Biology I honors Midterm REVIEW + VOCABULARY LIST

Directions: Learning vocabulary is a large part of being successful in any first year biology course. The terms listed below all appear on the first semester exam. I suggest using flashcards to quiz yourself as you study the new terms. If you don’t have access to flashcards, use the space provided here.

Also – visit the class website at www.bcpss.org to get access to all of the powerpoints and notes outlines from the entire first semester.

REMEMBER: If you fail to prepare, you prepare to fail. Commit yourself to success: study 30 minutes a day between now and your Biology exam! This is 1/5 of your grade!

Unit 1: Science of BiologyBiology

Growth

Organization

Cell

Homeostasis

Energy use (metabolism)

Reproduction

Hypothesis

Prediction

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Data

Control

Unit 2: ChemistryAtom

Element

Molecule

Compound

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond

Polarity

Chemical reaction

Special properties of water (4)Dissociation of water

pH scale

Acid

Base

Hydronium

Hydroxide

Buffer

Organic compound

Macromolecules (also Unit 2)

Macromolecule Building Blocks Function ExampleCarbohydrates

Amino acids

Store & process information

Cell membrane phospholipids

Unit 3: Cells

Organelle Structure FunctionNucleus

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Ribosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Vacuole

Vessicle

Cell Wall

Cilia

Flagella

Pseudopodia

Microfilaments & microtubules

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Surface Area : Volume ratio

Organelle

Cytoplasm

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Unit 4: transportPassive transport

Active transport

Diffusion

Selective permeability

Osmosis

Equilibrium

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Facilitated diffusion

Carrier proteins

Sodium-potassium pump

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Unit 5: Photosynthesis & RespirationPhotosynthesis (w/ equation)

Pigment

Thylakoid

Stroma

Chlorophyll

Light reaction

ATP

Calvin cycle

Cellular respiration

Glycolysis

Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)Aerobic respiration

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

ATP synthase

Unit 1 study guide Major Topics

Scientific experiments and the scientific process

Vocabulary to know: independent variable, dependent variable, hypothesis, prediction, data, control group, bias

Skills to have: identify variables and controls in an experiment.design a controlled experiment that includes the terms listed in “vocabulary to know.”identify safe laboratory procedures and safety equipment needed for laboratory work.Identify biased experiments and explain how they are flawed.

Graphing and data

Skills to have:Interpret data represented in tables and graphsIdentify the variables of an experiment from their position on a graphConstruct line and bar graphs that include the 5 elements of a good graph (PASTA)

Characteristics of life

Vocabulary to know:Growth, organization, cell, homeostasis, energy use, reproduction

Skills to have:Classify an example as living or non-living based on what characteristics it has or does not

have.

Identify the hypothesis and prediction being tested in an experiment.

1. _____ A student washes her hands with antibacterial soap and water. Then she touches the agar in a petri dish with her thumb. The agar contains nutrients that support the growth of bacteria. Other students repeat the procedure after washing their hands with three different kinds of antibacterial soap. The petri dishes are kept warm overnight to allow bacteria to grow. The next day the students count the number of bacterial colonies in each dish.

Which of these questions are the students most likely trying to answer?

A. How long does it take soap to kill bacteria?B. Which soap is most effective in killing bacteria?C. Which nutrients are necessary to grow bacteria?D. How many bacteria are on the average thumb?

Describe safe laboratory practices, or criticize an example experiment

2. ____ Students will conduct a laboratory experiment using the following materials: a Bunsen burner, a beaker of water, glass tubing, four test tubes containing different chemicals, and rubber stoppers. Which of these steps is most critical for students to follow when using these materials in the lab?

A. wearing eye protection at all timesB. writing the lab procedure in a notebookC. washing hands before starting the experimentD. placing a stopper on all test tubes before heating them

Identify the dependent and independent variables of an experiment.

3. _____ Scientists are developing a microscopic submarine to deliver medicine to sites within the body. A biomotor that uses bacteria would move the submarine. The scientists are experimenting with several species of bacteria to find which one works best in the biomotor.

Which of these is the dependent variable in the scientists' experiment? (choices on next page)

A. the species of bacteria B. the movement of the submarine

C. the size of the submarine D. the sites within the body

Distinguish the control group from the experimental group(s) of an experiment

4. _____ A student conducts an experiment at home to test the effect of different covers on the melting rate of ice. The student places identical ice cubes on separate trays of known mass. The student covers each tray as shown below.

The trays are placed on the same table. After ten minutes, the student removes the covers, discards the excess water, and calculates the mass of each ice cube.

Which of these is the control in the experiment?

A. mass of the traysB. tray with no coveringC. mass of the ice cubesD. tray with the plastic covering

Design an experiment by constructing/describing the hypothesis, prediction, data to be collected, iindependent variable, dependent variable, control group, and experimental group.

5. BCR – write a response of 1-3 paragraphs (separate sheet of paper)

A student enjoys watching birds. She wants to attract goldfinches to the feeders in her backyard in the winter. She observed goldfinches eating thistle seeds during the summer, but is not sure if that is their favorite food. She planned an experiment to find out their favorite food, and bought three different kinds of seeds: thistle, sunflower, and corn.

State a possible hypothesis for her experiment. Identify the independent and dependent variables in her experiment. Describe specific experimental procedures she could use to test her hypothesis. Describe the data she should record. What data would support her hypothesis?

Interpret data collected from an experiment in tabular (table) or graphical (graph) form.

6. _____ The graph below shows the relationship between annual rainfall and plant tissue growth rates in an ecosystem.

Which of these statements describes the trend shown by the data in the graph?

A. As rainfall increased, the amount of plant material decreased.The amount of rainfall decreased as the amount of plant material increased.As rainfall increased, the amount of plant material increased.

D. Rainfall had no effect on the amount of plant material.

Use a graph to show experimental data.

Draw a bar graph illustrating the following data collected during an experiment with termites:

Ink color # seconds termite

stayed on trail

black 120

blue 90

red 60

green 45

Identify & describe the 6 universal characteristics of living things and use them to determine if something is living or not.

List & define the 6 characteristics:

Bio I Honors: Chemistry Quick Review (Unit 2)Atoms, elements, molecules, and compounds: Word Bank: compound, element, atom, molecule, matter (may be used more than once)

A(n) __________ is the smallest piece of _____________ that is stable under normal conditions.

A(n) ______________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemicals. It a composed of many identical ___________.

When two or more atoms are bonded together, they form a ________________.

A pure substance made of many molecules is called a ____________________.

Water: Word Bank: base, acid, polar, hydrogen bond, solvent, solute, buffer (may be used more than once)

A(n) _____________ molecule is one that has small electrical charges on different parts.

Polar molecules have the ability to stick together because they form _______________________.

Water is good at dissolving compounds that are ionic and compounds that are ___________.

Water has many special characteristics, like a high surface tension, high melting and boiling points, cohesion and adhesion, and the density anomaly because it is ___________ and can form ___________________.

A solution is made of two parts, a(n) _________________ and the _____________ dissolved in it.

A solution with a pH > 7 is a(n) ____________, while one with a pH < 7 is a(n) _____________.

A _____________________ is a substance that can absorb a small amount of acid or base.

Macromolecules

Type Monomers (building blocks) Function in living things Other important information

Carbohydrates Plant cell walls are made of the carbohydrate cellulose

Amino acids Structural component of cells, also ___________ which _________________ chemical reactions

Most of the work done by a cell is done with the use of enzymes

Two main types, DNA and RNA

Lipids Also used for long-term energy storage

Bio I Honors: Cells & Cell Parts Quick Review (Unit 3)Cell Theory:

1.

2.

3.

Microscopes and measurement:

Electron microscopes are very powerful compared to the ____________ ________ microscopes we used in class, which use glass lenses.

On a diagram of a microscope be able to label the stage, coarse focus, fine focus, objective lenses, and eyepiece.

Types of cells:

There are two types of cells on Earth. _______________ cells are much less complex and far smaller than __________________ cells. Homo sapiens are multicellular organisms, composed of many specialized _________________ cells. In fact, all multicellular organisms are composed of ___________ cells.

ALSO CELL PARTS – See Vocabulary list!

Unit 4 Review Guide: TransportThe BIG Ideas

1. The cell membrane is the outer layer of a cell. Its function is to regulate or determine how substances enter or exit the cell. Its basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and some carbohydrates floating in it like buoys in the water.

A. Draw a diagram that shows a human body cell next to a red blood cell. Draw arrows showing the concentration gradients of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The arrows should begin in the cell with the higher concentration, and point to the cell with the lower concentration for each solute molecule.

B. Draw a small segment of a cell membrane. In your sketch include at least one protein for transporting materials.

2. Define osmosis as the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane.

3. Describe the expected outcome of a dialysis tubing experiment, similar to the one we completed in class using starch, water, and iodine. Remember that starch is a large polysaccharide molecule – far too big to fit through the tiny holes of the tube. Also, be able to predict what would happen if different concentrations of the substances were used.

4. Identify diffusion and osmosis as types of passive transport, which does not require the use of energy by the cell. Passive transport is a result of thermal energy, which causes the movement of molecules.

Use the information and the diagram at right to answer Numbers 5 and 6.

Starch turns blue-black in the presence of iodine solution. A selectively permeable dialysis sac containing a starch solution is placed into a beaker of iodine solution.

5. If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like after two hours?

A. The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change.B. The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change.C. Neither solution will turn blue-black.D. Both solutions will turn blue-black.

6. Which of these processes is demonstrated by the experiment shown in the diagram?A. Cellular Respiration B. Active TransportC. Endocytosis D. Diffusion

7. Be able to identify a picture representing endocytosis, and distinguish it from exocytosis.

A. draw an accurate diagram of endocytosis.

ENERGY BENCHMARKS (UNIT 5)

1. A group of students measured the volume of air they exhaled during three different activities: sitting, walking, and running. The volume of exhaled air is directly related to the amount of carbon dioxide produced. The data the students collected are summarized in the graph at right.

Which of these processes produces carbon dioxide? A. mitosis B. diffusion C. respiration D. photosynthesis

2. Some bacteria live in habitats without light. They produce their own food using inorganic substances from the environment. Which of these terms best describes this process?

A photosynthesis B cellular respiration C binary fission D chemosynthesis

3. Glucose is a building block of carbohydrates. Which of these best describes glucose?A nucleotide B protein C monosaccharide D lipid

4. Which of these statements about photosynthesis and respiration is true?A Both processes produce food.B Both processes release energy from food.C Photosynthesis produces oxygen; respiration does not.D Photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide; respiration does not.

5. Most carbohydrates in the human body areA used as building blocks for proteins B used as catalysts for reactions in cellsC consumed as a source of energy D not easily absorbed into the bloodstream

6. The energy required for photosynthesis is provided by A proteins B sunlight C chlorophyll D carbohydrates

7. The global water cycle consists of water circulating among the land, the atmosphere, the oceans, and organisms. Trees get most of their water directly from A lakes B air C streams D soil

8. A group of students separated 16 bean plants into four equal groups. They exposed each group to a different number of hours of light. The table below shows the amount of light each group of bean plants received. All other conditions were kept the same.

The students measured the total leaf surface area of each plant once a day for two weeks.

Which of these processes were the students most likely studying?

A diffusionB photosynthesisC chemosynthesisD mutation

9. Which plant group will most likely have the greatest total leaf surface area after two weeks?

A Group 1 B Group 2 C Group 3 D Group 4

10. The diagram below shows a colony of prokaryotes and a single-celled eukaryote. The eukaryote contains organelles that resemble the three types of bacteria found in the colony of prokaryotes. More than a billion years ago, bacteria like these may have joined other prokaryotes to form colonies of cells. Researchers think that these once free-living prokaryotes became the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes.

One of the organelles in the eukaryote releases energy from sugars. What is this process called? A respiration B transpiration C photosynthesis D chemosynthesis