mitglied der helmholtz-gemeinschaft harald bolt forschungszentrum jülich, 52425 jülich energy...
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Harald Bolt
Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich
Energy materials research in the context of the SET Plan
E2C, Budapest, 29.10.2013
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• Role of materials in energy technologies• Example: Materials for extreme environments• Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC• Materials for low carbon energy technologies• “Materials for Energy” in Europa
Contents
E2C 2013
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Role of Materials in Energy Technologies
ENERGY
E-Generation
Effi
cien
cy
Con
vers
ion
Storage
BatteriesCatalystsNanoporous electrodes
Hydrogen storageFunctional nanomat.Nano-surfaces
Fuel cellsCatalystsNanostructured electrodesHigh mobility membranes
Turbines, Carbon capturSC and dirc. C alloysNanophase ceramicsMembranes
Structural nanomaterials• Lightweight for transportation• High insulation for buildings
Nanoelectronic materials• LED-lighting• Nano-carbon for „cool“ IT
Hydrogen generation(Photo-) catalystsNanostructured electrodes
PhotovoltaicsNanocrystall. semicond.Nanocomposites
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research, 27.05.2010
Fusion, Fission„Nano steels“CompositesWaste matrices
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Example: Materials for extreme environments
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Thermal loads in different technologies
power density MW/m2
1
Reentry vehicle
Rolls-Royce Trent 900
85Ariane 5 /Vulcain 2
20
ITER Divertor
2000
ELMs in ITER
PWR-fuel element
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Extreme environment
Several severe loading conditions at the same time
Stationary heat flux: up to 20 MW/m2
up to 80 MW/m2 for minutes transient pulses: several GW/m2
up to 150 dpa,generation of H and He
Caused e.g. by• thermal gradients+external loads• dissimilar material compounds
Ions, atoms:• chemically reactive (ox., hydr.)• energetic (up to keV-range)
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Space Electronics Fusion Advanced Fission
Spin-Offs
Protection Materials
x x x x
Heat Sink Materials
x x x x
Radiation Res. Materials
x x
Compound Technologies
x x x x x
Application fields and synergies
Potential spin-offs: - thermal hydrogen generation - very high temperature heat exchangers - new brake materials
• European Integrated Project• 37 European partners
(from 13 member states)
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Fibre reinforced metal composites
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Applications for new heat sink Materials
New Cu-based heat sink materials for different applications
Electronic powermodule - Al-SiC base(Siemens)
Thruster wall (EADS)
Divertor (Ansaldo)
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Example: Fusion Demonstration Reactor DEMO
Heat removal requires aheat sink material with
- very high thermal conductivity- mechanical stability at high temperatures (>500°C)
CuCrZr, DS-Cu cannot be applied
Metal-matrix composites: SiCf- or Wf- reinforced Cu
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Heat sink materials: Cu-based composites
DEMO – Divertor requirements
• heat flux: 10-15 MW/m2
• coolant: water 300°C or
helium ~ 450°C…600°C• neutron damage ~
30 dpa
New heat sink
materials: - SiCf reinforced Cu
Operation temperature:
300…550°C 100 µm
400 µm
Cu-MMCTube
300 °C
W
Heat flux
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SiCf / Cu: Tomographic analysis
SiCf / Cu (20% fibers)
3D view of the voids in the Cu matrix150 µm
SiCf
Cu matrix
voids
V. Paffenholz, IPPM. Schöbel, TUW
Tomography at ESRF, beamline ID-15A:≤ 2 µm/pixel, 10 s / scan
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Interface engineering of SiCf–Cu composites
5 µm SiC-fibre
titaniumm
PVD-copper
gal. copper
titanium
PVD-copper
gal. copper
SiC-fibre 20 µm
A. Brendel, IPP
matrix deformation
10 µm
Twin
formation
Interfacial shear strength: 70 MPa Interfacial friction strength: 54 MPa
Push-out experiments
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Laser flash measurments
Thermal conductivity of SiC fibre reinforced copper (νf=14%) in fibre direction is comparable with CuCrZr.
0 100 200 300 400 500200
250
300
350
400
CuCrZr ITER Grade MMC with v
f = 30 %
MMC with vf = 14 %
Th
erm
al C
on
du
ctiv
ity in
W/m
K
Temperature in °C
*G. Kalinin, R. Matera / Journal of Nuclear Materials 258-263 (1998) 345-350
1 mm
SiCf-Cu: Thermal conductivity
A. Brendel, S. Lindig, IPP
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Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC
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SOFC
Nachbrenner
Reformer
Wasser
Kraftstoff
Luft
Abgas
Abluft
IWV 3
cells
stacks
systemevaluation
systemanalysis
analytics &diagnostics
modelling & simulationmaterials
systemdesign
componentssystem
verification
characterisation
Fuel cells
value chain: from materials to systems
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SOFC Development
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Relevance of materials technologies
FZ Juelich, IEK, ZEA
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Long time stability of SOFC stack
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Materials engineering provided step change in durability
24,000 h0.18%/kh
FZ Juelich, IEK, ZEA
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Materials for low carbon energy technologies
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Role of Materials in Energy Technologies
ENERGY
E-Generation
Effi
cien
cy
Con
vers
ion
Storage
BatteriesCatalystsNanoporous electrodes
Hydrogen storageFunctional nanomat.Nano-surfaces
Fuel cellsCatalystsNanostructured electrodesHigh mobility membranes
Turbines, Carbon capturSC and dirc. C alloysNanophase ceramicsMembranes
Structural nanomaterials• Lightweight for transportation• High insulation for buildings
Nanoelectronic materials• LED-lighting• Nano-carbon for „cool“ IT
Hydrogen generation(Photo-) catalystsNanostructured electrodes
PhotovoltaicsNanocrystall. semicond.Nanocomposites
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research, 27.05.2010
Fusion, Fission„Nano steels“CompositesWaste matrices
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Further advances in energy materials require
functional materials design
modelling/simulation
innovative processing routes (at industrial scale)
characterization: functional, often at atomic level, time resolved
operational testing and in operando characterization
lifetime assessment/prediction
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Understanding Functional Energy Materialsrequires characterization on the atomic scale using X-rays, Neutrons and Electrons
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research, 27.05.2010
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Microscopy at the picometer scale
Titan 80-300: primary resolution 80 pm, atom positions: down to 5 pm
aberration correction
Example:HexagonalBSCF-ceramic
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Computer simulation of a fullerene molecule (white) moving a helium atom fluid (green) through a carbon nanotube (blue)
Simulation ScienceUnderstanding and optimizing functional nanomaterials by „virtual experiments“
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„Materials for Energy“ in Europa
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EU Commission: Road mapping exercise to define materials research priorities toward the SET-Plan goals
• 10 Energy materials road maps:a) Windb) Photovoltaicsc) Electricity storaged) Hydrogen and fuel cellse) Concentrated solar powerf) Gridg) Bio Energyh) Novel materials for fossil energy sector (including CCS)i) Materials for nuclear fissionj) Energy efficient buildings
• Chapters on cross-cutting synergies and methods (e.g. modelling/simulation, materials characterization)and on overarching issues (sustainability assessments,standardization)
SET-Plan Materials Road Map (28.11.2011)
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Elements and Actors in Europe
SET-Plan: Strategic Energy Technology Plan Materials Roadmap enabling Low Carbon Energy Technologies
ESFRI: European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures European Materials Characterization Platform EERA: European Energy Research Alliance Network with joint programmes
EMIRI: European Energy Materials Industrial Research Initiative
EUA-EPUE: Energy Platform of the European Universities Association
EIT-KICs: InnoEnergy and Climate KIC: supporting new business
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Documents related to „Materials for low carbon technologies“
http://setis.ec.europa.eu/setis-deliverables/materials-roadmap
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Mit
glie
d d
er
Helm
holt
z-G
em
ein
sch
aft
• Role of materials in energy technologies• Example: Materials for extreme environments• Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC• Materials for low carbon energy technologies• “Materials for Energy” in Europa
Contents
E2C 2013
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Thank you for your attention
Including contributions from:Aurelia Herrmann, Annegret Brendel, Christian Linsmeier, Freimut Koch,Carmen Garcia-Rosales*, Jochen Linke**, Verena Paffenholz, Carmen Höschen;Stephan Lindig, Jeong-ha You, Gabi Matern, Susanne Köppl, Till Höschen, Martin Schöbel***, Stefan Kimmig, and further colleagues
Max Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik*CEIT**Forschungszentrum Jülich***TU Wien