mit radiaton lab series, v7, klystrons and microwave triodes - front matter, preface, contents
TRANSCRIPT
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 1/12
. . ... . .,, ,,,;
,., ,,,
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 2/12
,4
;( .J
MASSACHUSETTS IA’S TIT1’TE OF TECHNOLOGY
RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES
Board of Editors
LOUIS X. I? IDE NOUR , .!lcii(or -zn -~lr ie f
GEORGEB. COLI.IXS, Dep!{@E ditor-in-(7hief
l lRITTON CHANCE,. A. GOLTDSMIT,. G. HERB,HUBERTLl. J AFiES,ULIANK. KNIP I,,
J AMESL.L.4WSON,EONB. LINFORD,AROLG.XI ONTGOMERY, C. NEWTON, ALBEBT
Tf. STONE , I,OCIS .4. TLV+NER , GEORGE E . VALLEY, J R., HERBERT H . ITHEATON
1. RADAR SYSTEM ~xG1x~ER1xG—Ridcnour
2’. R ADAR AIDS TO h -AvIGATIox—H all
3 . RAD .*RBEAroNs—RobeT~s
4, LORAN—P iWC6, McKen zie, an d Woodwai-d
5. P ULSE GENERATORS-Gk2S0 f?a n d LebaCqZ
6. b ~lC RO WAVE h lAGNE TR ONS—COllin S
i’. KLYSTRONS AND k hCROWAVE TRIoDEs—Ha mi!t on , Knipp, a n d Kuper
8. P RINCIP LESOF MICR OWAVE CIRcc,lTs—,lfo71 tgonLcry, Dicke, and Purcel l
9. h ~ICROWAVE TRANSMISSION CIRcu lTs— Ra ga n
10, ~VAVE GU ID E H AND BO OK—k fa TC Ut ik
11. -. . . . “,
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18,
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
lE CHNIQUE OF lV1lCR OWAVE lVIE ASLTR EME NTS—l}~ On [gO~er V
n ~lCROWAVE ANTENNA THEORY AXD DESIGN—SdWr
P ROP AGATION OF SHORT RADIO 11’AVES—~W
\ ~ICROWAVE DUFLEXERS—S7Ru l/2n and ~f07i!y0mef y
CRYSTAL RECTIF IERS— To?r ey an d Wh itm er
}fIC RO WAVE n flXE RS—pOUn d
COMPONENTS HANDBOOK—~[aCkkn
VACUUM TUBE .k MF LIF IE RS-VU[/e ~ and bt-al[man
wAVEFORMS-ChanCE, Hughes, MacXichol, S ayre, and William s
ELECTRONIC TIME MEASUREMENTS- ChUnCf’, Hulsiar , Mach’ichol ,
a n d Wil[iams
ELECTRONIC I iYSTRUMENTS-(%’t 7LW00d , Ho[dam, a nd .l[a cf?a e
CATHODE RAY TUBE DISP LAYS—ISO/1~~, ,~farr, an d J ’cd ky
MlcROwAvE I iEcmv i3Rs-Van J -oorhis
THRESHOLD S IGSALs—LawsOn and [.”h lenbeck
TH EOR Y OF Se rvom ech a n ism s—J a m e s, ,Vichols, a n d Phillips
RADAR SCAXNERS AND RADoMEs—Ca dy, Karelifz, and T urn er
COMITTING ~~E CH ANISMS AND LINICAGE S--6’L>o b0d U
lx D Ex—H en n e y
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 3/12
KLYSTRONS AND
MICROWAVE .TRIODES
By
R. HAMILTON
PHYSICS, PRINCETON IJNIVERSITY
DONALD
AsSISTANT PROFESSOR OF
JULIAN K. KNIPP
ASSOCIATE PnOFESSOH OF PHYSICS, 10WA STATE COLLEGE
- J. B. HORNER KUPERBROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY -
EDITORAL STAFF
GEOWHB. COLLINS ALBERT G. HILL. WINIFREDMCCULLOCH
oFFICE OF SCIEN~IFIC RESEARCH ANI) DEVELOPMENT
NA~IONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH COMMITTEE
FIRST EDITION
NEW YORK . TORONTO LONDON
MCGRA W-HILL BOOK COMPA N }’, INC.
194s
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 4/12
KLYSTRONS AND MICROWAVE TRIODES
COPYRIGHT, 1948, BY THE
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK (2 0 MPANY, INC,
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERIcA
All righls reseroed. This book , orpart s !hereo j, may nol be reproduced
in any form wdhou( perrnissionoj
llte publishers.
THE MAPLE PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 5/12
Foreword
THE t r emendous research and development effor t that went in to the
development of radar and rela ted techniques dur ing Wor ld War II
resulted not on ly in hundreds of radar sets for military (and some for
possible peacet ime) use but also in a grea t body of informat ion and new
techniques in the elect ron ics and high-frequency fields. Because this
basic mater ia l may be of grea t va lue t o science and engin eer ing, it seemed
most impor tan t to publish it as soon as secur ity permit ted.
The Radia t ion Labora tory of MIT, which opera ted under the super-
vision of th e Nat ional Defen se Resear ch Commit tee, u nder took th e gr ea t
t ask of pr epa ring t h ese volumes. Th e wor k descr ibed h er ein , h owever , is
the collect ive resu lt of work done a t many laborator ies, Army, Navy,
university, and industr ia l, both in this count ry and in England, Canada,
and other Domin ions.
The Radiat ion Labora tory, once its proposa ls were approved and
fin an ces pr ovided by t he Office of Scien tific Resea rch a nd Developmen t,
chose Louis N. Ridenour as Editor -in-Chief to lead and direct the en t ire
project . An editor ia l staff was then selected of those best qualified for
this type of task. Finally the authors for the var ious volumes or chapter s
or sect ions wer e chosen from among those exper t s who were int imately
familiar with the var ious fields, and who were able and willing to wr ite
the summaries of them. This en t ire staff agreed to remain a t work at
MIT for six months or more after the work of the Radiat ion Labora tory
was complete. These volumes stand as a monument to this group.
These volumes serve as a memorial to the unnamed hundreds and
thousands of ot her scient ist s, en gineers, and oth er s wh o actua lly carr ied
on th e r esearch, development , and en gin eer ing wor k the result s of which
are herein descr ibed. There were so many involved in this work and they
wor ked so closely t oget her even t hou gh oft en in widely sepa ra ted la bor a-
tor ies tha t it is impossible to name or even t o kn ow th ose wh o cont r ibuted
t o a pa rt icu la r idea or developmen t. On ly cer ta in on es who wr ot e r epor ts
or ar t icles have even been ment ioned. But to all those who cont r ibuted
in any way to this grea t coopera t ive development en terpr ise, both in this
coun tr y and in England, th ese volumes ar e dedicated.
L. A. DUBRIDGW.
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 6/12
Preface
THIS volume of the Radia t ion Labora tory Ser ies a t tempts to cover
t he basic pr inciples under lying t he opera t ion of klyst rons and planar
gr id tubes as oscilla tors and amplifiers. It has been the desire of the
authors to present the technical and theoret ica l aspects of th is field as
completely and as r igorously as possible, even though this meant the
exclusion of a grea t deal of descr ipt ive mater ia l, and has cer ta inly added
to the difficulty of a fir st reading. Never theless it was felt tha t the
grea test need for a book on this subject a t the present t ime was for one
from which t he fundamenta l pr inciples for the design and understanding
of microwave vacuum tubes could be obta ined. NTOat tempt has been
made to descr ibe how a vacuum tube is actually const ructed. Ra ther
the emphasis has been placed on present ing the fundamenta l mater ia l
which the tube designer or tube user must have at his command.
Because the radio-frequency work of the Radia t ion Labora tory was
con cen tr at ed almost en tir ely in t he fr equ en cy region above 3000 Me/see,this book naturally tends to emphasize the opera t ion of tubes in that
region. However the basic pr inciples a re t he same at lower frequencies
a lthough as a genera l rule the elect r ica l and mechanical requirements
become more difficult to a t tain as higher frequencies a re approached.
Cer ta in ly it is the authors’ hope that this is a book on the pr inciples of
oper at ion of par t icu lar t ypes of tu bes, and n ot a t rea tise on t he gen er at ion
of oscilla t ions in a par ticu la r frequ en cy band.
The wart ime development of microwave radar and communicat ionswas based on three impor tant types of amplifier and oscilla tor tubes: the
mult icavity magnet rons, the klyst ron family of tubes, and the planar
gr id tubes (a lso called ligh thouse tubes and disk-seal tubes). The
ext ra or din ar ily r apid en gin eer in g developmen t of t he mult ica vit y magn e-
t ron as a t ransmit t ing tube is cer ta in ly one of the grea t advances of the
war and is discussed elsewhere in the Radia t ion Laboratory Ser ies. The
present volume at tempts t o complet e t he story, and t o cover in par t icular
the development of microwave receiving tubes, local oscilla tor s, and
signal amplifiers. The use of klyst ron and planar gr id tubes as t rans-
mit t ing oscilla tors, and in a few cases t ransmit t ing amplifiers, is not
neglected. But up to the present their greatest use has been in receivers. ‘.
It seems hardly necessa ry to caut ion the reader tha t the fu ture develop-
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 7/12
PREFACE
ment of microwave receiver tubes will hardly be limited to the two types
discussed here. One need only reca ll the announcemen t in J une of this
yea r of the development fir st a t Oxford University and la ter a t the Bell
Telephone Labora tor ies of the t raveling-wave tube, which may well
r evolu tion ize ou r idea of amplifier design .This volume has been writ t en in par ts based on tube types and con-
st ruct ion , a division in form ra ther than in use or purpose. Following
four in trodu ct or y cha pters discussing t ube t ypes and funct ions and basic
elect ron ic and circu it phenomena common to all types of tubes there is a
pa r t on planar gr id tubes and a par t on klyst rons. This division has
seemed desirable to the authors since it has made the purely mathe-
mat ica l developmen ts more logica l than would have been the case if the
division in funct ion h ad been followed. This a rr an gemen t sh ou ld r edu cethe number of cross references, and make the reading more st ra igh t -
forward. Aside from a few specia l cases of r -f circuit s which are used
solely for microwave vacuum tubes, no a t t empt has been made in this
book to discuss the genera l proper t ies of dist r ibu ted constan t circu it s,
since these problems have been discussed thorough ly elsewhere in this
series.
Except for the impor tan t work of H. V. Neher and his group, most
of the effor t a t Radia t ion Labora tory on microwave receiver s wen t in tothe design of circu its, and the corolla ry tube test ing and specifica t ion .
We have drawn freely upon the work of other organiza t ions both in
England and in th is count ry, and in par t icu lar upon the work of the
BeU Telephone Labora tor ies, the Genera l E lect r ic Company, and the
Sper r y Gyros cope Company. Since the bulk of the war t ime work has
just been declassified and remains unpublished, it has been necessary
t o r efer t o in ter na l or ga niza tion r epor ts, wh ich a re n ot a va ila ble gen er ally.
Wkh the increasing awareness of engineers and physicist s of therela t ive mer it s of var ious systems of units, it has become the du ty of the
preface wr it er t o ment ion and defend the system chosen for the book a t
hand. The present volume uses the MKS system for reasons no more
cogen t than (1) th is system is becoming more and more popula r among
engineers, and is making headway even among physicists; (2) amperes,
ohms, and volt s a re units which the tube designer natura lly uses.
We should like to express our thanks to P rofessor Eugene Feenberg,
now at Washington University in St . Louis, Mr . Edward Bar low, andDr . Marvin Chodorow, of the Sper ry Gyroscope Company for many
helpfu l comments and cr it icism of the manuscr ipt . We are indebted
to our former colleagues Dr . Milton Gardner , now at the University
of Californ ia , and Mr. M. C. Waltz, now at the Bell Telephone Lab-
ora tor ies, for a grea t dea l of help in prepar ing the informat ion for
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 8/12
PREFACE
this volume. In par t icular we wish to thank Dr . W. G. Shepherd, of
t he Bell Teleph on e I,a bor at or ies, who has read the en t ire manuscr ipt
and has helped us grea t ly by his cr it icism.
ALBERT G, HILL.CAMBRIDGEASS.,
J uly, 1946.
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 9/12
Contents
FOREWORDBYL. A. DUBRIDGE . . . . . . . . . v
PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii
PART I. FUNDAMENTALS
CHAP. 1.
11.
12.
1.3.
14.
15.
16.
CHAP. 2.
2.1.
2.2.2.3.
2.4.
CHAP. 3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
36.
CHAP. 4.
41.
4.2.
43.
CHAP 5.
5.1.
52 .
53 .
5.4.
5.5.
56 .
5.7.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3
Elect ron Tubesa t Very High Frequencies. . . . . . . . 3MicrowaveRegion , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4
MicrowaveTechniques. . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . ...7
Pr incipa lTube Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Poin t s of Compar isonbetweenLow-power iVficrowaveTubes . . . 13
Planof th is Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...15
DISCUSSION OF TUBE TYPES AND FUNCTIONS . . . . . . 17
Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...17
Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...18Frequency Mult ipliers .,... . . . . . . . 23
Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...25
BASIC ELECTRONIC PHENOMENA AT HIGH FREQUENCIES 31
Phenomena of Par t icular Impor tance at High Frequencies. 32
Cur ren t Induced by a Moving Charge 37
Modulat ion of t he Beam..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Genera l Rela t ions in a N’arrow Gap 47
High-velocity Gap . . . . . . . . . ., ., . . . . . . . ...54
Low-velocity Gap, Neglect ing Velocity Spread. 6(3
BASIC CIRCUIT PHENOMIX.4 AT HIGH FREQUENCIES . 70
Cavity Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..7o
Resonator Fields in Pr incipal h~ode ., . . . . 83
Cavity Excita t ion in Principal }Iode. . . 90
PART II. PLANAR 8PACE-CFIAfiGE TUBES
THEORY OF H-F SPACE-CHARGE DEVICES . . . 97
Characterist ics of a Single Region . . . 99
Genera l Relat ions for Mult igr id Tubes . 106
Posit ive-gr id Space-charge-limited Input with }Iinimum near Cathode 110
Gr id-screen and Output Regions, Neglect ing Velocity Spread 115
Posit ive-gr id High-mu Triode with Minimum near Cathode 116
Posit ive-gr id Tet rode with Nfinimum near Cathode. 119
Genera l Relat ions for Velocity-dist r ibut ion Phenomena. 122
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 10/12
CONTENTS
5.8.
5,9.
CHAP. 6.
6.1.62.
6.3.
6.4.
65.
66.
CHAP . 7.
71.
72.
73.
7.4.
75.
76.
7.7.
CHAP . 8.
81 .
8.2.
83 .
84 .
8.5.
86 .
8.7.
Low-velocity Gap without Reflect ions . . 128
Retarding Field with Reflect ions. 138
SPACE-CHARGE DEVICES AS MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS 146
Int roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.......,....146
Elementary Discussion of Gr id-separa t ion Amplifier s 146
Exper imenta l Amplifier Tubes for the 3000-Mc/sec Region 153
N’oise in Microwave .4mplifiers. 157
High-efficiency Amplifiers. 162
Pract ica l Tr iode Amplifiers 163
M1CROW,4VE TRIODE OSCILL.\ TORS. 170
Int roduct ion . . . . . . . .170
Principal Types of Oscillator Circuit s Applicable to Triodes 171
Power Supply and Bias Considera t ions 175
Two-cavity Grid-separat ion Oscillator s 177
Reentran t Oscillators. 179
Behavior of Pract ica l Reent ran t Oscilla tors 183
Modula t ion of Tr iode Oscillator s. 185
PULSE OPERATION OF MICROWAVE TRIODES. 187
Factors Important in Pulse Opera t ion 187
Typical Cavity Design ,. 188
Tube-design Requirements 191
Effect of Pla te-plunger Posit ion 192
Gr id Bias. , . .,, ...,... . . . . . . . . . . . ...193.
Plate and Heater Voltages. . . . . . . . . ...195
Load Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . .,........,..197
PART III. KLYSTRONS
CHAP . 9. VELOCITY MODULATION AND KLYSTRON BU~CHING 201
91. In t r od u c t ion . . . . . . . . . 201
9.2. Sim p le Ve loc it y Mod u la t ion a n d Bu n ch in g 202
93. Debu n ch in g in a Klys t r on . .209
9.4. Bu n ch in g w it h Fkite Gap-voltage and Arbit ra ry Dr ift -space Charac-
ter ist ics . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218
95. Influence of Finite Gap-transit Angle on Bunching. 224
9.6. Bunching by a Gap Voltage Comparable to Beam Voltage 232
9.7. Analyt ica l Discussion of Bunching by Gap Voltage Comparable to
Beam Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...235
9+LCaecadeBu nching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
9,9. Bunching in the Presence of Harmonic Phase and Amplitude Modula-
t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...245
CHAP. 10. AMPLIFIER KLYSTRONS. 248
10.1. Mult iresonator Klyst ron Types 248
10.2. General Voltage-amplifier Relat ions 249
10.3. Two-resonator Voltage Amplifiers; Gain. 252
10.4. Voltage-amplifier Klyst rons; Noise. 257
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 11/12
CONTENTS
10.7. Compar ison of Theory and Exper iment for Two-resona tor Amplifier
Klyst rons . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . ...267
10.8. Voltage Cascade-amplifier Klyst rons 271
10.9. Voltage Cascade Amplifier Gain; Compar ison with Exper iment 278
10,10. Power C4scade-amplifier Klyst rons. 280
CHAP. 11. FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER KLYSTRONS AND TWO-RESON-
ATOR KLYSTRON OSCILLATORS 285
11.1. Frequency Mult iplier Klyst rons 285
11.2. F requency Mult iplier Klyst rons; Compar ison of Theory and Exper i-
mer it . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...290
11,3. Two-resona tor Klyst ron Oscilla tor s. 294
114. Condit ion for Oscilla t ion 297
11.5. Transadmit tance Diagrams 302
11.6. Genera l Oscilla tor Character ist ics . 304
CHAP. 12. REFLEX KLYSTRON OSCILLATORS 31 I
121. Oscilla tor Genera l Behavior . 311
122. Oscilla tor Theory for H igh Modes 317
12.3. Observed Character ist ics of the Reflex Klyst ron 329
12.4. Quan tita t ive Compar ison of Theory and Exper iment . 332
12.5. Deta iled Theory of Idea lized Oscilla tor . 337
CHAP. 13. NONIDEAL REFLECTORS 352
131. D-cElect ronO pt ics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
13.2, Genera l Sca iing oi Voltages and Dimensions, 354
133. Reflector Mode Pat terns 357
134. Reflector Mode Pat terns of V,-vs.-x 362
135. h ’ormalized Mode Locus of a Space-charge-free Recessed Reflector . 364
136. Space-charge Transit -t ime Effects in the Plane-para llel Reflector 367
13.7. In fluence of Reflector Field on Bunch ing 373
13,8. D-c Transit T]me vs. Effect ive Bunch ing Time 375
13.9. Bunch ing and Space Charge. 38o
1310. Reflector Fields with Phase Aber ra t ions. 382
13.11. Compar ison of Phase Aber ra t ions and Reflector Nordinear it ies. 382
CHAP . 14. HYSTERESIS IN REFLEX KLYSTRONS. 384
14.1. P h en om en on of Hys t e r e s is 384
14.2. Mod e Asym m e t r y P r od u ced b y Dep en d en ce of G. on @ in Low Modes 385
14.3. Hysteresis Caused by Phase Shift s Dependent upon R-f Gap Voltage
and Independen t of+ O.. . . . ...387
14.4. Bunch ing Theory for Mult iple-t ransit E lect rons 393
14,5. P roduct ion of Hysteresis by Mult iple-t ransit E lect r ons 397
CHAP . 15. LOAD EFFECTS IN REFLEX KLYSTRONS . . 404
15,1. In t r od u ct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. .4o4
15.2. Ba s is of t h e Cold Te s t ..... . . .405
15.3. Cold Tes t P r oced u r e .,. . . . . . ..4o9
15.4. Ac t ive Op er a t ion ; t h e Id ea l R lek e Dia gr am . . . . . 414
15.5. Tr a n sfor m a t ion h t h e P r a c t ica l R1ek e Dia gr am . . 421
15.6. Exp er im en t a l R iek e Dia gr am s . 432
15.7. E ffect a ofa H igh -Q Lm a d . . . ,, .,............,435
8/9/2019 MIT Radiaton Lab Series, V7, Klystrons and Microwave Triodes - Front Matter, Preface, Contents
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mit-radiaton-lab-series-v7-klystrons-and-microwave-triodes-front-matter 12/12
CONTENTS
CHAP . 16. REFLEX-KLYSTRON IvIODULAT’1ON . 441
16.1. Types of Modula t ion . . . . . ...441
16.2. Stat ic Character ist ics Relevant to Low-frequency Modula t ion . 442
16.3. Limita t ions on the Use of Stat ic Character ist ics; the Quasista t ic
Approximat ion in Modula t ion Theory . 444
16.4. Descr ipt ion of Modula t ion; the Small-signal Approximat ion . 446
16.5. Bunch ing in the Presence of Gap-voltage Modulat ion or Transients. 449
166. Effect of Pr imary Modula t ion of Oscilla tor Parameters. 452
16.7. Dr iving of a Resonant Circu it hy a S1OW1YChanging R-f Cur ren t 455
168. Transient Phenomena; Pulse Buildup. 458
16.9. General Oscilla tor Rela t ions with Sinusoida l Modula t ion 462
16.10. Low-frequency Modula t ion of Beam Current and Reflect ion Transit
Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...465
16.11. Modula t ion of 6’, and 00 at Frequenc ies comparable to @ 469
CHAP . 17. NOISE IN REFLEX KLYSTRONS 47o
17.1. Im p or t a n ce of Oscilla t or Noise . 470
17,2. &fe t h od of Mea su r em en t . . . .471
173. Tot a l Oscilla t o r Noise . . .473
174. Sep a r a t ion of S id eb a n d s . 475
17.5. Dep en d en ce of Noise on Loa d . 477
17.6. Su m m a r y of Noise Beh a vior a n d E s t im a t e of Noise .Ma gn it u d e 479
177. Discu ss ion of Com p lica t in g E ffec t s . 482
1743. Su m m a r y of Resu lt s o f Noise Ca lcu la t ion . 484
17.9. Th eor y of Noise in R eflex Klyst r on . . 489
CHAP. 18. PRACTICAL REFLEX KLYSTRONS . 495
18.1. In t roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 495
18.2. Resona tor Design in Rela t ion to Per formance 49S
183. TuningMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..502
18.4. Output Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507
18.5. Descr ipt ion of Some Representat ive Reflex Tubes . . 508
18.6. Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..521
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..527