Millennium Development Goals

MDGs

•Agenda for reducing poverty and improving lives

•Adopted by world leaders at the Millennium Summit in September 2000

•A framework of 8 goals, •18 targets and

•48 indicators to measure progress towards the MDGs

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger• Target 1.

Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day • Target 2. Achieve full and productive

employment• Target 3.

Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Poverty• People living below

$1.25 per day dropped by half (from 47% in 1990 to 22% in 2010) • 700 million fewer

people live under poverty but 1.2 billion continued to live under extreme poverty• SS Africa – marginal

progress (48% below poverty)

Hunger

• World Hunger – dropped from 23% in 1990-92 to 15% in 2010-12

• Number of hungry people – remained at 870 million

• SS Africa – 27% undernourished

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

• Target 3.Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

# of children out of school declined by almost half but 57 million remained out of school.• In SS Africa, only 77%

school-aged children enrolled leaving 31 million remained out of school (half of the world’s total)

.

A school in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa with a bare playground (photo by F. Yee, 2009)

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

• Target 4.Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015

• 57 million children still kept out of school

• In SS Africa, the proportion of girls to boys in primary schools was only 83% (2010) and 76% for secondary education.

A poster board in China assert the importance of “Providing preferential policies for families with girls (photo by F. Yee 2008)

Gender disparities in secondary education• Costs and poverty (65% of girls from low income while

87% from high income attain lower secondary schools)• Girls’ education is less valued & perceived generating

lower returns• Early marriage• Security concerns of young girls away from home

Goal 4. Reduce child mortality

• Target 5.Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate• In SS Africa, child

mortality doubled that of the world average at 121/1000 in 2010 (7 in developed countries).

A group of grandmothers prepares meals for orphans in the Matero Compound in Zambia (photo by F. Yee 2009)

Child Mortality• Dropped by 41%, from 87 to 51

per 1000 (1990-2011) • High mortality amongst children

from rural areas, low income families (twice likely to die than in the top 20% household), mothers with no education.

• Improvement strategies: education, empowering education, access basic and health services for the poor, nutrition and primary health support.

Goal 5. Improve maternal health

• Target 6. Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio

• MMR – dropped by 47% but remained over 210/100000 in 2010 in LDCs (over 500/100000 in SS Africa)

• MMR is 15 times higher in LDCs than in DCs

• Improvements needed in deliveries by skilled health personnel, antenatal care, teenage pregnancies, contraceptive use.

A quilt showing the work of a Zambia NGO, the Women for Change, to support women in various rural communities in Zambia (photo by F. Yee)

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

A poster to encourage people to use condoms to combat AIDS in China (photo by F. Yee 2006)

A quilt to commemorate of those who died from AIDS in a hospice in South Africa (photo by F. Yee 2009)

HIV/AIDS 34 million people live with HIV 1.7 million deaths (25% drop from peak years); 17 million orphans due to AIDS2.5 million new infections

HIV, Malaria and TB

• Universal access to antiretroviral treatment will hopefully be reached by 2015 (originally target by 2010)• Mortality rates from malaria fell by >25%

between 2000-2010 (reduced deaths by 1.1 million)• Tuberculosis caused deaths reduced by half,

saving 20 million lives

Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

• Target 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources

• Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation

• Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers Lack of proper sewage and waste collection

led to environmental degradation in Lusaka, Zambia (photo by F. Yee 2009)

Access to safe drinking water• >2.1 billion people gained

access to improved drinking water sources (increased from 76% to 89% of population)

• >700 million people have no access to drinking water

• 40% of people have no access to safe drinking water in SS Africa

Women bear the main burden for collecting water in SS Africa

Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

• Target 12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction - both nationally and internationally

Poor transportation infrastrutural development led to long line-ups of trucks waiting (up to one week) to cross the Zambesi River in Zambia. (photo by F. Yee 2009)

Mobile Phones – 6 billion

Aid

• ODA – 0.31% of OECD’s GNI• Aid dropped by 6%

between 2010-2012• Aid to SS Africa: $28

billion (-1% 2010-11)

Sub-Saharan Africa

8 Goals for Africa Videohttp://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/video.shtml