I N S T R U C T O R ’ S G U I D E A N D T E S T B A N K

M I C R O B I O L O G Yninth edition an introduction

CHR I S T IN E L . CASESKYLINE COLLEGE

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Contents

Preface vIntroduction viiMenu à la Laboratoire xxiii

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You 1Chapter 2 Chemical Principles 9Chapter 3 Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope 17Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 23Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism 33Chapter 6 Microbial Growth 43Chapter 7 The Control of Microbial Growth 51Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics 59Chapter 9 Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA 69Chapter 10 Classification of Microorganisms 77Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea 85Chapter 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths 95Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 105Chapter 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology 113Chapter 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity 123Chapter 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host 131Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host 139Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology 147Chapter 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System 155Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Drugs 163Chapter 21 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes 173Chapter 22 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System 181Chapter 23 Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 191Chapter 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System 201Chapter 25 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System 211Chapter 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems 223Chapter 27 Environmental Microbiology 231Chapter 28 Applied and Industrial Microbiology 243

Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 249Test Bank following p. 250

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Preface

There is no substitute for an instructor’s interaction with students, and a student’s enthusiasm for learning is stimulated by your presence. This Instructor’s Guide for Microbiology: An Introduction, NinthEdition, provides some new ideas and reinforcement for teaching your course. If you are just beginningto teach microbiology, this guide can provide a framework for developing your course.

This guide is divided into three sections. The first section, Introduction, includes several alternativecourse outlines for use with Microbiology: An Introduction, Ninth Edition. For presentation of microbialdiseases by etiology (taxonomic group), portal of entry, or method of transmission, sequences of topicsand pertinent pages in the text are listed in this section.

The second section contains chapter notes, on a per chapter basis, that include six subsections: Learn-ing Objectives, New in This Edition, Chapter Summary, The Loop, Answers, and Case History. LearningObjectives provides an overview of the chapter contents. They are the same as the objectives in the text.The scope of each chapter is highlighted in Chapter Summary. Cross-references to other chapters are listedin The Loop.

For many users of the Eighth Edition, changes and additions new to this Ninth Edition are high-lighted in the section New in This Edition. Answers, to the study questions in the text, follow the Chap-ter Summary. These answers are brief but should be sufficient to provide you with insight regardingthe intent in asking particular questions. Answers to the Critical Thinking and Clinical Applicationsquestions are not in Appendix G of the main text and will not be posted on The Microbiology Place(www.microbiologyplace.com) website, so you can use these as homework or test questions if you wish.The case histories require analysis and application of new information; additionally, many require quan-titative analysis. In Microbiology for Allied Health at Skyline College, we make selected case historiesavailable for extra credit. The students can choose one or two to turn in. Many are suitable for use asessay questions on tests; however, keep in mind that students will need time to think through the prob-lem. “Microtriviology” (Chapter 11) can be used to encourage students to use reference materials suchas Bergey’s Manual.

The third section, Test Bank, contains objective test questions with answers provided. The tests canbe reproduced and used directly from the guide to test students’ recall and understanding of materialpresented in the text. Essay questions or analytical problems for each chapter are also provided.

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Introduction

THE FIRST DAYThe first day of a semester is hectic. Introductory remarks on regulations, requirements, and grading areneeded; roll must be taken; and students are adding and dropping classes. Generally, the first day is nota good day to present material on which students will be tested.

I begin my class by distributing the course syllabus and explaining it. Then I show (PowerPoint®)slides for the remainder of the period. Because students are usually unfamiliar with microbiology, slidescan introduce the subject with pictures of representative organisms, laboratory cultures, and environ-mental and industrial applications. A discussion of food and agriculture generates an awareness of theimportance of microbiology.

Course content can emphasize general microbiology with examples and specific details from med-ical microbiology and biotechnology. First-day slides focus on ecology and applied microbiology. I some-times give the students study questions that can be answered from the slide narration and Chapter 1.

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYMedia Manager Instructor’s CD-ROMsThe Media Manager CD-ROMs include files of all the illustrations, photos, micrographs, line art, andtables from the text in JPEG and PowerPoint® formats. The figures and tables in each chapter appear assmall thumbnail slides in a web-browser format, allowing instructors to quickly locate the necessary fileand open it with a click of the mouse. Instructors can also refer to the Instructor’s Visual Guide, where theseimages appear with their corresponding filenames.

Additionally, the Media Manager contains PowerPoint® lecture slides written by Christine L. Case.These lecture outlines concisely present the content of each chapter alongside images and tables fromthe text. Instructors can adapt the PowerPoint® slides to their specific course without the need to assem-ble presentations from scratch.

TransparenciesAcetate overhead transparencies of over 400 full-color figures from the text are available free to instruc-tors who adopt Microbiology: An Introduction, Ninth Edition.

Transparencies are a useful teaching tool because they accurately illustrate structures or events andeliminate the need to spend time carefully drawing on the chalkboard during a lecture. Moreover, trans-parencies can be used in a fully lit room so that the students can take notes.

The use of transparencies copied directly from the text will stimulate the students to use their textas a reference. Additionally, the students will not have to copy the entire transparency but can makenotes in their text or take notes that refer to a specific figure in the text.

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SlidesBiological Agents of Disease/HIV Slide Set for Microbiology includes 100 clinical photos of microbes andpathologies, all from sources other than the text.

Website/CD-ROMThe Microbiology Place website/CD-ROM includes review questions, interactive tutorials, case histories,links to other websites, and flashcards. Additionally, students can perform virtual experiments on enzymeactivity, PCR, bacterial growth, and BOD.

SUGGESTED USES FOR SPECIAL FEATURES INMICROBIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION, Ninth EditionLearning ObjectivesThe objectives at the beginning of each major heading focus the student’s attention on major concepts pre-sented in the text. You may wish to modify the objectives into mastery objectives. To do this, identify theperformance and conditions necessary for the student to show the desired competence.

For example, an additional sentence in the second objective on p. 7 of Microbiology: An Introduction,(“Identify the contributions . . . ”) would define the test conditions. The students can be told whetherthey will be expected to identify contributions from a list or write an essay on the historical backgroundof microbiology including contributions made by four of these people.

Objective 1, p. 7 of Microbiology: An Introduction (“Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis.”)should tell the student what test conditions to expect. The student might anticipate writing an essay ormaking a list to show differences between these theories. Should the student expect to differentiatebetween these theories by providing supporting evidence for each theory? Sample questions are some-times useful to clarify an objective.

Additions and deletions can be made to the lists of objectives to suit your needs.

Study QuestionsFour levels of study questions are provided at the end of each chapter. The Review level allows studentsto test their recall of information. The Multiple Choice section includes questions that require recall andquestions that require analysis. The Critical Thinking level provides problems that require knowledgeand reasoning. Actual case histories are included in the Clinical Applications questions. Answers to theReview and Multiple Choice questions appear only in Appendix G in the text. Answers to all the studyquestions are provided in this guide.

Study questions can be a basis for class discussion.

AppendicesPertinent topics in the Chapter Notes in this guide are cross-referenced to the Appendices in the text.

Mycology and ParasitologyIn addition to bacteriology and virology, an overview of mycology and parasitology is provided inChapter 12, and representative diseases are included in Chapters 21 through 26. A few examples frommycology and parasitology can provide students with an introduction to general biological principles aswell as broaden their concept of disease-causing organisms.

The content of your course is determined by you and the other faculty involved in allied health pro-grams. Most health personnel must have some familiarity with a wide range of disease-causing organ-isms. Your state public health department publishes reference material on diseases that may occur in

viii Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology

your geographic area. When discussing mycology and parasitology, I find it useful to refer to organismsthat local clinicians have encountered.

Scheduling TopicsThe following outline is suggested for a one-semester course. It is based on 45 fifty-minute lectures.

Topic Number of LecturesWelcome and First-Day Business 1The Microbial World and You 1Chemical Principles 3Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope 1Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 3Microbial Metabolism 3Microbial Growth 1The Control of Microbial Growth 2Microbial Genetics 3Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA 1Classification of Microorganisms 0.5Bacteria and Archaea 1Fungi 1Protozoa and Algae 1Multicellular Parasites 1Viruses 2Principles of Disease and Epidemiology 0.5Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity 0.5Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host 1Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host 3Disorders Associated with the Immune System 2Practical Applications of Immunology 0.5Antimicrobial Drugs 1Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes 1Nosocomial Infections 1Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System 1Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 1Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System 2Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System 2Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems 1Environmental Microbiology 1.5Applied and Industrial Microbiology 0.5

FlexibilityThe text is flexible and can be adapted to suit the schedule you prefer. On the following pages, selectedtopics are grouped to assist you in preparing your course outline.

BiotechnologyIntroduction pp. 17–18What Makes Sourdough Bread Different? p. 3Bioremediation—Bacteria Clean Up Pollution p. 33What Is Fermentation? p. 137Bacteria Make a Faster, Smarter Computer p. 147Studying Hydrothermal Bacteria pp. 164–165Designer Jeans p. 267

Introduction ix

From Plant Disease to Shampoo and Salad Dressing p. 848Biosensors: Bacteria That Detect Toxic Pollutants and Pathogens p. 826Food Production pp. 846–851Genetic Engineering Chapter 9Industrial Products from Microbes pp. 854–857Fermentation Technology pp. 851–853Vaccines pp. 528–534Diagnostics pp. 534–546Immunotherapy pp. 564–565Monoclonal Antibodies pp. 534–536Bioremediation pp. 33, 818–820

BiochemistryMany instructors do not cover basic chemistry (Chapter 2) as a lecture topic because chemistry is a prerequi-site to their microbiology courses. Some instructors feel that they can incorporate the necessary basic conceptsof chemistry into metabolism and genetics. In either case, Chapter 2 can provide a review for the students.

The following sections deal with the biochemical process in living cells.

Organic Compounds pp. 37–49Microbial Metabolism Chapter 5Microbial Genetics Chapter 8Biochemical Pathways Appendix CStudying Hydrothermal Bacteria pp. 164–165Bioremediation pp. 33, 818–820

Control of Microbial GrowthExponents, Exponential Notation, and Logarithms pp. 175–176, Appendix DMicrobial Growth Chapter 6Plate Counts pp. 178–179Most Probable Numbers (MPN) p. 179Control of Microbial Growth Chapter 7Food Preservation pp. 204, 843–845Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20Antibiotics in Animal Feed Linked to Human Disease p. 606A Hospital-Acquired Infection p. 203

ImmunologyInnate Immunity Chapter 16Macrophages Say NO p. 486Complement pp. 490–494Interferon pp. 494–496Serum Collection p. 490Adaptive Immunity Chapter 17Hypersensitivities pp. 551–558Immune Deficiencies pp. 563–564, 566Immune Responses to Cancer p. 564Why Not Vaccinate Against Everything? p. 532Is IL-12 the Next “Magic Bullet”? p. 519Autoimmunity pp. 559–560Transplants pp. 561–563Vaccines pp. 528–534Diagnostic Immunology (Serology) pp. 534–546Immunotherapy pp. 564–565Monoclonal Antibodies pp. 534–536

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EpidemiologyPrinciples of Disease and Epidemiology Chapter 14How Human Behavior Influences the Evolution of Virulence

in Microorganisms p. 453Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Chapter 15

Emerging Infectious Diseases pp. 19–21, 218, 406–407, 431–440

Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes Chapter 21Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System Chapter 22Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Chapter 23Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Chapter 24Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Chapter 25Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Chapter 26Methods for Taking Clinical Samples Appendix BA Hospital-Acquired Infection Following Liposuction p. 203Calculating Relative Risk pp. 756–757Biological Weapons pp. 680–681

Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections pp. 435–438Universal Precautions and Methods for Taking Clinical Samples Appendix BAIDS Update: The Risk to Health Care Workers p. 573A Hospital-Acquired Infection Following Liposuction p. 203A Safe Blood Supply p. 769Biofilms pp. 820–822

Diseases Associated with Food and WaterDiseases of the Gastrointestinal System Chapter 25Botulism pp. 649–651Listeriosis pp. 647Endotoxins pp. 461–463Exotoxins pp. 459–461Mycotoxins and Algal Toxins pp. 467–468

Environmental MicrobiologyMicrobial Ecology p. 17Biodiversity pp. 283, 340–341, 809–818Mass Deaths of Marine Mammals Spur Veterinary Microbiology pp. 294–295Studying Hydrothermal Bacteria pp. 164–165Bacteria Make a Faster, Smarter Computer (Halophiles) p. 147Important Activities of Fungi pp. 354–355Roles of Algae in Nature p. 361Biological Insecticides pp. 273–275, 319, 321Lichens pp. 355–356Slime Molds pp. 368–370Biogeochemical Cycles pp. 811–814Biodegradation pp. 818–820Bioremediation: Bacterial Banqueters Attend Oil Spill p. 33Biosensors: Bacteria That Detect Pollutants and Pathogens p. 826Aquatic Microbiota pp. 822–854Water Pollution pp. 824–828Water Treatment pp. 828–829Sewage Treatment pp. 829–835

Introduction xi

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)Introduction pp. 21, 566Origin of AIDS pp. 566–567Retroviruses pp. 408–410HIV Infection pp. 567–571Diagnostic Methods pp. 571–572Transmission pp. 572–574AIDS: The Risk to Health Care Workers p. 573AIDS Worldwide pp. 574–575Prevention and Treatment pp. 575–576

CancerAmes Test for Chemical Carcinogens pp. 237–238Viruses and Cancer pp. 410–412Helicobacter p. 760The Immune System and Cancer pp. 564–565

Alternative Course OutlinesSpecific diseases and etiologies can be covered by systems, taxa, or methods of transmission. It is upto you to decide which diseases need to be covered for each group of students. An instructor maywish to emphasize bacterial diseases but include a representative disease caused by a virus, fungus,protozoan, and helminth for comparison and breadth. Some nonbacterial agents are important causesof diseases worldwide. In a class in which all the students are in an allied health program, all themicrobial diseases relevant to those students could be presented. For example, respiratory therapy stu-dents need to learn about diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Although bacterial andviral diseases are the most common, protozoan and multicellular parasites will be encountered in clin-ical work. Additionally, liberal arts students often find examples from parasitology interesting.

Taxonomic ApproachBacteria and the Diseases They Cause

ProteobacteriaAlphaproteobacteria

Cat-scratch disease, Bartonella henselae p. 683Ehrlichiosis, Ehrlichia spp. p. 687Endemic murine typhus, Rickettsia typhi p. 688Epidemic typhus, R. prowazekii pp. 687–688Rocky Mountain spotted fever, R. rickettsii p. 688Brucellosis, Brucella spp. p. 678

BeatproteobacteriaGonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae pp. 790–792, 793Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia, N. gonorrhoeae p. 636Pelvic inflammatory disease, N. gonorrhoeae p. 794Meningitis, N. meningitidis pp. 645–646Nosocomial infections, Burkholderia spp. p. 320Melioidosis, B. pseudomallei p. 730Whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis pp. 718–719Rat-bite fever, Spirillum minor p. 683

GammaproteobacteriaAnimal bites, Pasteurella multocida pp. 682–683Bacillary dysentery, Shigella spp. p. 752Epiglottitis, Haemophilus influenzae p. 714Meningitis, H. influenzae p. 645Otitis media, H. influenzae pp. 716–717

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Pneumonia, H. influenzae p. 726Conjunctivitis, H. influenzae pp. 634–635Chancroid, H. ducreyi p. 799Cholera, Vibrio cholerae pp. 755–758Gastroenteritis, V. parahaemolyticus p. 758Gastroenteritis, V. vulnificus p. 758Cystitis, Escherichia coli p. 788Gastroenteritis, E. coli pp. 758–759Pyelonephritis, E. coli p. 789Dermatitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa p. 622Otitis externa, P. aeruginosa p. 622Legionellosis, Legionella pneumophila pp. 726–727Plague, Yersinia pestis pp. 683–684Gastroenteritis, Y. enterocolitica p. 760Otitis media, Moraxella catarrhalis pp. 716–717Q-fever, Coxiella burnetti pp. 729–730Salmonellosis, Salmonella enterica pp. 753–754Typhoid fever, S. enterica typhi pp. 754–755, 756–757Tularemia, Francisella tularensis pp. 676–678

EpsilonproteobacteriaGastroenteritis, Campylocabter jejuni pp. 759–760Gastritis, Helicobacter pylori p. 760Peptic ulcers, H. pylori p. 760

ClostridiaTetanus, Clostridium tetani pp. 647–649Gangrene, C. perfringens pp. 681–682Gastroenteritis, C. perfringens pp. 760–761Botulism, C. botulinum pp. 649–651Gastroenteritis, C. difficile pp. 761–762

MollicutesPneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae p. 726Urethritis, M. hominis p. 794Urethritis, Ureaplasma ureolyticum p. 794

BacilliAnthrax, Bacillus anthracis pp. 679–681Gastroenteritis, B. cereus p. 762Listeriosis, Listeria monocytogenes p. 647Bacterial endocarditis, Staphylococcus aureus p. 675Folliculitis, S. aureus p. 616Food poisoning, S. aureus pp. 751–752Impetigo, S. aureus p. 620Scalded skin syndrome, S. aureus p. 620Toxic shock syndrome, S. aureus p. 620Cystitis, S. saprophyticus pp. 788–789Erysipelas, Streptococcus pyogenes p. 621Impetigo, S. pyogenes p. 621Necrotizing fasciitis, S. pyogenes p. 621Toxic shock syndrome, S. pyogenes p. 621Puerperal sepsis, S. pyogenes pp. 674–675Rheumatic fever, S. pyogenes p. 676Scarlet fever, S. pyogenes p. 714–715Strep throat, S. pyogenes p. 714Meningitis, S. pneumoniae p. 646Otitis media, S. pneumoniae pp. 716–717

Introduction xiii

Pneumonia, S. pneumoniae pp. 724–726Dental caries, S. mutans pp. 747–749Gram-positive sepsis, alpha-hemolytic streptococci,

Enterococcus spp p. 674Gram-positive sepsis, Group B streptococci p. 674

ActinobacteriaAcne, Propionibacterium acnes pp. 622–623Diphtheria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae pp. 715–716Leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae pp. 651–652Tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis pp. 719–723Rapidly growing mycobacteria p. 203Mycetoma, Nocardia asteroides p. 335Vaginosis, Gardnerella vaginalis p. 798

ChlamydiaeInclusion conjunctivitis, Chlamydia trachomatis p. 636Lymphogranuloma venereum, C. trachomatis pp. 797–798Pelvic inflammatory disease, C. trachomatis p. 794Trachoma, C. trachomatis pp. 792–794Urethritis, C. trachomatis p. 794Pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumoniae p. 729Psittacosis, C. psittaci p. 727

SpirochetesLeptospirosis, Leptospira interrogans p. 789Relapsing fever, Borrelia spp. p. 685Lyme disease, B. burgdorferi pp. 685–687Syphilis, Treponema pallidum pp. 794–797

BacteroidetesPeriodontal disease, Porphyromonas spp. pp. 749–750Acute necrotizing gingivitis, Prevotella intermedia p. 750

FusobacteriaRat-bite fever, Streptobacillus moniliformis p. 683

Fungi and the Diseases They CauseAscomycetes pp. 345–355

Aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus pp. 736–737Blastomycosis, Blastomyces dermatidis p. 736Histoplasmosis, Histoplasma capsulatum p. 734Ringworm, Microsporum, Trichophyton pp. 629–630

AnamorphsCandidiasis, Candida albicans pp. 630–631, 801–802Coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides immitis p. 735Pneumonia, Pneumocystis jiroveci p. 736Sporotrichosis, Sporothrix schenckii p. 630

BasidiomycetesMeningitis, Cryptococcus neoformans p. 660Dandruff, Malassezia p. 615Mycotoxins pp. 770–771

Protozoa and the Diseases They CauseArchaeozoa pp. 361–368

Giardiasis, Giardia lamblia pp. 771–772Trichomoniasis, Trichomonas vaginalis p. 802

ApicomplexaBabesiosis, Babesia microti p. 699

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Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium spp. pp. 772–773Cyclospora infection, Cyclospora cayetanensis p. 773Malaria, Plasmodium spp. pp. 696–698Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii pp. 695–696

AmoebozoaAmoebic dysentery, Entamoeba histolytica pp. 773–774Keratitis, Acanthamoeba spp. p. 637

DinoflagellatesParalytic shellfish poisoning, Alexandrium spp p. 360

EuglenozoaAfrican trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei pp. 660–661Chagas’ disease, T. cruzi pp. 693–695Leishmaniasis, Leishmania spp. pp. 698–699Meningoencephalitis, Naegleria fowleri pp. 661–662

Helminths and the Diseases They CausePlatyhelminths pp. 370–377

Tapeworm infections, Taenia spp. pp. 774–777Hydatid disease, Echinococcus granulosus p. 776Schistosomiasis, Schistosoma spp. pp. 700–701Swimmer’s itch, Schistosomes p. 701

NematodesAscariasis, Ascaris lumbricoides p. 777Hookworms pp. 776–777Pinworms, Enterobius vermicularis p. 776Trichinellosis, Trichinella spiralis pp. 777–778

Algae and the Diseases They CauseRed Algae, Diatoms, and Dinoflagellates pp. 357–360Oomycota pp. 360–361

Arthropods and the Diseases They CauseScabies, Sarcoptes scabiei p. 631Lice, Pediculus humanus pp. 631–632

Viruses and the Diseases They CauseDNA Viruses

Genital warts, Papovavirus p. 801Warts, Papovavirus p. 623Smallpox, Poxvirus pp. 623–624Burkitt’s lymphoma, Herpesvirus pp. 688–690Chickenpox, Herpesvirus pp. 624–626Cold sores, Herpesvirus pp. 626–627Cytomegalovirus infections, Herpesvirus p. 691Genital herpes, Herpesvirus pp. 800–801Infectious mononucleosis, Herpesvirus p. 690Keratitis, Herpesvirus p. 637Roseola, Herpesvirus p. 629Shingles, Herpesvirus pp. 625–626Hepatitis B, Hepadnavirus pp. 764–768

RNA VirusesEncephalitis, Bunyavirus pp. 658–660Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Bunyavirus p. 693Gastroenteritis, Calcivirus p. 770

Introduction xv

Hepatitis E, Calcivirus p. 768Common cold, Coronavirus p. 717

SARS pp. 19–20Hepatitis D, Deltavirus p. 768Encephalitis, Flavivirus pp. 658–660Hepatitis C, Flavivirus p. 768Yellow fever, Flavivirus pp. 691–692West Nile, Flavirus p. 218Hemorrhagic fever, Filovirus, Arenavirus pp. 692–693Influenza, Orthomyxovirus pp. 731–733

Avian influenza pp. 406–407Fifth disease, Parvovirus p. 628Common cold, Picornavirus p. 717Hepatitis A, Picornavirus p. 764Poliomyelitis, Picornavirus pp. 652–654Measles, Paramyxovirus p. 627Mumps, Paramyxovirus pp. 763–764RSV disease, Paramyxovirus pp. 730–731AIDS, Retrovirus pp. 408–410, 566–576Rabies, Rhabdovirus pp. 654–658Dengue, Togavirus p. 692Encephalitis, Togavirus pp. 658–660Rubella, Togavirus pp. 627–628Gastroenteritis, Reovirus p. 770

Prions and the Diseases They CauseTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies pp. 412–414, 662–664

Portal of Entry ApproachPortals of Entry p. 452Methods for Taking Clinical Samples Appendix B

Bacterial Diseases Acquired Through the Respiratory TractChlamydial pneumonia p. 729Diphtheria pp. 715–716Haemophilus pneumonia p. 726Legionellosis pp. 726–727Melioidosis p. 730Meningitis pp. 644–647Mycoplasmal pneumonia p. 726Otitis media pp. 716–717Pertussis pp. 718–719Plague pp. 683–684Pneumococcal pneumonia pp. 716–717Psittacosis p. 727Q fever p. 729–730Scarlet fever pp. 714–715Streptococcal pharyngitis p. 714Tuberculosis pp. 719–723

Viral Diseases Acquired Through the Respiratory TractChickenpox pp. 624–626Common cold p. 717

SARS pp. 19–20

xvi Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome p. 693Influenza pp. 406–407, 731–733Measles p. 627RSV disease pp. 730–731Rubella pp. 727–728Smallpox pp. 623–624

Fungal Diseases Acquired Through the Respiratory TractAspergillosis pp. 736–737Blastomycosis p. 736Coccidioidomycosis p. 735Cryptococcus meningitis p. 660Histoplasmosis p. 734Pneumocystis pneumonia p. 736

Bacterial Diseases Acquired Through the Gastrointestinal TractBacillus cereus gastroenteritis p. 762Botulism pp. 649–651Campylobacter gastroenteritis pp. 759–760Cholera pp. 755–757Clostridium difficile diarrhea pp. 761–762Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis pp. 760–761Dental caries pp. 747–749E. coli gastroenteritis pp. 758–759Epiglottitis p. 714Helicobacter peptic ulcer disease p. 760Listeriosis p. 647Periodontitis pp. 749–750Salmonellosis pp. 753–754Shigellosis p. 752Staphylococcal food poisoning pp. 751–752Typhoid fever pp. 754–755, 756–757Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis p. 758V. vulnificus gastroenteritis p. 758Yersinia gastroenteritis p. 760

Viral Diseases Acquired Through the Gastrointestinal TractCytomegalovirus infections p. 691Hepatitis A p. 764Hepatitis D p. 768Hepatitis E p. 768Infectious mononucleosis p. 690Mumps pp. 763–764Viral gastroenteritis pp. 770

Fungal Diseases Acquired Through the Gastrointestinal TractMycotoxins pp. 770–771

Protozoan Diseases Acquired Through the Gastrointestinal TractAmoebic dysentery pp. 773–774Cryptosporidiosis pp. 772–773Cyclospora diarrheal infection p. 773Giardiasis pp. 771–772

Introduction xvii

Helminthic Diseases Acquired Through the Gastrointestinal TractAscariasis p. 774Hookworms pp. 776–777Tapeworms pp. 774–776Hydatid disease p. 776Pinworms p. 776Trichinellosis pp. 777–778

Prion Diseases Acquired Through the Gastrointestinal TractTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies pp. 412–414, 662–664

For a listing of pathogens that enter through the skin/mucous membranes and parenteral route or by vec-tors, see the following section, Method of Transmission Approach.

Method of Transmission ApproachA discussion of the transmission of disease is on pages 431–434 of Microbiology: An Introduction. Diseasesacquired through the respiratory tract are usually transmitted by direct contact including droplet infec-tion. Diseases acquired through the gastrointestinal tract are most often transmitted by indirect contact infood and water. These diseases are listed in the Portal of Entry Approach section of this guide.

Pathogens that enter through the skin/mucous membranes and parenteral route have the most var-ied methods of transmission and are listed below.

Diseases Acquired by Direct Contact Through the Skin/Mucous MembranesBacterial

Chancroid p. 798Cystitis pp. 788–789Gonorrhea pp. 790–792, 793Impetigo pp. 620–621Lymphogranuloma venereum pp. 797–798Melioidosis p. 730Necrotizing fasciitis p. 621Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia p. 636Pelvic inflammatory disease p. 794Puerperal sepsis pp. 674–675Pyelonephritis p. 789Syphilis pp. 794–797Urethritis p. 794Vaginosis p. 798

ViralCold sores pp. 626–627Genital warts p. 801Genital herpes pp. 800–801Warts p. 623

ArthropodScabies p. 631Pediculosis pp. 631–632

Diseases Acquired by Direct Contact Through the Parenteral RouteAnimal bites and scratches pp. 682–683Rabies pp. 654–658

Diseases Acquired by Indirect Contact Through the Skin/Mucous MembranesBacterial

Gangrene pp. 681–682Inclusion conjunctivitis p. 636

xviii Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology

Infections by pseudomonads p. 622Leprosy pp. 651–652Leptospirosis p. 789Otitis externa p. 622Tetanus pp. 647–649Trachoma pp. 692–794

FungalRingworm pp. 629–630Sporotrichosis p. 630

ProtozoanAcanthamoeba p. 637

HelminthicSchistosomiasis pp. 700–701Swimmer’s itch p. 701

Diseases Acquired by Indirect Contact Through the Parenteral RouteHepatitis B pp. 764–768Hepatitis C p. 768Nosocomial infections pp. 203, 435–438

Diseases Acquired from Arthropod Vectors (Parenteral Route)About arthropods pp. 377–380Viral

Arthropod-borne encephalitis pp. 218, 658–660Dengue p. 692Yellow fever pp. 691–692

BacterialEndemic murine typhus p. 688Epidemic typhus pp. 687–688Lyme disease pp. 685–687Plague pp. 683–684Relapsing fever p. 685Rocky Mountain spotted fever p. 688Tularemia pp. 676–678

ProtozoanMalaria pp. 696–698African trypanosomiasis pp. 660–661Chagas’ disease pp. 693, 695Babesiosis p. 699Leishmaniasis pp. 698–699

Animal ReservoirsThis is a list of diseases acquired from animals by direct contact, indirect contact, or arthropod vectors.

BacterialAnthrax pp. 679–681Bites and scratches pp. 682–683Brucellosis p. 678Cat-scratch disease p. 683Ehrlichiosis p. 687Endemic murine typhus p. 688Epidemic typhus pp. 687–688From marine mammals pp. 294–295Leptospirosis p. 789Listeriosis p. 647

Introduction xix

Lyme disease pp. 685–687Plague pp. 683–684Psittacosis p. 727Q fever pp. 729–730Rat-bite fever p. 683Relapsing fever p. 685Rocky Mountain spotted fever p. 688Tuberculosis pp. 719–723Tularemia pp. 676–678

ViralArthropod-borne encephalitis pp. 218, 658–660Dengue p. 692Rabies pp. 654–658Yellow fever pp. 691–692

ProtozoanAfrican trypanosomiasis pp. 660–661Chagas’ disease pp. 693, 695Babesiosis p. 699Malaria pp. 696–698Toxoplasmosis pp. 695–696

HelminthicTapeworm infection pp. 774–776Hydatid disease p. 776Trichinellosis pp. 777–778

Laboratory Reference Material

MicroscopyCompound light microscope pp. 56–60, 78–80Staining pp. 68–69Gram stain pp. 69–70, 87–88Acid-fast stain pp. 70–71Endospore, capsule, and flagella stains p. 71

Culturing bacteriaColonies and asepsis pp. 168–170Streak and pour plates pp. 172–174, Figs. 6.10, 6.15,

6.16Differential, selective, and enrichment media pp. 171–172, Fig. 6.9,

Table 6.5

MetabolismCarbohydrate catabolism pp. 125–127Fermentation pp. 134–137, Fig. 5.23Protein catabolism pp. 137–138Respiration pp. 129–134

Microbial growthOxygen requirements pp. 165–167Growth curves pp. 120, 160–162, 182,

Appendix D

xx Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology

Biofilms pp. 57, 820–822

Controlling microbial growthHeat pp. 190–194UV pp. 195–196Disinfectants pp. 196–207Disk diffusion assay (antibiotics) pp. 601–602, Table 20.3Handwashing pp. 183, 198, 200, 202–203

GeneticsGene induction pp. 227–232Replica plating p. 237, Fig. 8.20DNA fingerprints pp. 271–273, 301Transformation and genetic engineering pp. 240–242, 256–258, 260,

Fig. 9.1Ames Test pp. 237–238, Fig. 8.21

MicrobesYeasts p. 346Molds pp. 345–350Algae pp. 328–329, 357–361Protozoa pp. 361–368Bacteriophages pp. 397–400Plant viruses p. 414

Normal bacteria of the human bodyBacteria of the skin pp. 614–623Bacteria of the respiratory tract pp. 712–713, 723–726Bacteria of the mouth pp. 747–750Bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract pp. 746, 750–763Bacteria of the urogenital tract pp. 786–792

UnknownsEnterotube Fig. 10.9Unknown identification pp. 292–296, Appendix A

EpidemiologyEpidemiology pp. 430–434Koch’s postulates pp. 425–427

ImmunologyInnate immunity pp. 477–478, 490–496ABO blood groups pp. 537–538, 555–556Agglutination reactions pp. 296–297, 537–538ELISA technique pp. 543–546

Environmental and applied microbiologyMPN test pp. 179–181, 826–828,

Fig. 27.16Membrane filtration pp. 179, 826–828, Fig. 6.17Standard plate count pp. 178–179Yogurt pp. 134–137, 846–847Nitrogen and sulfur cycles pp. 328–329, 813–818Bioremediation pp. 33, 819–820

Introduction xxi

ASM Curriculum RecommendationsASM recommends the following core curriculum guidelines for all introductory microbiology courses.Microbiology: An Introduction, Ninth Edition and Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, Eighth Edition,support all of the ASM’s curriculum recommendations. These core curriculum guidelines are meant tosupport the development of learning objectives that can be met within the introductory microbiologycourses. The asterisks in the list below denote those themes and concepts considered essential to the lab-oratory content.

Exercise(s) in Chapter(s) in Microbiology: Laboratory Experiments

An Introduction, in Microbiology, Ninth Edition Eighth Edition

Theme 1: Microbial cell biology*

1. Information flow within a cell 8 27–282. Regulation of cellular activities 83. Cellular structure and function* 4 3–74. Growth and division* 6, 28 205. Cell energy metabolism* 5 13–17

Theme 2: Microbial genetics*

1. Inheritance of genetic information 82. Causes, consequences, and uses of mutations* 8–93. Exchange and acquisition of genetic information 8

Theme 3: Interactions and impact of microorganisms and humans

1. Host defense mechanisms 16–19 41–442. Microbial pathogenicity mechanisms* 15, 21–26 39–40, 45–493. Disease transmission 14 39–404. Antibiotics and chemotherapy* 7, 20 24–255. Genetic engineering 9 28, 306. Biotechnology 9, 28 30, 54, 56

Theme 4: Interactions and impact of microorganisms in the environment*

1. Adaptation and natural selection 92. Symbiosis 27 563. Microbial recycling of resources 27 574. Microbes transforming the environment 6, 27–28 56

Theme 5: Integrating themes*

1. Microbial evolution 102. Microbial diversity* 11–13, 27 32–38, 55

xxii Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology

TRANSPARENCY MASTER

MENUA LA LABORATOIRESoup

Miso (soybeans arranged by Aspergillus and Saccharomyces)

SaladOlives prepared by Leuconostoc

Fleshy fungi (Agaricus) grown on thoroughbred manure and seasoned by Acetobacter (vinegar)

EntréesS. cerevisiae and (by request) Lactobacillus will prepare rye, pumpernickel, and sourdough

Hawaiian Single-Cell ProteinA delightful casserole of sewage-fed cyanobacteria. Flavored with poi (lactic-acid bacteria work their magic on taro root)

Thai NoodlesNoodles “proteinized” with Candida utilis yeast and flavored with fish sauce

made by a team of moderately halophilic Bacillus and coryneforms

Beef BonanzaTender slices of Methylophilus-fed beef marinated in soy sauce

(produced by a symphony of microbes)

Carne MachaAn assortment of sausages from Pediococcus and Penicillium italicum

VegetableCabbage fermented to pH 3.5 by L. plantarum. Natto beans by Bacillus subtilis.

DessertsChocolate prepared by Kluyveromyces and lactic acid bacteria.

Chef Leu CoNostoc will smother it in dextran, an α-1,6-glucose polymerAssorted cheeses

Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, assisted by P. roquefortii and P. camembertii

DrinksAlcohol served by the sweet

fungus SaccharomycesBeerWine

Nonalcoholic beveragesLactobacillus’ buttermilkSaccharomyces’ root beer

Coffee by Enterobacter dissolvens

The Microbial World and You

1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES1. List several ways in which microbes affect our lives.

2. Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses two names: a genus and specific epithet.

3. Differentiate among the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms.

4. List the three domains.

5. Explain the importance of observations made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.

6. Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis.

7. Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Needham, Spallanzani, Virchow, and Pasteur.

8. Identify the importance of Koch’s postulates.

9. Explain how Pasteur’s work influenced Lister and Koch.

10. Identify the importance of Jenner’s work.

11. Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Ehrlich and Fleming.

12. Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and virology.

13. Explain the importance of recombinant DNA technology.

14 List at least four beneficial activities of microorganisms.

15. List two examples of biotechnology that use recombined DNA technology and two examples thatdo not.

16. Define normal microbiota and resistance.

17. Define and describe several infectious diseases.

18. Define emerging infectious disease.

NEW IN THIS EDITION• Applications of modern molecular biology to taxonomy have resulted in new or changed names and

taxa for many microorganisms. These new names and taxa approved by the appropriate interna-tional nomenclature committee are used throughout this edition.

• The emerging infectious disease discussion includes West Nile Virus, bovine spongiform encephalopa-thy, Avian influenza, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, SARS, and cryptosporidiosis.

CHAPTER SUMMARYMICROBES IN OUR LIVES (p. 2)1. Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called microorganisms.2. Microorganisms are important in the maintenance of an ecological balance on Earth.

1

3. Some microorganisms live in humans and other animals and are needed to maintain good health.4. Some microorganisms are used to produce foods and chemicals.5. Some microorganisms cause disease.

NAMING AND CLASSIFYING MICROORGANISMS (pp. 2–6)Nomenclature (pp. 2–4)1. In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), each living organism is assigned

two names.2. The two names consist of a genus and a specific epithet, both of which are underlined or italicized.

Types of Microorganisms (pp. 4–6)Bacteria (p. 4)3. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described as prokaryotic.4. The three major basic shapes of bacteria are bacillus, coccus, and spiral.5. Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission, and they may possess

flagella.6. Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition.

Archaea (p. 4)7. Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.8. Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.

Fungi (p. 4)9. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, and yeasts) have eukaryotic cells (with a true nucleus). Most fungi are

multicellular.10. Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.

Protozoa (p. 4)11. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes.12. Protozoa obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.

Algae (p. 4)13. Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.14. Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.

Viruses (pp. 4–6)15. Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells.16. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may

surround the coat.

Multicellular Animal Parasites (p. 6)17. The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are flatworms and roundworms, collectively

called helminths.18. The microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are identified by traditional microbiological pro-

cedures.

2 Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology

Classification of Microorganisms (p. 6)19. All organisms are classified into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Eukarya include protists, fungi,

plants, and animals.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY (pp. 6–17)The First Observations (p. 6)1. Robert Hooke observed that cork was composed of “little boxes”; he introduced the term cell (1665).2. Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the concept that all

living things are composed of cells.3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe microorganisms (1673).

The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation (pp. 7–9)4. Until the mid-1880s, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that living organ-

isms could arise from nonliving matter.5. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay

eggs on the meat (1668).6. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

(1745).7. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s results were

due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).8. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting

cells (1858).9. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of bio-

genesis (1861).10. Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical

procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.

The Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 9–11)11. Rapid advances in the science of microbiology were made between 1857 and 1914.

Fermentation and Pasteurization (p. 9)12. Pasteur found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic

acid.13. A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk.

The Germ Theory of Disease (pp. 9–11)14. Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a causal relationship between microorganisms and

disease.15. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infec-

tions in humans (1860s).16. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of procedures, now

called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causesa particular disease.

The Microbial World and You CHAPTER 1 3

Vaccination (p. 11)17. In a vaccination, immunity (resistance to a particular disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vac-

cine.18. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with

immunity to smallpox.19. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera;

he coined the word vaccine.20. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens, from iso-

lated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.

The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy: Dreams of a “Magic Bullet” (pp. 12–13)21. Chemotherapy is the chemical treatment of a disease.22. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the laboratory)

and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of othermicroorganisms).

23. Paul Ehrlich introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis (1910).24. Alexander Fleming observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture.

He named the active ingredient penicillin (1928).25. Penicillin has been used clinically as an antibiotic since the 1940s.26. Researchers are tackling the problem of drug-resistant microbes.

Modern Developments in Microbiology (pp. 13–17)27. Bacteriology is the study of bacteria, mycology is the study of fungi, and parasitology is the study

of parasitic protozoa and worms.28. Microbiologists are using genomics, the study of all of an organism’s genes, to classify bacteria, fungi,

and protozoa.29. The study of AIDS, analysis of the action of interferons, and the development of new vaccines are

among the current research interests in immunology.30. New techniques in molecular biology and electron microscopy have provided tools for advancement

of our knowledge of virology.31. The development of recombinant DNA technology has helped advance all areas of microbiology.

MICROBES AND HUMAN WELFARE (pp. 17–18)1. Microorganisms degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to be used by liv-

ing plants and animals.2. Bacteria are used to decompose organic matter in sewage.3. Bioremediation processes use bacteria to clean up toxic wastes.4. Bacteria that cause diseases in insects are being used as biological controls of insect pests. Biological

controls are specific for the pest and do not harm the environment.5. Using microbes to make products such as foods and chemicals is called biotechnology.6. Using recombinant DNA, bacteria can produce important substances such as proteins, vaccines, and

enzymes.7. In gene therapy, viruses are used to carry replacements for defective or missing genes into human cells.8. Genetically modified bacteria are used in agriculture to protect plants from frost and insects and to

improve the shelf life of produce.

4 Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology

MICROBES AND HUMAN DISEASE (pp. 18–21)1. Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body; these make up the normal microbiota, or flora.2. The disease-producing properties of a species of microbe and the host’s resistance are important fac-

tors in determining whether a person will contract a disease.3. An infectious disease is one in which pathogens invade a susceptible host.4. An emerging infectious disease (EID) is a new or changing disease showing an increase in incidence

in the recent past or a potential to increase in the near future.

Contributions to the field of microbiology by the following individuals are noted in this chapter.

THE LOOPThe organisms studied in microbiology are defined. Topics introduced in the overview of microbiologycan be covered in more depth by reading the following sections:Bioremediation pp. 17, 818–820Classification Chapter 10Emerging infectious diseases pp. 438–440Industrial microbiology/biotechnology Chapters 9 and 28Koch’s postulates pp. 425–427Vaccines pp. 528–534

ANSWERSReview1. The observations of flies coming out of manure and maggots coming out of dead animals, and the

appearance of microorganisms in liquids after a day or two, led people to believe that living organ-isms arose from nonliving matter.

2. Pasteur’s S-neck flasks allowed air to get into the beef broth, but the curves of the S trapped bacte-ria before they could enter the broth.

3. a. Certain microorganisms cause diseases in insects. Microorganisms that kill insects can be effec-tive biological control agents because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment.

b. Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are required for all living organisms. Micro-organisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms. Many bacteriadecompose material and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere for plants to use. Some bac-teria can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into a form that can be used by plantsand other microorganisms.

Oswald AveryAgostino BassiGeorge BeadleMartinus BeijerinkFrancis CrickPaul EhrlichAlexander FlemingRobert HookeDmitri IwanowskyFrançois JacobEdward JennerRobert Koch

Rebecca LancefieldLaurent LavoisierJoshua LederbergAntoni van LeeuwenhoekCarolus LinnaeusJoseph ListerColin MacLeodMaclyn McCartyJacques MonodJohn NeedhamLouis PasteurFrancesco Redi

Ignaz SemmelweisLazzaro SpallanzaniWendell StanleyEdward TatumRudolf VirchowJames WatsonChaim WeizmannSergei WinogradskyCarl Woese

The Microbial World and You CHAPTER 1 5

c. Normal microbiota are microorganisms that are found in and on the human body. They do notusually cause disease, and can be beneficial.

d. Organic matter in sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates,sulfate, and other inorganic compounds in a wastewater treatment plant.

e. Recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production intobacteria. These bacteria can produce human insulin inexpensively.

f. Microorganisms can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be genetically engineered to pro-duce components of vaccines.

4. Matchinga, c Studies biodegradation of toxic wastes.

h Studies the causative agent of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

a, d, f Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria.

b Studies the symptoms of AIDS.

e Studies the production of toxin by E. coli.

c Studies the life cycle of Cryptosporidium.

b, d Develops gene therapy for a disease.

g Studies the fungus Candida albicans.

5. Matchingg Archaea

d Algae

c Bacteria

b Fungi

f Helminths

e Protozoa

a Viruses

6. Matchingk Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

n Beadle and Tatum

o Berg

q Ehrlich

c Fleming

i Hooke

j Iwanowski

b Jacob and Monod

a Jenner

m Koch

s Lancefield

e Lederberg and Tatum

6 Instructor’s Guide to Microbiology