minority ethnic employment transitions in england and wales: 1991-2001 genna kik (nee smith)...
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Minority Ethnic Employment Transitions in England and
Wales: 1991-2001
Genna Kik (nee Smith)
University of Sheffield
Presented at ONS Longitudinal Study Ethnicity Research Workshop 11 Nov 05
2
Aims and Scope of Paper
Paper examines the degree to which different ethnic groups are concentrated in certain occupations in England and Wales. In particular the paper considers whether ethnic clusters in the labour market have changed over the past ten years between 1991-2001 by studying ethnic transitions in the labour market.
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Outline
National Level
Using the ONS Longitudinal Study - the positives and negatives
Research Framework
In depth: Ethnic Employment Transitions
Future Research – Geographical Variation
Geography and the ONS Longitudinal Study – Problems and Positives
Sub-national Ethnic Employment Transitions
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Positives and the negatives of using the ONS Longitudinal Study for this
research+
• Large sample for studying ethnic groups compared to other data sources
• Following the trajectories of the same individuals over time
• No alterations, top coding, or grouping of small categories
• SOC 90 coded for 2001 census data
• Imputed values flagged
-
• Cell counts get small very quickly when doing cross-tabs – particularly if using ethnicity
• Continual process of negotiation whether to suppress or aggregate cells
• Problems with both strategies – possible to see tables before deciding on which strategy to use.
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Research Framework – National Level
• 8 Ethnic Groups• SOC 90 Major Categories• SOC 90 Sub-Major Categories (Cross-sections only)• Economic Activity – 4 groups• Individuals present at 1991 and 2001 (Major Level)
– Data also received for males and females, and three different age cohorts by Ethnic group
• Output from ONS Longitudinal Study: Cross-tabs• Main Research Methods: Transition matrixes,
location quotients, shift-share analysis.
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Standard Occupational Classification (SOC 90)
• Managers and Administrators (Corporate Managers and Administrators; Managers/Proprietors in Agriculture and Services)
• Professionals (Science and Engineering Professionals; Health Professionals; Teaching Professionals; Other
Professionals)
• Associate Professional and Technical Occupations (Science and Engineering Associate Professionals; Health Associate Professionals; Other
Associate Professionals)
• Clerical and Secretarial (Clerical Occupations; Secretarial Occupations)
• Craft and Related Occupations (Skilled Construction Trades; Skilled Engineering Trades; Other Skilled Trades)
• Personal and Protective Service Occupations (Protective Services; Personal Services)
• Sales Occupations (Buyers, Brokers and Sales Reps; Other Sales Occupations)
• Plant and Machine Operatives (Industrial Plant and Machine Operators, Assemblers; Drivers and Mobile Machine Operators)
• Other Occupations (Other Occupations in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing; Other Elementary Occupations)
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Measuring Occupational Concentration: Location Quotients 1991
LQ Major Occupation 1991, All Persons
White
Black
Caribbean
Black A
frican
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Chinese
Other O
ther
Managers and Administrators 1.018 0.356 0.543 0.99 0.539 0.366 1.374 0.603
Professional Occupations 1.015 0.465 0.987 0.919 0.426 0.278 0.835 1.086
Associate Professional and Technical Occupations 1.009 1.504 1.495 0.64 0.293 0 1.536 1.281
Clerical and Secretarial Occupations 1.019 1.132 0.823 0.754 0.35 0.08 0.514 0.856
Craft and Related Occupations 1.022 0.86 0.3 0.916 0.497 0.321 0.067 0.445
Personal and Protective Service Occupations 1.013 1.536 0.854 0.343 0.298 1.512 2.439 0.926
Sales Occupations 1.024 0.461 0.411 0.898 0.428 0.118 0.547 0.617
Plant and Machine Operatives 0.99 1.274 0.451 1.729 1.362 0.243 0.112 0.448
Other Occupations 1.022 1.262 0.975 0.647 0.379 0.232 0.34 0.599
Unemployed* 0.954 1.929 2.467 1.394 2.081 2.343 1.265 1.538
Student~ 0.958 1.049 3.442 1.44 1.354 1.922 2.631 2.064
Looking after home/family 0.98 0.769 0.922 1.088 2.203 2.606 1.3 0.986
Other Inactive# 1.014 1.155 0.733 0.808 0.804 0.702 0.467 0.503
Aged 6-15 0.978 0.901 1.042 1.172 1.597 1.82 1.191 1.741
Under-represented
Over-represented
Highly Over-represented
Source: ONS Longitudinal Study
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Measuring Occupational Concentration 2: Location Quotients 2001
LQ Major Occupation 2001, All Persons
White
Black
Caribbean
Black A
frican
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Chinese
Other
Managers and Administrators 1.014 0.596 0.713 0.981 0.537 0.406 1.126 0.808
Professional Occupations 0.994 0.662 1.593 1.236 0.731 0.346 1.675 1.52
Associate Professional and Technical Occupations 1.012 1.172 1.625 0.648 0.249 0.152 1.408 1.245
Clerical and Secretarial Occupations 1.011 1.175 1 0.882 0.492 0.303 0.632 0.955
Craft and Related Occupations 1.03 0.727 0.125 0.735 0.364 0.139 0 0.432
Personal and Protective Service Occupations 1.009 1.118 1.458 0.521 0.507 1.315 2.077 1.079
Sales Occupations 1.008 0.541 0.24 1.104 0.723 0.631 0.919 1.023
Plant and Machine Operatives 0.998 0.864 0.609 1.433 1.425 0.315 0.09 0.61
Other Occupations 1.018 0.862 0.907 0.865 0.419 0.192 0.605 0.738
Unemployed* 0.951 1.98 2.359 1.344 2.269 2.327 1.208 1.86
Student~ 0.935 1.297 2.329 1.958 2.195 2.269 1.994 2.507
Looking after home/family 0.964 0.885 0.887 0.998 3.032 4.009 1.321 1.222
Other Inactive# 1.004 1.187 0.721 0.919 1.058 1.196 0.746 0.642
Under-represented
Over-represented
Highly Over-represented
Source: ONS Longitudinal Study
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Change in Labour Market Concentration by Ethnic Group: 1991-2001 (Occupation and Economic Activity)
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Managers and
Administrators
P rofessional
Occupations
Associate
P rofessional and
Technical
Occupations
Clerical and
Secretarial
Occupations
Craf t and
Related
Occupations
Personal and
Protective
Service
Occupations
Sales Occupations P lant and
Machine
Operatives
Other
Occupations
Unemployed* Student~ Looking af ter
home/ family
Other I nactive#
Occupation (SOC 90) and Economic Activity
Ch
ang
e in
LQ
White
Black Caribbean
Black African
Indian
P akistani
Bangladeshi
Chinese
Other Other
Source: ONS Longitudinal Study
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The Indian Group: Progress and Stability
Stability• Modest employment growth
compared to other ethnic groups in sample
• 41% retained same occupational group between 1991-2001
• No large changes in occupational concentration
• Concentration in Managerial and Administrative; Associate Professional; and Clerical and Secretarial occupations remained same
Progress• Professional Occupations
– Growth– High levels of retention– Increased concentration– New entrants and upwards labour
market mobility– Sub-major level stability: remained
highly overrepresented as health professionals, underrepresented as teaching professionals
– Sub-major level growth: Science and Engineering professionals doubled in numbers, shift from proportional to overrepresentation
• Personal and Protective Services and Sales
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Continued…The Indian Group: Progress and Stability
Some Occupational Decline
• Craft and Related Occupations• Plant and Machine Operatives• Evidence from TM helped fuel
job growth in other occupational groups
• Though higher proportions than other occupational groupings ending up in unemployment and other inactive
Future
• Steady improvement looks set to continue– Increased numbers remaining
in post-16 education, and increases in concentration
– Evidence from 1991-2001, good track record of translating post-16 education into employment
– 1991-2001 good proportion of individuals moving from unemployment into jobs compared to other ethnic groups
– Job losses translated into alternative employment
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Black Caribbean Group: Labour Market Polarity
• Only group to experience job decline• One of weakest labour market positions• Labour market polarity – gains made at ‘higher
end’ of labour market, and losses at the lower levels
• Job losses in lower levels did not translate into upward progression in labour market
• New entrants to the labour market fuelling job growth
• Widening of intra-group disparities?
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Continued…Black Caribbean Labour Market Polarity
Increasing Occupational Concentration
• Managers and Administrators
• Professional Occupations• Sources of Growth
– Upwards Occupational Mobility (Clerical and Secretarial, Associate Professional)
– New entrants (Students)
Job Decline• Large losses: Craft and
Related Occupations, Plant and Machine Operatives, Other Occupations
• Other Losses: Personal and Protective Services
• Large numbers entering Other Inactive rather than a different occupational group
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Black Caribbean Destinations 2001:
Occupation (SOC
90 Major)
% Retaining Occupational Group 1991-
2001
% Entering a Different
Occupational Group in
2001
% Entering Unemployment
in 2001
% Entering Other
Inactive in 2001
Managers and Administrators
37% 51.8% Nil 10.6%
Professional Occupations
54% 33.3% Nil 12.2%
Associate Professional and Technical Occupations
47.5% 27.5% 2% 21%
Clerical and Secretarial Occupations
45.6% 33.7% 3.6% 8.1%
Craft and Related Occupations
28.6% 20% 8.4% 26.7%
Personal and Protective Service Occupations
30.56% 24% 3.3% 37.6%
Sales Occupations 30.5% 36.1% Nil 33.3% Plant and Machine Operatives
26.2% 27% 4.5% 40.1%
Other Occupations 19% 22% 5.7% 50.6% Source: ONS Longitudinal Study (Derived from BC Transition Matrix)
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Black CaribbeanOccupation 1991
Managers and
Administrators
Professional
Occupations
Associate
Professional and Technic
al Occupat
ions
Clerical and
Secretarial
Occupations
Craft and
Related Occupat
ions
Personal and
Protective
Service Occupat
ions
Sales Occupat
ions
Plant and
Machine Operativ
es
Other Occupat
ions
Unemployed*
Student~
Other Inactive
#
Looking after
home/family
Total
Managers and Administrators
37.65% 5.88% 10.59% 17.65% 5.88% 7.06% 4.71% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.59% 0.00% 100.00%
17.39% 4.55% 4.66% 4.95% 3.88% 3.35% 7.84% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.18% 0.00%
Professional Occupations 22.81% 54.39% 10.53% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 12.28% 0.00% 100.00%
7.07% 28.18% 3.11% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.92% 0.00%
Associate Professional and Technical Occupations
9.50% 8.50% 47.50% 3.50% 0.00% 3.50% 0.00% 2.50% 0.00% 2.00% 0.00% 21.00% 2.00% 100.00%
10.33% 15.45% 49.22% 2.31% 0.00% 3.91% 0.00% 4.24% 0.00% 2.68% 0.00% 5.51% 2.70%
Clerical and Secretarial Occupations
11.97% 3.88% 7.77% 45.63% 1.29% 3.56% 2.59% 1.29% 1.29% 3.56% 2.27% 8.09% 6.80% 100.00%
20.11% 10.91% 12.44% 46.53% 3.10% 6.15% 15.69% 3.39% 4.21% 7.38% 3.48% 3.28% 14.19%
Craft and Related Occupations
4.19% 2.09% 2.62% 0.00% 44.50% 0.00% 0.00% 8.38% 3.14% 8.38% 0.00% 26.70% 0.00% 100.00%
4.35% 3.64% 2.59% 0.00% 65.89% 0.00% 0.00% 13.56% 6.32% 10.74% 0.00% 6.69% 0.00%
Personal and Protective Service Occupations
6.10% 3.76% 5.63% 3.29% 0.00% 28.64% 0.00% 1.88% 3.76% 3.29% 1.88% 37.56% 4.23% 100.00%
7.07% 7.27% 6.22% 2.31% 0.00% 34.08% 0.00% 3.39% 8.42% 4.70% 1.99% 10.50% 6.08%
Sales Occupations 22.22% 0.00% 0.00% 13.89% 0.00% 0.00% 30.56% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 33.33% 0.00% 100.00%
4.35% 0.00% 0.00% 1.65% 0.00% 0.00% 21.57% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.57% 0.00%
Plant and Machine Operatives
4.46% 0.00% 0.00% 6.93% 5.45% 4.46% 0.00% 26.24% 5.94% 4.46% 0.00% 40.10% 1.98% 100.00%
4.89% 0.00% 0.00% 4.62% 8.53% 5.03% 0.00% 44.92% 12.63% 6.04% 0.00% 10.63% 2.70%
Other Occupations 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 6.33% 0.00% 8.23% 0.00% 6.96% 18.99% 5.70% 0.00% 50.63% 3.16% 100.00%
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 3.30% 0.00% 7.26% 0.00% 9.32% 31.58% 6.04% 0.00% 10.50% 3.38%
Unemployed*
4.32% 2.33% 4.32% 10.96% 5.65% 5.98% 2.33% 5.32% 5.32% 10.30% 1.33% 34.55% 7.31% 100.00%
7.07% 6.36% 6.74% 10.89% 13.18% 10.06% 13.73% 13.56% 16.84% 20.81% 1.99% 13.65% 14.86%
Student~
15.38% 16.35% 7.69% 15.38% 0.00% 7.69% 0.00% 4.81% 0.00% 8.65% 7.69% 10.58% 5.77% 100.00%
8.70% 15.45% 4.15% 5.28% 0.00% 4.47% 0.00% 4.24% 0.00% 6.04% 3.98% 1.44% 4.05%
Other Inactive# 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 97.24% 2.76% 100.00%
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 23.10% 3.38%
Looking after home/family
3.24% 1.85% 4.63% 7.87% 0.00% 13.89% 0.00% 0.00% 4.17% 5.56% 2.78% 30.56% 25.46% 100.00%
3.80% 3.64% 5.18% 5.61% 0.00% 16.76% 0.00% 0.00% 9.47% 8.05% 2.99% 8.66% 37.16%
Aged 6-15
2.44% 1.36% 2.98% 10.30% 1.90% 4.34% 5.69% 1.08% 2.71% 11.11% 46.61% 4.88% 4.61% 100.00%
4.89% 4.55% 5.70% 12.54% 5.43% 8.94% 41.18% 3.39% 10.53% 27.52% 85.57% 2.36% 11.49%
Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Black Caribbean Occupation 2001
Source: ONS Longitudinal Study
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The Black African Group: Change, Diversity and Progress
Change and Diversity• One of fastest growing
ethnic groups in UK• In LS sample size for
cross-sectional cross tabs more than doubled for group
• Internally diverse – increasingly so with new arrivals.
LS Sample• Small sample compared
to some minority ethnic groups
• May miss wider changes that have occurred
• Cross-sectional results may be different
• Advantage of the LS: stable and settled Black African group can be traced
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LM Progress• High rates of job growth: Managerial and
Administrative, Professional, Associate Professional and Personal and Protective Service Occupations
• Key increases in labour market concentration: Professional Occupations, Personal and Protective Service Occupations
Continued…The Black African Group:
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The Pakistani Group
• Good Employment Growth• However more individuals remain out of the labour
market than in• High numbers outside the labour market has a
downward effect on occupational concentrations, so…
• The group remained underrepresented in all occupations except Plant and Machine Operatives, where the group were overrepresented in both years.
• Differences between Males and Females in 1991 and 2001
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Continued…The Pakistani Group• If look at only those in employment a different picture
emerges • By 2001 compared to the working population the group is
proportionally or overrepresented in all but two occupational groups – Associate Professionals and Craft and Related.
• Professional Occupations and Sales stand out as having strong increases in occupational concentration compared to the working population
• Continue to be highly overrepresented in Plant and Machine Operatives compared to the working population
• Future: Largest increase of concentration in post-16 education - should fuel further job growth. However 37% of those who were students in 1991 were not in employment by 2001, compared with only 14% of the Indian group, for example, in a similar situation.
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Future Research: Geographical Variation
• Much of the literature on the labour market position of minority ethnic group’s ignores the possibility labour market profiles may vary across space.
• However there may be locally specific structures of constraint and opportunity at work resulting in varying labour market profiles across space for different groups.
• Examining local specificity may hold the key for identifying the conditions that create, exacerbate, and transform the labour market position of different groups.
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Geography and the ONS Longitudinal Study: Positives and
Pitfalls+• Range of geographical units to
choose from• Not limited to Standard
Regions• Can capture population living
in same area at two census points or more
• Can look at differences between those who have stayed in an area and those who have left/or arrived more recently
• Geographical consistency?
-• Smaller geographical units are
difficult if also looking at ethnicity
• Metropolitan Areas were the lowest level geography available for this research
• At Metropolitan level, in some areas some ethnic groups do not have sufficient cell sizes
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Research Framework: Sub-National Level
• 8 Ethnic Groups• 6 Metropolitan Areas: Inner London, Outer London,
Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, and West Midlands
• SOC 90 Major Categories• Economic Activity – 4 groups• Movers and Non-Movers
• Output from ONS Longitudinal Study: Cross-tabs• Main Research Methods: Location quotients, shift-share
analysis.