microbiology. bacteria 1. how many cells? 2. type of organism? 3. nucleus? 4. membrane bound...
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Microbiology
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Bacteria1. How many cells?
2. Type of organism?
3. Nucleus?
4. Membrane bound organelles?
5. What kingdom are they in?
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
No
No
Monera
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What does bacteria look like?
• Coccus (sphere) •Bacillus (rod)
•Spirillum (spiral)
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• Autotrophic–Photosynthesis (use suns energy)–Chemosynthesis (use chemical energy)
How do bacteria get their energy?
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• Heterotrophic–Saprophytic: obtain food from dead
organisms–Parasites: live off of living organism;
damage that organism–Mutualism: Bacteria and living organism
benefit (Ex: E. coli- intestinal bacteria)
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Respiration• Aerobic: Live in presence of oxygen• Anaerobic: Live in absence of oxygen
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Movement
• Flagella: Acts like a motor to propel bacteria forward• Slime layer: Secrete
slime and “slide” along the slime (similar to a slug)
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Reproduction• Binary fission: asexual; divide in two• Conjugation: share DNA between two
bacterium• Endospores: Survive in extreme
conditions (temp, drought, flood, radiation)
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• Bacteria are helpful–Nitrogen fixation,
food preparation, decay
• Bacteria are harmful–Disease, spoiled
food
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Nitrogen Fixation
• Symbiotic (mutualism) relationship between bacteria and plants.–Bacteria get food
from plants, plants get nitrates from bacteria
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Food Preparation• Bacteria are used
in the production of many foods such as buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, vinegar, and sauerkraut.
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Decay: some bacteria are decomposers• Breakdown dead organisms sewage,
waste in landfills (help recycle materials back into soil)
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Other Benefits• Antibiotic production• E. coli in human intestines (make vitamin K,
essential amino acids, digestion of some sugars)
• Genetic engineering• Cellulose digestion (symbiotic relationship with grazers)
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Disease
• Most infections are caused by bacteria–Gangrene,
tuberculosis, leprosy, strep throat, pneumonia, syphilis, typhus
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Spoiled Food
• Food poisoning is caused by bacteria–Botulism–Salmonella
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Viruses
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Structure• Protein coat surrounds a nucleic acid
core (DNA or RNA)• # of genes: few to over a hundred
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Reproduction• Must have a host cell–Cannot reproduce
on its own• Two ways to
reproduce–Lytic cycle–Lysogenic Cycle
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Lytic Cycle• Attachment of virus
to host cell• Inject DNA into host
cell• Replicate DNA• Assemble new virus
particles• Lyse (kills host cell)
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Lysogenic Cycle
• Attachment of virus to host cell• Inject DNA into host cell• Viral DNA becomes part of host cell
(prophage)• Dormant, host cell reproduces• Activation and lyse
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Diseases caused by Viruses
• HIV• Influenza
(flu)• Common
Cold