MICRO PROCESSOR & MICRO CONTROLLER Sai kumar

EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

First-generation:

1. 1971 to 1972 1st gen microprocessors processed their instructions serially.

2. Fetches the instruction, decoded it, then executed it. Then fetches next instruction.

Second generation:3. By the late 1970s, enough transistors were available on the IC

4. This new technology resulted in increase in instruction, execution, speed, and higher chip densities, with the use of semi conductor technologies fabricated on the chip.

Third generation:5. In 1978, This generation of microprocessors was different from the previous ones in that all

major manufacturers began developing their own RISC-based microprocessor architectures

CONT..,Fourth generation:

entered their fourth generation with designs surpassing a million transistors

Fifth generation:

employed decoupled super scalar processing, and their design soon surpassed 10 million transistors. In this generation, PCs are a low-margin, high-volume-business dominated by a single microprocessor. 

MICRO PROCESSOR1. Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e.

only the processing powers such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc.

2. These microprocessors don’t have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on the chip.

3. A system designer has to add them externally to make them functional.

4. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.

LAYOUT

HISTORY OF PROCESSORS

WHAT DOES 16-BIT MEAN???

ALU, Internal registers and its Instruction set are designed to work with 16-bit binary word…

MICRO CONTROLLER1. Microcontroller has a CPU, in addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM

and other peripherals all embedded on a single chip.

2. At times it is also termed as a mini computer or a computer on a single chip.

3. In general, micro controller is the brain of embedded system

LAYOUT

ARCHITECTURE 1.      A CPU, ranging from simple 4-bit to complex 64-bit processers.

2.      timers, event counters and watchdog.

3.      RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory

5.      Programming capabilities.

6.      Serial input/output such as serial ports.

7.      A clock generator for resonator,

quartz timing crystal or RC circuit.

8.      Analog-to-digital convertors.

9.      address bus.

10.  Data bus to carry information.

EXAMPLES1. keyboards, 2. mouse, 3. washing machine, 4. Digi cam,5. Pen drive,6. remote, 7. microwave, 8. cars, 9. bikes, 10. telephone, 11. mobiles, 12. watches,

EXAMPLESHousehold appliances

Integrated systems in aircrafts and missiles

Electric and Electronic Motor controllers

Engine controllers in automobiles

Calculators

Medical equipment’s

Videogames

Digital musical instruments

MICRO PROCESSOR VS MICRO CONTROLLER

• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip

• Fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports

• Not Expansive

• Single-purpose

• Interact with machines

• compact

• less power

• software protection is possible

• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate

• Designer can decide the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports

• Expansive

• General-purpose

• Interact with humans

• Bulkier

• Consume more power

• Software protection is not possible

RASPBERRY PI1. The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized 

single-board computers.

FEATURES1. Ultra low-cost (Model A 1800/- , Model B 2500/-)

2. Ultra low-power ~1W

3. Credit-card sized, fan less, instant start-up

4. Complete easy-to-program computer

5. fun experimenting with programming and electronics

6. Inexpensive, simple, open and easy to maintain

7. Educating children to experiment at home(programming, robotics, etc...)

APPLICATIONS 1. Media streamer

2. Arcade machine

3. Tablet computer

4. Home automation

5. Internet of things

6. Controlling robots

7. Cosmic computer

PI MEDICAL APPLICATION

Any Queries ????