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Midterm Review 01:615:201 Introduc7on to Linguis7c Theory Adam Szczegielniak

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Page 1: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Midterm  Review  

01:615:201  Introduc7on  to  Linguis7c  Theory  

 Adam  Szczegielniak  

Page 2: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

What  is  language  

•  Competence  vs.  Performance  – Competence  what  we  know  – Performance  how  we  use  

•  Innateness  – Universal  Grammar  is  an  innate  endowment  that  allows  us  to  acquire  language  

–  Its  footprint  can  be  seem  in  similari7es  between  human  languages  

Page 3: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

What  grammar  is  not  

•  WriNen  text  •  Prescrip7ve  rules  •  Style  •  Size  of  vocabulary  •  On  line-­‐Processing  by  humans  •  Animal  communica7on  •  Machine  communica7on    

Page 4: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

What  grammar  is  

•  Grammar  is  an  algorithm  that  allows  us  to:  – Produce  an  infinite  set  of  sentences  – Combine  morphemes  into  larger  units  – Combine  sounds  into  larger  units  – Compute  meaning  

•  Grammar  is  what  we  know  when  we  know  a  language  

•  Grammar  has  to  be  acquired  

Page 5: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Morphology  

Page 6: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Answer  

Page 7: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Syntax  

•  Bob  will  cross  the  street  with  flowers  – Street  has  flowers  – Man  has  flowers  

Page 8: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Bob  has  flowers  

Page 9: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Street  has  flowers  

Page 10: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Wh  ques7ons  

•  What  with  flowers  will  Bob  cross  

Page 11: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Wh  +  Yes/no  move  

Page 12: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Meaning  

•  Entailment  or  implicature?  –  John  wears  yellow  socks  –  John  wears  socks    –  John  is  in  a  coffin  –  John  is  dead  

Page 13: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Seman7c  composi7on  

•  Verb  meaning  set  of  elements  when  composed  with  verb  make  the  resul7ng  expression  in  a  given  world  true  

•  Verb  approach  – X  approached  Y  

•  Pair  X,Y,  where  X=  Experiencer/Agent,  Y  =  Goal  

   

Page 14: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Seman7c  composi7on  

•  X,  Y  for  approach  – Bill,  Chloe  – Mary,  Sven  – Gandalf,  Adam  

•  Gandalf  approached  Roger  •  Chloe  approached  Bill  •  Mary  approached  Sven  

Rule  I  

Rule  II  

Page 15: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Thema7c  Roles  (Luca  I.©)  •  Agent:  NP  that  carries  out  the  ac7on  

–  Marco  killed  Lester  •  Theme:  NP  uderoing  the  ac7on  

–  Marco  killed  Lester  •  Experiencer:  NP  that  receive  sensory  or  emo7onal  input  

–  He  impressed  Mary    •  Instrument:  NP  instrument  used  to  do  the  ac7on  (usually  

preceded  by  “with”)  –  The  bunny  killed  my  friend  with  a  saw    

•  Source:  NP  that  describe  the  origin  of  the  ac7on  (usually  preceded  by  “from”)  –  He  knows  it  from  the  newspaper  

•  Goal:  NP  that  defines  the  goal  of  an  ac7on  (usually  preceded  by  “in,  into,  towards,  to”)      –  He  put  the  ball  in  the  net  

•  Loca7on:  NP  that  defines  the  loca7on  of  an  ac7on  –  He  slept  in  New  York  

Page 16: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Iden7fy  theta  roles  

•  Roger  typed  on  a  laptop  that  Mary  was  informed  in  the  bathroom  by  Jack  that  Kenny  likes  to  run  from  Kyle  on  a  scooter  

Page 17: Midterm(Review( - Harvard University · Whatgrammar(is(• Grammar(is(an(algorithm(thatallows(us(to:(– Produce(an(infinite(setof(sentences(– Combine(morphemes(into(larger(units

Theta  Roles  •  Roger  typed  on  a  laptop  that  Mary  was  informed  in  the  bathroom  by  Jack  that  Kenny  likes  to  run  from  Kyle  on  a  scooter  

•  Roger        Agent  •  Laptop      Instrument  •  Mary        Theme    •  Bathroom      loca7on  •  Jack        Agent      •  Kenny        Experiencer  •  Kyle        Source  •  Scooter      Instrument