11

International Trends in International Trends in Environmental Regulations for Environmental Regulations for

VehiclesVehiclesSantiago, ChileSantiago, Chile

May 13, 2008May 13, 2008

Michael P. WalshMichael P. WalshInternational ConsultantInternational Consultant

Chairman, Board of Directors,Chairman, Board of Directors,International Council on Clean International Council on Clean

TransportationTransportation

Major Global TrendsMajor Global Trends

• Environmental Concerns Increasing– Particles– Global Warming

• Cleaner and Cleaner Technologies Entering Marketplace– Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles– Passenger Cars– Motorcycles

• Cleaner Fuels Increasingly Critical– Sulfur Levels Approaching Zero– Lead Almost Gone; MMT Increasing Concern

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Calendar Year

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Millions

MotorcyclesCommercial VehiclesCars

World Motor Vehicle Population

Growth of Vehicle Population in Shanghai, Growth of Vehicle Population in Shanghai, 1988-20021988-2002

44

E:\Changhong CHEN\对外合作 \能源基金会 \交通项目 \基础数据 \机动车统计报表 .xls

Most Vehicles Are In Cities

55

One Result: Serious Health One Result: Serious Health ConcernsConcerns

• WHO Concludes ~ 800,000 Premature Deaths Each Year From Urban PM

• Numerous Studies Consistently Link PM With Premature Deaths, Hospital Admissions, Asthma Attacks, Etc.

• No Evidence of a Threshold

• Ozone, NO2, Various Toxics Also Serious Health Concerns

Slide Slide 66 Source: Cohen et al, 2005

PMPM10 10 inin Major citiesMajor cities

9%

-8%

24%

-4%

-17%

Energy IndustriesManufacturing Industries and Construction

TransportationOther Sectors

Fugitive Emissions-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

Change 1990-2004 (%)

Annex 1 Party Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Energy Sector

• Energy Demand in the Transport Sector: Annual Average Growth Rate (%) by Region 2004 - 2030

In 2004,94 % of transport energy based on fossil oil.

The share will only slightly decrease to 93 % in 2030.

Source: IEA WEO 2006

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Wor

ldOECD

OECD Nor

th A

mer

icaUSA

OECD Pac

ific

Japa

n

OECD Eur

ope

Europ

ean

Union

Trans

ition

Econo

mies

Russia

Develo

ping

Count

ries

Develo

ping

Asia

ChinaIn

dia

Latin

Am

erica

Brazil

Midd

le Eas

t

Africa

Gro

wth

(%

p.a

.)Background

Carbon Dioxide is Not The Whole Story!

Transportation sector prioritiesTransportation sector priorities

1010

6

4

4

3

5 5

344

6

5

~60

4

4

2030 mitigation potential

2030 BAU emissions

Industry Buildings Transport Forestry Agriculture/ waste/ other

Power

Target

Unknown mitigation

“Known”mitigation ~25

>30

3 key interventions

• Fuel-efficient, low Emitting cars• Low-carbon fuels• Reduced vehicle-miles traveled through

congestion pricing, Bus Rapid Transit, etc.

Slide Slide 1111

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

MIL

ES

PE

R G

ALL

ON

(All

cou

ntr

ies

con

vert

ed

to C

AFE

test

UNITED STATES EUROPEJAPAN AUSTRALIACANADA CHINACALIFORNIA S. KOREA

JAPAN

UNITED STATES

EUROPEAN UNION

CHINA AUSTRALIA

CANADA

S. KOREA

CALIFORNIA+ 16 STATES

Dotted line: Proposed or contestedSolid lines: Enacted

Source: Passenger Vehicle Greenhouse Gas and Fuel Economy Standards: A Global Update, International Council on Clean Transportation, 2007

Standardized Comparison of International Fuel Economy and GHG Standards

1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 20090

1

2

3

4

5

Grams/KilometerNOx Emissions Standards

US Gasoline

US Diesel

EU Gasoline

EU Diesel

EU and US Passenger Car Exhaust Emissions Standards

Technology Capable of Cleaning Vehicle Emissions Has Improved Dramatically in the Past 30-40 Years

The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in

Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications

•Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability•Integrated HC adsorption functions• Mounting materials with improved durability• High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates• Insulation schemes for heat management

Maximum Emissions Performance Is Only Achieved With Near Zero Sulfur Fuel

Diesel Particulate FiltersDiesel Particulate Filters

Trapped PMCell Plugs

Exhaust(PM, CO, HC)Enter

Ceramic HoneycombWall

Exhaust (CO2, H2O)Out

Issues to balance:

•sulfate formation

•regeneration and back pressure

•Fuel Economy

Reductions:

•-80 to 95% PM

•-80-100% HC, CO

•-80%+ toxins

How The Trap FunctionsHow The Trap Functions

Typical engine exhaust mass and number Typical engine exhaust mass and number weighted size distributions shown with weighted size distributions shown with

alveolar depositionalveolar deposition

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000

Diameter (m)

No

rmal

ized

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n,

dC

/Cto

tal/d

log

Dp

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Alv

eola

r D

epo

siti

on

Fra

ctio

n

Mass Weighting Number Weighting Alveolar Deposition Fraction

Fine

ParticlesDp < 2.5 m

Ultrafine ParticlesDp < 100 nm

Nanoparticles

Dp < 50 nm

NucleiMode

AccumulationMode

CoarseMode

PM10

Dp < 10 m

Fractional deposition of particle with density of 1 g/um

from non grey..from non grey..

Gasoline and LPG

G-DI

Conventional Diesel

Comparison of Particle Emissions from SMPS.7: All Vehicles and Fuels - 50kph

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.00E+10

1.00E+11

1.00E+12

1.00E+13

1 10 100 1000

Electrical Mobility Diameter/nm

log

sc

ale

[P

art

icle

s/k

m]

Conventional Diesels

DirectInjectionGasoline

Trap Equipped Diesels

MPI and LPG

Gasoline

1818

Current DPF Applications Current DPF Applications

Millions of cars are equipped with DPF around world

Air Tank

UreaTank

Catalyst Input Temperature

Catalyst Output Temperature

Engine

SCR Connector

ECM

Dosing Unit

J1939 (Public)

Air Solenoid

Urea Sensor

SC

R C

on

tro

l

Exhaust Gas Processor

SCR Solution System Architecture

20

Emissions control system for Euro VI Oxidation catalyst (DOC), catalyst-based particulate filter and urea-SCR with ammonia slip catalyst (ASC).

MixerSCR + ASCDOC

(optional)NOx sensor

NOx sensor

California’s ZEV History

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1990 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

AT PZEVs

PZEVsZEV Regulation

PZEVs created

CaFCP Started

AT PZEVs Created

ZEV Reg Implementation

FC Buses on-road

ZEV - Status Goals:

– Drive development of ZEVs– Supports bridging technologies like Hybrids– Maximizes air quality benefits with PZEVs

Status– PZEVs marketed by all automakers subject to the regulation, 425,000 PZEVs

sold to date– Hybrids very successful in the marketplace, 70,000 AT PZEV hybrids sold to

date– 100 Fuel cell vehicles being placed in California in real world demonstration

fleets

Honda Civic Hybrid AT PZEV

Near-Zero Emission Vehicles

Lifetime emissions (VOC+NOx)

Partial Zero Emissions Vehicles (PZEVs)Currently 20 models for sale, including 4 HEVs250,000 annual sales (14%) in 20051,000,000 sales by 2015 (55%)

Model Year VOC + NOx (kg) Reduction

1970 1900 --

2005 ‘PZEV’ 8 99.6%

Near-Zero Emission Vehicles

•BMW 325i

•Chrysler Sebring

•Ford Focus

•Ford Fusion

•Ford Escape HEV

•Honda Accord

•Honda Civic HEV

•Honda insight HEV

•Hyundai Elantra

•Kia Spectra

•Mazda 3

•Mazda 6

•Mitsubishi Galant

•Nissan Altima

•Nissan Sentra

•Subaru Outback

•Toyota Camry

•Toyota Prius HEV

•VW Jetta

•Volvo S40

Fleet Demonstrations

100 Fuel cell light duty vehicles to date

Up to 7 Fuel cell buses

Testing, outreach, data collection, validation

ZEV Technology Review - CARBZEV Technology Review - CARB

Plug In Hybrids Are EmergingPlug In Hybrids Are Emerging

Electric bikes in China, P.R.Electric bikes in China, P.R.

•China Produced Approximately 15 Million Electric bikes in 2007

•This dramatic growth has been largely due to legislation banning gasoline fuelled scooters and motorcycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in several major Chinese cities

Sources: Cherry, 2006; Weinert, 2006

Which Countries Are Getting Which Countries Are Getting Clean Technologies?Clean Technologies?

• Clean Fuels

• Stringent Standards Including Advanced Technology Mandates

• Strong Incentives– Economic– Other

My Global Vision For 2015My Global Vision For 2015

• Every New Diesel Has PM Filter & Low NOx

• Gasoline Vehicles Approaching ZERO Emissions

• Hybrid Technologies (Including Plug In Hybrids) Are Mature, Widespread Technology

• Small Battery Electric Vehicles (City) Vehicles Widely Used

• Fuel Cell Vehicle Numbers Increasing

What Is The Situation Today in What Is The Situation Today in SantiagoSantiago

• Good Fuel Quality < 50 PPM Sulfur But Not Taking Advantage of This To Introduce Diesel Filters Widely – Should Be Highest Priority

• Much Cleaner Gasoline Vehicles Are Feasible, Especially With Low S in 2009

• Incentives For Hybrids Could Be Expanded

A Short Term Plan For SantiagoA Short Term Plan For Santiago

• Tighten Requirements Sufficiently To Require PM Filters on New Diesel Cars and Buses

• Lower Diesel Sulfur to 10/15 PPM• Introduce Euro 5 or Tier 2 Bin 5 for All New

Cars and Light Trucks• Introduce Euro 3 For Motorcycles• Implement ASM Based Centralized I/M For

All Light Duty Vehicles

ITALY

GREECE

BULGARIA

ROMANIA

HUNGARY

SERBIA

AUSTRIA

FRANCE

SPAIN

PORTUGAL

GERMANY POLAND

SLOVAKIA

CZECH REPUBLIC

SWITZERLAND

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

CROATIA

SLOVENIA

BOSNIA

UNITEDKINGDOM

IRELAND

NORWAY

SWEDENFINLAND

ICELAND

ALBANIA MACEDONIA

DENMARK

LUXEMBOURG

ANDORRA

MALTA

MONACO

Europe

Europe OverviewEurope Overview

• 2007 Developments– Light Duty Euro 5 & 6 Adopted (Too Slow But

# Added)– Truck & Bus Euro VI Proposed By

Commission

Euro 4 2005Euro 5 2009/10

Euro 6 2014/15US Tier 2 Avg

ARB SULEV0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Grams/Km

Gasoline NOx Diesel NOx Diesel PMx10

EU and US Light Duty Gasoline and EU and US Light Duty Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle StandardsDiesel Vehicle Standards

Euro 5+ and Euro 6 Will Include 6X1011 /km Particle Number Limit

Comparison of NOx and PM regulations Comparison of NOx and PM regulations for HD diesel vehicle among Japan, USA and Europefor HD diesel vehicle among Japan, USA and Europe

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 2 4 6

NOx g/kWh

PM

g/k

Wh

1997

JAPAN

2003JAPAN

2005JAPAN

2005EURO4

2000EURO3

1998US

2004US

2008EURO5

2007US

2009JAPAN2009

JAPANChallenging

value

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 2 4 6

NOx g/kWh

PM

g/k

Wh

1997

JAPAN

2003JAPAN

2005JAPAN

2005EURO4

2000EURO3

1998US

2004US

2008EURO5

2007US

2009JAPAN2009

JAPANChallenging

value

United StatesUnited States

Reconciling the Diesel Engine With the Environment:Reconciling the Diesel Engine With the Environment:

A Comprehensive ApproachA Comprehensive Approach

Tier 2 Light-duty (1999)

2007/2010 Heavy-duty

(2001)

Tier 4 diesel (2004)

Common Aspects--• Systems approach– fuel

change enables clean technologies

• Large environmental benefits• Responsive to needs of States

to meet air quality goals• Collaborative process

Highway

Nonroad Locomotive/Marine

* This figure is intended to illustrate the timeline for the final highway and nonroad diesel fuel sulfur control programs. It is not drawn to exact scale. Refer to 40 CFR Part 80 for specific program dates.

All Diesel

~3400 ppm

All Diesel

~3400 ppm

HighwayDiesel

500ppm

HighwayDiesel

500ppm

All Off-Highway Diesel~3400 ppm

All Off-Highway Diesel~3400 ppm

>80%15 ppm>80%

15 ppm

<20% 500 ppm<20% 500 ppm

AllHighway15 ppm

AllHighway15 ppm

10/199310/1993 06/200606/2006 01/201001/2010

Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*

NR, L&M Diesel500 ppm

NR, L&M Diesel500 ppm

NR 15 ppmNR 15 ppm

6/20076/2007 6/20106/2010

HWYHWYNRNR

L&M 500 ppmL&M

500 ppm

6/20146/2014

HHF ~3400ppmHHF ~3400ppm

Small 15 ppm Small 15 ppm

6/20126/2012

Small & Credit500 ppm

Small & Credit500 ppm

Small & Credit ~3400Small & Credit ~3400

HHF ~3400ppmHHF ~3400ppm

L&M 15ppm

over 3 million

40,000

lost work days

hospitaladmissions

chronic bronchitis

premature deaths

number prevented annually (in 2030)0 10,000 20,000 30,000

Health Benefits Are Tremendous!

The Benefits Far Outweigh The CostsThe Benefits Far Outweigh The Costs

40,000

cost

benefitTotal Cost: $11 billionTotal Cost: $11 billionTotal Benefits: $175 billionTotal Benefits: $175 billion

0 20 40 60 80 100

Tier 4 Nonroad

2007 Heavy-dutyHighway

Tier 2 Light-dutyHighway

$ Billion Annually in 2030

30 % PZEV“10%” Mandate42% by volume

2 % AT PZEV11%

~1%

ZEV

ZEV Program (2012 – 2014) Current ZEV

Program

ZEV ProgramZEV Program

ZEV Technology Review - CARBZEV Technology Review - CARB

ChinaChina

HARBIN

SHENYANG

TIANJINÜRÜMQI

LANZHOUXI´AN SHANGHAI

WUHANCHENGDU

GUANGZHOU

LHASA

BEIJING

Status of Air Quality Status of Air Quality PM10 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 – 2005)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

co

nce

ntr

atio

ns in

µg

/m3

Beijing

Guangzhou

Guiyang

Jinan

Luoyang

Shanghai

ShijazhuangTianjin

Urumqi

Wuhan

Xi’an

NAAQS Class II PM10 limit = 100µg/m3

China’s GDPChina’s GDP

7

8

9

10

11

12

Year

GDP

annu

al g

rowt

h %

3. 5 t r i l l i on US$

Urbanization Rate in ChinaUrbanization Rate in China

303234363840424446

19961997 1998199920002001 2002200320042005 20062007Year

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

Rat

io:

%

200 mi l l i on peopl e moved to ci t i es si nce 1996

New Vehicle Sales Are BoomingNew Vehicle Sales Are Booming

No. 2 largest auto market

1

3

5

7

9

Mill

ions

Crude oil prod’n & consum’nCrude oil prod’n & consum’n> 40% oil import dependence

150

200

250

300

350

Mill

ion

Tons

Producti on Consumpti on

Motor Vehicle Growth ForecastMotor Vehicle Growth Forecast

2005 2008 2015 2025 20352-W 55.3 78.1 146.7 193.2 130.43-W 2.0 1.5 1.7 0.3 0.0HCV 10.4 13.9 19.9 29.3 37.5LCV 9.4 13.1 22.8 37.7 52.9

Car, SUV 12.9 23.4 56.8 115.8 192.790.0 130.0 248.0 376.4 413.6

Class

Grand Total

0

1

2

3

1

#REF!

#REF!

0

100

200

300

400

500Million Vehicles

9 xby 2025

3.5 x

by 2025

Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y plcSee: http://segmenty.com

China OverviewChina Overview

• 2007 Developments– Euro 3 (Euro III) Standards Introduced Nationally– Euro 4 (IV) Adopted by Beijing (January 1, 2008)– 50 PPM Sulfur Adopted by Beijing (January 1, 2008)– MMT Maximum Reduced From 18 to 16 Nationally and to 6 in Beijing– SEPA Now Ministry of Environmental Protection

• Looking Ahead– Continue Clean Fuels Push– Introduce Euro 4 (IV) Nationally– Accelerate in Other Cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen,) – Compliance Program– Retrofits

Electric bikes in China, P.R.Electric bikes in China, P.R.•Electric bikes in China increased

from only 40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005 to ~15 in 2007

•Sales increased from about 7.5 million units in in 2004 to 10 million units in 2005 to ~ 15 in 2007

•This dramatic growth has been largely due to legislation banning gasoline fuelled scooters and motorcycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in several major Chinese cities•The most problematic issue with electric bikes is the use of lead acid batteries that have high lead loss rates during the production, manufacturing and recycling processes

Sources: Cherry, 2006; Weinert, 2006

Hong Kong’s ApproachHong Kong’s Approach

• 1/1/2006 – New Gasoline Cars Meet Euro 4 standards

• 1/1/2006 – New Diesel Cars Meet CA LEV2 standards

• 1/1/2007 – Light Trucks Between 2.5-3.5 tons Meet Euro 4 standards

• 10/1/2006 – New standards will be Introduced for Trucks over 3.5 tons

• ULSD (Maximum 50 PPM) Required; Lower Sulfur Fuels (10 PPM) Encouraged By Tax Policy

5454

IndiaIndia

Vehicle population growth in Vehicle population growth in India India

2005 2008 2015 2025 20352-W 35.8 46.1 87.7 174.1 236.43-W 2.3 3.0 5.3 8.8 13.1HCV 2.4 2.9 4.6 9.1 16.2LCV 2.4 3.2 5.7 12.5 26.9

Car, SUV 6.2 8.8 18.0 41.6 80.149.1 63.9 121.3 246.1 372.7

Class

Grand Total

0

1

2

3

1

#REF!

#REF!

0

100

200

300

400

500Million Vehicles

Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y plcSee: http://segmenty.com

6.7 x

by 2025

5 xby 2025

New Vehicle Standards in IndiaNew Vehicle Standards in India

• Entire Country– Euro 2 – April 2005– Euro 3 – April 2010

• Major Cities– Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore,

Hyderabad & Ahmedabad, Pune Surat, Kanpur & Agra Euro 3 in 2005 & Euro 4 in 2010

– Tighter emission norms for all private vehicles, city public service vehicles and city commercial vehicles

• Euro 3 From April 2005• Euro 4 From April 2010

BrazilBrazil

BrazilBrazil

• Passenger Cars & Light Commercial Vehicles– US EPA 1983 Standards Since 1997– Tier 1 Phased in 2005-2007 (40/70/100%)– FedLev in 2009 (Phase in)– No Diesel Cars Allowed

• Heavy Duty Trucks & Buses– Euro 3 Phased in 2004-2006– Euro 4 in 2009

• Fuels– See Diesel Fuel Phase In Schedule– Gasoline S from 1000 to 400 in 2004 & to 80 in 2008

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

D 2000 73% 73% 73% 63% 58% 53% 5% 5% 5% 5%

D 500 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 60% 45% 30% 15%

D 50 10% 15% 20% 35% 50% 65% 80%

% ESTIMADO DE PRODUÇÃO

ÓLEO DIESEL INTERIOR

2a BOMBA (PUMP)

ÓLEO DIESEL FERROVIÁRIO E P/ TERMOELÉTRICAS

ÓLEO DIESEL 500

ÓLEO DIESEL METROPOLITANO

ÓLEO DIESEL 50

ÓLEO DIESEL AUTOMOTIVO

Exhaust Emission Standards in Korea

Gasoline Passenger Car - ULEV of LEV-2 standard (of CARB) applied from 2006. - LEV 2 NMOG Standard Applied in 2009

Diesel HDV - EURO-4 standard applied from 2006.10/2008.1. - EURO-V standard introduced 9/09-2011

Diesel Passenger Car - EURO-4 starts from 2006 - EURO 5 starts from 2009

Diesel LDT - EURO-4 applied from 2006.1/2007.1 - EURO 5 applied from 9/2010 to 2012

Sulfur in Fuels 1/1/200650 PPM Gasoline30 PPM Diesel

Worldwide Motorcycle Emission Worldwide Motorcycle Emission RegulationsRegulations

Japan

III Stage (2008)HC+NOx:1.0~1.25CO: 1.0~1.25

ChinaII Stage (2004)ECE40HC: 1.2NOx:0.3CO: 5.510,000 km

EuropeEU II (2003)ECE40Cold StartHC: 1.0NOx:0.3CO: 3.0

EU III (2006)HC: 0.8NOx:0.15CO: 2.030,000 km

(2006/2007)ECE40Cold StartHC: 0.3/0.5NOx:0.15CO: 2.012,000/24,000 km

IV Stage (2004)ECE40Cold StartHC+NOx:2.0CO: 7.015,000 km

Taiwan

II Stage (2005)IDC Cold StartHC+NOx:1.5CO: 1.530,000 km

India

Note: I/M (Inspection and Maintenance)

Life-cycle Emission Control Life-cycle Emission Control

Certification

Conformity of Production

Recall Program

I/M Program (annual idle test, roadside idle test), etc.

New VehicleDevelopment

Vehicle in Warranty Vehicle End-of-Life Dismantling

New Vehicle selective enforcement audit

4th year

Incentive PolicyRetiring old and purchasing injection motorcycle

Certification

Conformity of Production

Recall Program

I/M Program (annual idle test, roadside idle test), etc.

New VehicleDevelopment

Vehicle in Warranty Vehicle End-of-Life Dismantling

New Vehicle selective enforcement audit

4th year

Incentive PolicyRetiring old and purchasing injection motorcycle

The Current Situation in SantiagoThe Current Situation in Santiago• Fuel Quality

– Gasoline – 15 PPM Sulfur in 2009– Diesel – 50 PPM Sulfur; 15 PPM in ?

• Light Duty Vehicles – Gasoline – US Tier 1 or Euro 3– Diesel CA Tier 1 or Euro 4

• Medium Duty Vehicles– Tier 1 or Euro 3

• Heavy Duty Bus and Truck– US EPA 98 or Euro III

Resultados homologación diesel Resultados homologación diesel EURO IV por modelo EURO IV por modelo

EURO IV

EURO V

Resultados homologación diesel Resultados homologación diesel EURO IV por modelo EURO IV por modelo

EURO IV

EURO V

Resultados homologación EPA Resultados homologación EPA por modelo grs/km (CO y HC)por modelo grs/km (CO y HC)

Tier 0, Tier 2 Bin 5 Modelos homologados bajo normas EPA(6 de los 10 modelos más vendidos)

Corsa Plus homologado Euro

Tier 0

Resultados homologación EPA Resultados homologación EPA por modelo gr/km (Nox)por modelo gr/km (Nox)

Tier 1

Tier 2 Bin 8

Tier 2 Bin 5

Motorcycles Increasing RapidlyMotorcycles Increasing Rapidly

Bellagio PrinciplesBellagio Principles

• Design Programs & Policies That Reduce Conventional, Toxic, Noise and Greenhouse Emissions in Parallel

• Treat Vehicles and Fuels As A System

• New Vehicle Standards for Greenhouse Emissions & Conventional Pollutants Should Be Fuel Neutral

• Expect & Require Best Technologies and Fuels Worldwide – in Both Industrialized and Developing Countries WWW.THEICCT.ORG

Priority #1: Reduce Diesel PMPriority #1: Reduce Diesel PM

• New Light Duty Diesel Fueled Vehicles (Cars and Medium Trucks) Should Meet– Tier 2 Bin 5 in 2010, or– Euro 5 in 2010

• New Buses Should Meet Euro III Plus Diesel Particulate Filter; After 10/15 PPM Sulfur Fuel is Available, Either:– US EPA 2010 or– Euro VI

New Diesel TrucksNew Diesel Trucks

• City Trucks (Sticker Enforced)– Euro III Plus Diesel Particulate Filter

• National Trucks– Euro IV Standards

• International Trucks– Euro III Standards

Priority #2: Reduce NOx, Other Priority #2: Reduce NOx, Other Toxic EmissionsToxic Emissions

• Light Duty Gasoline Fueled Vehicles Should Meet Either– Tier 2 bin 5 in 2010 or– Euro 5 in 2010

• Motorcycles Adopt Euro 3 Standards by 2010

Priority #3: Improve Fuel QualityPriority #3: Improve Fuel Quality

• Reduce Sulfur in Diesel Fuel to 10/15 PPM

Priority #4: Implement I/MPriority #4: Implement I/M

• ASM Loaded Test Procedure Throughout Santiago

• Centralized Testing Facilities

• Gradually Tighter In Use Standards

Priority #5: Incentivize Priority #5: Incentivize Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies

• Currently: Hybrids Get Immunity From Annual Tax For Several Years – Shows Great Leadership!