microcontroller part 2

https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/

Embedded System

PART 2ENG.KEROLES SHENOUDA

1


https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/ https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/

Index (1) GPIO/DIO/IO Module

Atmel-8155-8-bit-Microcontroller-AVR-ATmega32A_Datasheet

DIO_LAB1

DIO_LAB2

DIO_Project1:LED Matrix 8*8

quiz1: 7- segment “assembly Code”

DIO_LAB3:Two- digital Display Module DIO_Project2Seven Segment Digital Clock

GPIO Driver

References

2




What will get on Embedded System

AVR Microcontroller

AVR Interfacing

ARM SOC

ARM Tiva C

3




Get Started With Eclipse and AVR

Install AVR-GCC and AVR Dude

https://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr/files/

4



https://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr/files/


install the avr-eclipse plugin.5



http://avr-eclipse.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/The_AVR_Eclipse_Plugin


install the avr-eclipse plugin.

This opens the screen to specify the plug-in to install.

Here you just enter the update URL of AVR-Eclipse

(http://avr-eclipse.sourceforge.net/updatesite/), press

enter and select the AVR Eclipse Plugin:

After you click Next you will be asked a lot of question, if you

accept licenses or if you trust unsigned software – to install

answer them all with yes. When the installation is finished Eclipse

wants to restart, you should do it.

6



http://avr-eclipse.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/The_AVR_Eclipse_Plugin

http://interactive-matter.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/screenshot_03.jpg

http://interactive-matter.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/screenshot_03.jpg


Create the first Project7




Create the first Project 8




install GNU Win32 project

http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/make.htm

9






A quick change of PATH demonstrated this would allow a

successful compile from the command line and so I made the equivalent change in Eclipse:

1) Go to Window->Preferences and then to the AVR->Paths section. Here select the entry for GNU make

10



http://smallshire.org.uk/sufficientlysmall/wp-content/uploads/fail81_002.png





Click Edit… and then Browse… and navigate to the path to the newly

installed make.exe

11







Build Done12




Open Proteus13




Open Design then point to AMIT KIT14




We will work on ATmega Evaluation KIT REV5

Modeled on Proteus15




16




Enable the Led0,1,2 17




Simulate18




Debug 19




GPIO/DIO/IO

20



GPIO / DIO / IO

GPIO is a digital Module, responsible on control all the PINS on the SOC

It is called

GPIO : General Purpose Input/Output

DIO : Directive input/Output

IO : input/Output

I will describe the GPIO on a General Concept and general Capabilities And Features.Then will read the Atmega32 GPIO.And on the future you will read the TivaC GPIO by yourself

21




CPU

RAM

ROM

Interrupt Controller

UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt

IRQ = specific NumberAccording to the SOC Specs

Irq number

PORT

PIN

22




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN

Each PINCan be configured as

Alternative Signal GPIO SignalLike in this example

UART_TXCAN_TXAnlog_ip

23




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN = UART_TX




You Can Configure PIN to be alternative Signal

Then Write on the MUX register to choose the

UART_TX

24




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN = CAN_TX






CAN_TX

25




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN = Anlog_ip






Anlog_ip

26




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN


Alternative Signal GPIO Signal

InputOutput

Normal Input

External Interrupt

GPIO Signal

Externalinterrupt

27




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN = Externalinterrupt



InputOutput

Normal Input

External Interrupt

GPIO Signal

Externalinterrupt

You Can Configure PIN to be GPIO Signal, Input and

External interrupt

28




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN = INPUT



InputOutput

Normal Input

External Interrupt

GPIO Signal

Externalinterrupt

You Can Configure PIN to be GPIO Signal, Normal InputThe CPU will read the GPIO

Data Register

29




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

PIN = OUTPUT



InputOutput

Normal Input

External Interrupt

GPIO Signal

Externalinterrupt

You Can Configure PIN to be GPIO Signal, Output

The CPU will write the GPIO Data Register

30




GPIO/DIO/IOFOR ATMEGA32

31



ATMega32 Pin out & Descriptions

These pins are used to connect

external crystal or RC oscillator

Provides supply voltage to the

chip. It should be connected to +5

Supply voltage for ADC and portA.

Connect it to VCC

Clears all the registers and

restart the execution of

program

Reference voltage for ADC

Port APort B

Port DPort C

32




ATMega32 Pin out & DescriptionsMega32/Mega16

(XCK/T0) PB0

(T1) PB1

(INT2/AIN0) PB2

(OC0/AIN1) PB3

(SS) PB4

(MOSI) PB5

(MISO) PB6

(SCK) PB7

RESET

VCC

XTAL2

GND

XTAL1

(RXD) PD0

(TXD) PD1

(INT0) PD2

(INT1) PD3

(OC1B) PD4

(OC1A) PD5

(ICP) PD6

PA0 (ADC0)

PA1 (ADC1)

PA2 (ADC2)

PA3 (ADC3)

PA4 (ADC4)

PA5 (ADC5)

PA6 (ADC6)

PA7 (ADC7)

AREF

AGND

PC7 (TOSC2)

AVCC

PC6 (TOSC1)

PC5 (TDI)

PC4 (TDO)

PC3 (TMS)

PC2 (TCK)

PC1 (SDA)

PC0 (SCL)

PD7 (OC2)

DDRAPORTA

PINA

DD

RB

PIN

B

PO

RT

B

DDRCPORTC

PINC

33




ATMega32 Pin out & Descriptions34




Atmel-8155-8-bit-Microcontroller-

AVR-ATmega32A_Datasheet

35






36






37






38






39






40






41




HAND

WRITING

42




HAND WRITING

43



ATMega32 Elementary I/O: LEDs

• LEDs must be connected the correct way round,the diagram may be labeled a or + for anode andk or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, forcathode!). The cathode is the short lead andthere may be a slight flat on the body of roundLEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode isthe larger electrode (but this is not an officialidentification method).

• LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering,but the risk is small unless you are very slow. Nospecial precautions are needed for solderingmost LEDs.

• LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow,green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs aremuch more expensive than the other colors. Thecolor of an LED is determined by thesemiconductor material, not by the coloring ofthe 'package' (the plastic body).

An LED is a semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into adiscrete color of light

44




ATMega32 Elementary I/O: LEDs• Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! It will be

destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through andburn it out.

• LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quicktesting purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is12V or less.

• The resistor value, R is given by:

• Estimate 1.5 - 2 V voltage drop (VL)

• Typically draws 10-20 mA (I)

Unless you know what are you doing!

45




ATMega32 Elementary I/O: LEDs

+5VR

output pin1

+3.2V

No current

Currentlight

Estimate R =voltagecurrent

=5 – 1.8 – 0.4

13 x 10 -3 = 215 Ω ~ 220 Ωeasier to get

LED

no light+5V

+5VR

output pin0

LED

+0.4V

Turning on an LED

Setting the pin to high will not turn ON the LED

Setting the pin to low will turn ON the LED

46




DIO_LAB1

Write A embedded C Code

To toggle 3 Led on sequential way

Then start a tick(pulse) by Buzzer then

Rerun again

Port D pin 5,6,7 as output (LED)Port D pin 4 (Buzzer)

step1

step2

step3

step4avr/io.h and util/delay.h

47




DIO_LAB1 Solution: Create

ATMEGA32_registers.h to be independent on

avr/io.h

48




DIO_LAB1 Solution:

write the Code 49




DIO_LAB1 Solution:

write the Code 50




It will be helpful if you learned to

Create the ATMEGA32_Registers.h

for All Atmega32 Registers

51




DIO_Project1:

LED Matrix 8*8

52




DIO_Project1

Seven Segment Digital Clock Write a program for a 2-D Led array

(1*2 LCD) using all GPIO pins in Atmeg32, that acts like a real screen. The Screen is divided into two (8*8) frames (characters), and write a two functions that takes a character and print it for each frame. And simulate the project using proteus. the following figure shows one frame

53




DIO_Project1

Seven Segment Digital Clock Say if we want to turn on LED D10 in

the matrix, we need to power the PIN14 of module and ground the PIN3 on module. With this the D10 will turn ON. This is shown in the figure below. This should be first check for MATRIX to know everything in order.

54




DIO_Project1

Seven Segment Digital Clock Say if we want to turn on D1, we

need to power PIN9 of matrix and ground the PIN13. With that LED D1 will glow. The current direction for this case is shown in below figure.

55




DIO_Project1

Seven Segment Digital Clock Now for the tricky part, consider we

want to turn on both D1 and D10 at a time. So we power both PIN9, PIN14 and ground both PIN13, PIN3. With that we will have D2 and D9 ON along with D1 and D10. It’s because they share common terminals. So if we want to turn LEDs along the diagonal, we will be forced to turn ON all the LEDs along the way. This is shown in below figure.

56




DIO_Project1

Seven Segment Digital Clock So to eliminate this problem we will turn only one led on at a

time. Say at t=0m SEC, LED D1 is tuned ON. At t = 1m SEC, LED D1 is tuned OFF and LED D2 is turned ON. Again at t=2 m SEC, LED D2 is turned OFF and LED D1 is turned ON. This goes on.

Now the trick is, the human eye cannot capture a frequency more than 30 HZ. That is if a LED goes ON and OFF continuously at a rate of 30HZ or more. The eye sees the LED as continuously ON. However this is not the case. The LED will be constantly turning ON and OFF. This technique is called multiplexing.

By using multiplexing, we will turn only one row at a time, and there will be cycling around the 8 rows continuously. This visualized as a completely turned ON matrix for a naked eye.

Multiplexing With very speed

To render Each row

57




Solution For Led Matrix

Video

The Video also on https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7kUsgpvTWFLVnNYSnJ2RWpHc0E

58



https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7kUsgpvTWFLVnNYSnJ2RWpHc0E

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7kUsgpvTWFLVnNYSnJ2RWpHc0E


59




For Example if we want to display

character E

First we will make PORTC= 0x80 (c1=1 (0b1000 0000))

PORTC Select

PORTD = 0xff (0b1111 1111)

PO

RT

D

60





character E


PORTC Select

PORTD = 0xff (0b1111 1111)

PO

RT

D

61





character E


PORTC Select

PORTD = 0x0 (0b0000 0000)

PO

RT

D

62





character E


PORTC Select

PORTD = 0x36 (0b00110110)

PO

RT

D

63





character E


PORTC Select

PORTD = 0x36 (0b00110110)

PO

RT

D

64





character E


PORTC Select

PORTD = 0x36 (0b00110110)

PO

RT

D

65





character E


PORTC Select

PORTD = 0xff(0b1111 1111)

PO

RT

D

66





character E


PORTC Select

PORTD = 0xff(0b1111 1111)

PO

RT

D

67




PORTC Select

Multiplexing With very speed

To render Each Column

Make your eyes see the character

Appear like this

68




Each character have 8 valuesFor eight columns

69




70




Led 2 1 0

write embedded C program “up/down binary Counter”

By three leds and two push button

01

7……

sw0sw1

DIO_Quiz1 71




I/O: 7-Segment Display

There are applications where you need to display a decimal

digit using a seven segment LED display.

The display could represent e.g. the number of times a

switch was pressed.

Digits 0-9 and hex A-F can be displayed by giving the

proper 7-segment codes

q g f e d c b a q g f e d c b a

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 9 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

2 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 A 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 b 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

4 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

5 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 d 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

6 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 E 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 F 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

72





Common-anode :

requires VCC

LED ON when Output is LOW.

Common-cathode :

NO VCC ,

LED ON when Output is HIGH.

TTL and CMOS devices are

normally not used to drive the

common-cathode display directly

because of current (mA)

requirement. A buffer circuit is

used between the decoder chips

and common-cathode display

73




I/O: 7-Segment Display 74





A 7-Segment LED could be attached as shown:

75





Or:

76




DIO_Lab2 :

A 7-segment is connected to PORTA.

Write an assembly/embedded C Code

to Display 1 on the 7-segment.

ATmega32

8PORTC

0

1

2

3

56

4

77




DIO_Lab2 Solution: assembly

A 7-segment is connected to PORTA. Display 1 onthe 7-segment.

ATmega32

8PORTC

0

1

2

3

56

4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

DDRC

:PORTC:

;; DIO_lab2.asm;; Author : kkhalil;; Replace with your application code

LDI R20,0x06 ;R20 = 00000110 (binary)OUT PORTC,R20 ;PORTC = R20LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary)OUT DDRC,R20 ;DDRC = R20 ;Delay 1;cycle latency

L1: RJMP L1

78




DIO_Lab3 :Two- digital Display Module

7 Segment Display

DATA LINES:

- 7SEG_APORTC .4

- 7SEG_BPORTC .5

- 7SEG_CPORTC .6

- 7SEG_DPORTC .7

DECIMAL POINT:

- 7SEG_DPPORTB .0

ENABLE LINES

- 7SEG_EN1PORTC .2

- 7SEG_EN2PORTC .3

The trick is, the human eye cannot capture a frequency

more than 30 HZ. That is if a LED goes ON and OFF

continuously at a rate of 30HZ or more. The eye sees the

LED as continuously ON. However this is not the case.

The LED will be constantly turning ON and OFF. This

technique is called multiplexing.

79




DIO_Lab3 :Two- digital Display

Module

Write an embedded C Code to “up Counter” from 0 to 99.

80





Module


81





Module


82




DIO_Lab3 Solution: Write an embedded C Code to

“up Counter” from 0 to 99.

83




How To Write Driver

For GPIO/DIO/IO

FOR ATMEGA32

84



Create Eclipse Project

DriverCreate your own files,

Don’t depend on anything

Be Professional ;)

Write your application here

85




Mydelay.h86




Data_Types.h 87




Atmega32_rgisters.hget all the registers absolute address from SPECS

88




Atmega32_rgisters.hget all the registers absolute address from SPECS

89




For the GPIO Driver Create two Files GPIO.h & GPIO.c

GPIO.c

GPIO.h #include “GPIO.h”

90




GPIO.h91




GPIO.h92




GPIO.c93




GPIO.c94




GPIO.c95




GPIO.c96




GPIO.c97




GPIO.c98




Now Write a simple application To toggle led0 which connected to

D5 Main.c

GPIO.C

ATMEGA32

GPIOD5

99




CPU

RAM

ROM


UART

CAN

ADC

GPIO

Uart_TX

CAN_TX

Analog_ip

Registers

Controller MUX

Externalinterrupt


Irq number

D5Toggle Led

.txt(main.c/GPIO.c)

Stack/Heap/Data_Memory

100




main.c101




Simulate on ISIS102




Kindly you can find the Source code in

https://github.com/keroles/Embedded_System/tree/master/Atmega32_Drivers/ATMEGA32_Drivers

103



https://github.com/keroles/Embedded_System/tree/master/Atmega32_Drivers/ATMEGA32_Drivers


How To Debug the Code on ISIS ?

104




105




.elf image contains debug information

.hex not contain Any debug information

The compiler can generate different types of files, according to what you need. On a PC, the compiler generates an executable file with the extension ”.exe”. However, microcontrollers need a different, dedicated format. For our microcontroller we will be using HEX (extension ”.hex”) files. Other possible formats generated by the compiler are: .elf, .map, .eeprom

106




AVR Tool-Chain provide

AVR Libc represents the AVR library provided by Atmel. It defines all the

register names (together with their bits), as well as other useful functions.

GCC represents the GNU Compiler Collection. Together with the GNU

binutils it generates the HEX files.

AVR-GDB, AVaRICE, ISIS and SimulAVR can help simulate / debug the

behavior of your microcontroller application on a PC.

107




Simulator versus emulator

An emulator only mimics the observable behaviour of a target, whereas a simulator also models the internal state of the target. In this respect, emulators are faster, but they might also be prone to behaviours / errors that the original target would not manifest.

What is a debugger?

The purpose of a debugger is to allow you to see what is going on “inside” another program while it executes - or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed

108





First Go to eclipse project

settingsAnd enable the debug informationAs shown

109





First Go to eclipse project

settingsAnd enable the debug informationAs shown

110





Second Build

the Project

111





Third Copy all the Build output files and all the source code which

inside the eclipse project to the ISIS Project folder beside your

Prject.DSN

112





Fourth open ISIS Project

and open the Atmega32 IC and pass the elf image toProgram file

113





FIFTH run the simulation and press

pause then Open the AVR source code window as shown

114




How To Debug the Code on ISIS ? 115




116




DIO_Project2:

Seven Segment Digital Clock

117




DIO_Project2

Seven Segment Digital Clock Our digital clock operates as follows. When the circuit is powered up the clock

starts at "00:00:00" for "HH:MM:SS". There are two push-button switches used to set the time. Switch SW1 is for setting the minutes, when this button is pressed the minutes in increase until it reaches 59 then reset and start counting from 0. Switch SW2 is for setting the hours.

All seven segment displays are driven by the same port (PortB). The microcontroller through controls from PortC indicate which seven segment display each digit is displayed on. Note that these Seven Segment Displays are common cathode display.

118




DIO_Project2

Seven Segment

Digital Clock

119




DIO_Project2

Seven Segment Digital Clock

120




GPIO Project 3

Assignment

Microcontroller

sessionWrite code to make the following

functionality:

121




References

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZmtlLnV0bS5teXxyaWR6dWFuLXMtd2Vic2l0ZXxneDo2ODU0NzlkM2JkOTg4MjRk

http://www.avrprojects.net/index.php/avr-projects/sensors/38-humidity-and-temperature-sensor-dht11?showall=&start=1

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~lu/cse467s/slides/dsp.pdf

http://www.avr-tutorials.com/

Microprocessor: ATmega32 (SEE3223-10) http://ridzuan.fke.utm.my/microprocessor-atmega32-see3223-10

http://circuitdigest.com/article/what-is-the-difference-between-microprocessor-and-microcontroller

http://cs4hs.cs.pub.ro/wiki/roboticsisfun/chapter2/ch2_7_programming_a_microcontroller

122



https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZmtlLnV0bS5teXxyaWR6dWFuLXMtd2Vic2l0ZXxneDo2ODU0NzlkM2JkOTg4MjRk

http://www.avrprojects.net/index.php/avr-projects/sensors/38-humidity-and-temperature-sensor-dht11?showall=&start=1

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~lu/cse467s/slides/dsp.pdf

http://www.avr-tutorials.com/

http://ridzuan.fke.utm.my/microprocessor-atmega32-see3223-10

http://circuitdigest.com/article/what-is-the-difference-between-microprocessor-and-microcontroller

http://cs4hs.cs.pub.ro/wiki/roboticsisfun/chapter2/ch2_7_programming_a_microcontroller


123



microcontroller part 2

Engineering