mike hightower sandia national laboratories · sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by...
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Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000
Embedded Energy for Water Supply Alternatives
Mike Hightower
Sandia National Laboratories
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Energy and Water are … Interdependent
Water for Energy and Energy for Water
Energy and Water are … Interdependent
Water for Energy and Energy for Water
Energy and power production require water:• Thermoelectric
cooling
• Hydropower
• Energy minerals
extraction/mining
• Fuel Production
(fossil fuels, H2,
biofuels)
• Emission control
Water production, processing, distribution, and end-use require energy:• Pumping
• Conveyance
and Transport
• Treatment
• Use conditioning
• Surface and
Ground water
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Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and
Ground Water Availability
Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and
Ground Water Availability
• Little increase in surface water
storage capacity since 1980
• Concerns over climate impacts
on surface water supplies
• Many major ground water
aquifers seeing reductions in
water quality and yield
( Based on USGS WSP-2250 1984 and Alley 2007)
(Shannon 2007)
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• Most growth in
water stressed
regions
• Most new plants
expected to use
evaporative
cooling
Growth in Thermoelectric Growth in Thermoelectric
Power GenerationPower Generation
Source: NETL, 2004
Projected Thermoelectric Increases(Capacity in 2025 vs 1995)
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Biomass and Water Use Impacts Will be Regional
Biomass and Water Use Impacts Will be Regional
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Better resources planning and management• Integrated regional energy and water resource planning and decision
support tools
• Infrastructure and regulatory and policy changes for improved
energy/water efficiency
• Improved water supply and demand characterization, monitoring, and
modeling
Improved water and energy use efficiency • Improved water efficiency in thermoelectric power generation
• Improved biofuels/biomass water use efficiency
• Reduced water intensity for emerging energy resources
Development of alternative water resources and supplies• Oil and gas produced water treatment for use
• Energy efficiency and assessment of impaired water treatment and use
www.sandia.gov/energy-water
Summary of Major National Needs Summary of Major National Needs
and Issues Identified in Regional and Issues Identified in Regional Workshops
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Growing Use of Non-traditional
Water Resources
Growing Use of Non-traditional
Water Resources
• Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year
• Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments
• Non-traditional water use is energy intensive
(From EPA 2004, Water Reuse 2007, Mickley 2003)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Kw
h/m
^3
1 2 3 4 5Sea Water
RO
Today The Future
Conventional
TreatmentBrackish
RO
Brackish
NF
Power Requirements For Treating
(Einfeld 2007)
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All plants Desalting Plants
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1971
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Two-Year Period
Cu
mu
lati
ve N
um
ber
of
Pla
nts
Growth in U.S. Membrane Growth in U.S. Membrane
Treatment PlantsTreatment Plants
(Mickley 2003)
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Emerging Consideration of Waste Water
for Energy Production
Emerging Consideration of Waste Water Emerging Consideration of Waste Water
for Energy Productionfor Energy Production
• Many municipal and industrial processes have large
waste water streams– Thermoelectric plant blowdown, desalination concentrate streams,
oil and gas produced water, manufacturing waste water, etc.
• System-level use often neglected – Embedded nutrients, embedded energy
– Available utilization of byproducts such as biomass, heat, CO2
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Energy Requirements of Various Water
Resource Options
Energy Requirements of Various Water
Resource Options
Water Supply Options Energy Demand
(kWhr/kgal)
Fresh Water Importation
(100-300 miles)
10-18
Seawater Desalination w/Reverse
Osmosis
12-20
Brackish Groundwater
Desalination
Reverse Osmosis Treatment
Pumping and concentrate
management
Total
7-9
1-3
8-12
Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Pre-treatment (as needed)
Post-treatment (as needed)
Pumping
Total
3-4
3-4
2-3
5-11
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Water Pumping and Treatment as a Novel
Energy Storage Approach
Water Pumping and Treatment as a Novel
Energy Storage Approach
• Water pumping and treatment considered to support renewable energy use
• Detailed matching of wind energy, water demand, and water storage by hour
• Several applications have shown overall savings on water treatment and delivery costs