of money.

(h)The data given by all are not matching with each other GRS is saying something else and Pradhan is saying something else.

(i) Above of all corruption is the major problem at that level.

Suggestion Of Above Said Problems

(a)There is a need of awareness program through which all peoples can get aware of policy and its functioning, awareness program should also include the implementing body of lower level also like Pradhan.

(b)There has to be inspection of working at regularly at least twice a month so that quality of the work can be controlled.

(c)Women should get aware of the programs and its significance for them and their family.

(d)There is a need of proper budgeting so that there is never lack of money to run a program efficiently.

(e)Transfer of Gramin Rojgar Sevak in regular period of time in nearby villages should be done.

(f)Worker should get aware of how much work he/she have to do in a single day.

ConclusionIndependent studies and research indicates that NREGA has aided in enhancement of agricultural productivity (through water harvesting, check dams, ground water recharging, improve moisturecontent, check in soil erosion and micro-irrigation), stemming of distress migration, increased accessto markets and services through rural connectivity works, supplementing household incomes, increasein women workforce participation ratios, and the regeneration of natural resources. MGNREG A is yielding better results compared to earlier poverty eradication programs. So far (11July 2010) it created 90.51man days of work (man day means the average work turn out by a worker per day). 80%-90% of rural households were economically benefited through this Act. Out of this, 29.4% SC , and 24.1% ST . While, the target of this Act is to provide employment for 1/3 (33%) of women in the country, it exceeded this target and it is close to 50%.