minnesota wing aircrew training: tasks p-2025, p-2026, o-2004
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Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P-2025, P-2026, O-2004. Search Coverage Disaster Assessment. Search Coverage. Definitions. Search Involves Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors Determining the area to be searched Selecting the search techniques to be used - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P-2025, P-2026, O-2004
Search CoverageDisaster Assessment
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Search Coverage
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Definitions Search Involves
– Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors– Determining the area to be searched– Selecting the search techniques to be used
Last Known Point– Critical Information– A newly learned LKP can completely reshape a search
Possibility Area (Theoretical)– Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP)– The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft– Correct for wind
Probability Area (Statistical)– Where is the aircraft likely to be
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Determining the Possibility Area
LKP
Corrected for wind
Wind vector
No wind endurance
Maximum possibility area
Flight level winds: 330/20
Aircraft Speed: 100 Kts
Endurance: 2 Hours
Therefore, range of aircraft =200 miles = radius of circle
Winds cause circle to be offset by 40 miles
200 NM
40NM
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Probability Area
Based on past searches CSAD: Canadian
Search Area Definition 77% Probability of Area
(POA) within 10 NM of intended track
83% POA within 15NM
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Probability Area (cont.)
Concentration of cases near LKP and destination
Slightly more in last half, especially last quarter
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Narrowing the Probability Area Flight plan (even if not on file with the FAA) Is there an ELT? Weather information Last point where RADAR had the aircraft identified Radar coverage as a limiting factor Airports along the intended flight track Aircraft performance Pilots flying habits Nature of terrain along the flight track Position reports — fuel stops, etc. Reports of sightings
– Other aircraft– People living along the intended route of flight
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The Balancing Act
Limited Resources Choosing Patterns, spacing, altitudes, etc. Planning Time in Search Area – how much
time does it take to complete a search assignment?
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Search Priorities
Areas of bad weather Low clouds and poor visibility Areas where weather was not as forecast High terrain Areas not covered by radar Reports of low flying aircraft Survival factors Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls
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Search Visibility
Not the same as meteorological visibility (distance at which large objects can be seen)
Distance at which an object on the ground can be seen and recognized from an aircraft in flight. It is always less than meteorological visibility
Track spacing should never be more than two times search visibility
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Search Visibility
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Probability Of Detection (POD) POD expressed as a “percent” search object was
detected Four interrelated factors used to calculate
– Track Spacing– Search Visibility– Search Altitude– Type of Terrain
Cumulative POD calculated using a chart “Effectiveness” must also be considered
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Probability of Detection (POD)
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Cumulative POD
5-10% 1511-20% 20 2521-30% 30 35 4531-40% 40 45 50 6041-50% 50 55 60 65 7051-60% 60 65 65 70 75 8061-70% 70 70 75 80 80 85 9071-80% 80 80 80 85 85 90 90 95
80+% 85 85 90 90 90 95 95 95 95+5-10% 11-20%21-30%31-40%41-50%51-60%61-70%71-80%80+%
POD For This Search
PreviousPOD
Cumulative Probability of Detection Chart
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Natural and man-made Examples of CAP services:
– Air and ground SAR services– Air and ground visual and/or video imaging– Flood boundary determination– Air and ground transportation– Courier flights– Radio communications support
Disaster Assessment
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Effects of extreme weather Physical landscape may be so altered as to
make maps obsolete or make navigation difficult
Damage or destruction of area infrastructure Effects of biological, chemical or radiological
terrorism (or accidental release)
How Disasters Can Effect CAP Operations
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Flying damage assessment sorties is not much different from our SAR search patterns
The big difference is what you look for Should be asking questions such as:
– What is the geographical extent and severity of the damage?– Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how fast?– How has access/egress been affected?– What are the primary and secondary hazards?– Is the disaster threatening critical structures or areas?– Have utilities been affected or are they threatened?– Can you see alternatives to problems?
Assessment
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Some specific things to be looking for are:– Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams, levees,
pipelines, runways and structures– Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or landslide– Downed power lines– Ruptured water lines– Motorists in distress or major accidents– Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or
evacuation– Distress signals from survivors
Assessment
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At each site, besides sketching or highlighting the extent of the damage and identifying access and egress routes, you should record:– Latitude and longitude– Description– Type and extent of damage– Photo number, or time reference for videotape– Status and trends
Assessment
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Flooding over levee
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Seeping behind levee
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Flooded approach
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Bridge damage
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Tornado
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Tornado
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Tornado leaves slabs
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Close-up of tornado damage
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Wide image of train wreck
ChemicaChemical spill l spill
(hazmat(hazmat))
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Close image of train wreck
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Close image of train wreck
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Infrared image of train wreck
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Plume from train wreck
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A person is very difficult to spot from the air if they are not actively trying to be spotted
Lost children and people with diminished capacity can be especially difficult to spot from the air; often they will hide from searchers
Lost people often fight topography; children under five years frequently travel uphill
Important to know what color clothes they were wearing (not just the outer clothes) and their habits
Missing Person Search
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Person on the GroundPLAIN SHIRT, 1000
AGL
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Person on the GroundPLAIN SHIRT, 500
AGL
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Person on the GroundCAMO SHIRT, 500
AGL
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Person on the GroundYELLOW SHIRT, 500
AGL
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Person on the GroundBLUE SHIRT, 500 AGL
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Person on the GroundORANGE SHIRT, 500
AGL
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Person on the GroundSIGNAL MIRROR, 500
AGL