Cellular GrowthCellular Growth

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Do NowDo Now

1. How big is a cell?1. How big is a cell?

2. What happens if a cell gets too big?2. What happens if a cell gets too big?

DO NOWDO NOWCreate a model of what happens Create a model of what happens

when you get a cut.when you get a cut. Use picture, words, symbols, etc.Use picture, words, symbols, etc. Be ready to present.Be ready to present.

ObjectivesObjectives

1. SWBAT review what happens when you 1. SWBAT review what happens when you get a cut.get a cut.

2. SWBAT calculate surface area to 2. SWBAT calculate surface area to volume ratio and relate it to the cell.volume ratio and relate it to the cell.

3. SWBAT draw and label the cell cycle.3. SWBAT draw and label the cell cycle. 4. SWBAT create 4 sample cells and 4. SWBAT create 4 sample cells and

calculate out their surface area to volume calculate out their surface area to volume ratio and answer questions on it ratio and answer questions on it

9.1 Cellular Growth 9.1 Cellular Growth

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Volume

Area

EquationsEquations

Surface Area:Surface Area:

(2 x L x W) + (2 x L x H) + (2 x H x W)(2 x L x W) + (2 x L x H) + (2 x H x W)

Area:Area:

L x W x HL x W x H

Cell Size LimitationsCell Size Limitations

Key factor that limits cell growth is ratio of Key factor that limits cell growth is ratio of surface area to volumesurface area to volume

As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.

Cell can have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling waste products.

Transport of Substances Plasma Membrane: Substances move by

diffusion or by motor proteins. Diffusion over large distances is slow and

inefficient. Small cells maintain more efficient

transport systems.

Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share

If you had three cells:If you had three cells: 3 X 2 X 23 X 2 X 2 6 x 1 X 16 x 1 X 1 3 X 6 X 13 X 6 X 1

Which cell has the largest surface area to Which cell has the largest surface area to volume ratio?volume ratio?

What benefit does this cell have?What benefit does this cell have?

Cellular Communications

The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.

Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

DO NOWDO NOW

Surface area : Volume :: _________ : _______Surface area : Volume :: _________ : _______(Cell Parts)(Cell Parts)

Which cell has a bigger surface area to volume Which cell has a bigger surface area to volume ratio?ratio?

2 x 3 x 22 x 3 x 2 OR OR 4 x 1 x 1 4 x 1 x 1

What benefit does this cell have?What benefit does this cell have?

The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle

Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.

It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle

Cell CycleCell Cycle

Varies between 8 minutes and one yearVaries between 8 minutes and one year Average 12-24 hoursAverage 12-24 hours

Cell CycleCell Cycle

1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)

2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis – Cell division2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis – Cell division

Do NowDo Now

1. Which stage of the cell cycle takes the 1. Which stage of the cell cycle takes the longest time?longest time?

2. Which stage of mitosis takes the longest 2. Which stage of mitosis takes the longest time?time?

3. Which stage of mitosis takes the least 3. Which stage of mitosis takes the least amount of time?amount of time?

InterphaseInterphase A. G1 Phase:A. G1 Phase:

First growth phase The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell

functions, and preparing to replicate DNA. B. S Phase:B. S Phase:

DNA is copied (DNA Replication)DNA is copied (DNA Replication) C. G2 Phase:C. G2 Phase:

Second Growth PhaseSecond Growth Phase Proteins needed for cell division are producedProteins needed for cell division are produced The cell prepares for the division of its nucleusThe cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

Do Now Do Now

List three reasons why a cell divides.List three reasons why a cell divides.

Mitosis and CytokinesisMitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis: Nuclear DivisionMitosis: Nuclear Division Cytokinesis: Cell DivisionCytokinesis: Cell Division

9.2 Mitotic Phase 9.2 Mitotic Phase (Cell Division)(Cell Division)

A. ProphaseA. Prophase B. MetaphaseB. Metaphase C. AnaphaseC. Anaphase D. TelophaseD. Telophase

Label and Label and order the cells order the cells from 1 – 5from 1 – 5

What are the What are the differences differences between plant between plant and animal and animal cells during cells during division? division?

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

ChromosomesChromosomes

ObjectivesObjectives

1. SWBAT draw and label the stages of 1. SWBAT draw and label the stages of mitosis.mitosis.

2. SWBAT draw and label a chromosome.2. SWBAT draw and label a chromosome. 3. SWBAT practice labeling diagrams of 3. SWBAT practice labeling diagrams of

mitosis in partners.mitosis in partners.

ChromosomesChromosomes

Chromosome-Chromosome- Tightly coiled DNATightly coiled DNA

Chromatid-Chromatid- Half a replicated ChromosomeHalf a replicated Chromosome

Chromatin-Chromatin- loosely coiled DNAloosely coiled DNA

Centromere-Centromere- Center of a chromosome- Center of a chromosome- where the sister chromatids attachwhere the sister chromatids attach

Centriole-Centriole- Organize the microtubulesOrganize the microtubules Attach to the spindle fibersAttach to the spindle fibers

Do Now – Label the Cell CycleDo Now – Label the Cell Cycle

ProphaseProphase The cell’s chromatin tightensThe cell’s chromatin tightens Sister Sister chromatidschromatids are attached are attached

at the at the centromerecentromere.. Spindle fibers form in the Spindle fibers form in the

cytoplasm.cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope seems to The nuclear envelope seems to

disappear.disappear. Spindle fibers attach to the Spindle fibers attach to the

sister chromatids.sister chromatids.

MetaphaseMetaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled along the Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.cell.

They line up in the middle of the cell.They line up in the middle of the cell.

AnaphaseAnaphase

The microtubules of the spindle apparatus The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.begin to shorten.

The sister chromatids separate.The sister chromatids separate. The chromosomes move toward the poles The chromosomes move toward the poles

of the cell.of the cell.

TelophaseTelophase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.begin to relax.

Two new nuclear membranes begin to Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.form and the nucleoli reappear.

The spindle apparatus disassembles.The spindle apparatus disassembles.

CytokinesisCytokinesis In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch,

the cytoplasm.the cytoplasm. In plant cells, a new structure, called a In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell platecell plate, ,

forms.forms.

Let’s review mitosis…Let’s review mitosis…

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animatio437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.htmlns.html

Think-pair-shareThink-pair-share

Try to label the parts of cell division.Try to label the parts of cell division.

Do Now – Label the Cell CycleDo Now – Label the Cell Cycle

ObjectivesObjectives

1. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, 1. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesiscytokinesis

2. SWBAT calculate the percent of time 2. SWBAT calculate the percent of time each cell spends in each phase. each cell spends in each phase.

Do NowDo Now Label the parts of the cell.Label the parts of the cell. What phases of mitosis?What phases of mitosis?

ObjectivesObjectives

1. 1. SWBAT brainstorm why cells have 1. 1. SWBAT brainstorm why cells have check points.check points.

2. SWBAT create a list of their 2. SWBAT create a list of their preconceptions about cancer.preconceptions about cancer.

3. SWBAT discuss treatments, causes, 3. SWBAT discuss treatments, causes, and cancer.and cancer.

4. SWBAT compare and contrast the types 4. SWBAT compare and contrast the types of stem cells and apply how they can be of stem cells and apply how they can be useful in science. useful in science.

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Normal Cell Cycle:Normal Cell Cycle:

Different Different cyclin / CDK (cyclin dependent cyclin / CDK (cyclin dependent kinases)kinases) combinations signal other activities combinations signal other activities

These includingThese including• DNA replication DNA replication • Protein synthesisProtein synthesis• Nuclear divisionNuclear division

Quality Control CheckpointsQuality Control Checkpoints

The cell cycle has built-in The cell cycle has built-in checkpointscheckpoints These monitor the cycle and can stop it if These monitor the cycle and can stop it if

something goes wrong.something goes wrong. Spindle checkpointsSpindle checkpoints also have been also have been

identified in mitosis.identified in mitosis. Ex. If not spindle fibers – will stop before Ex. If not spindle fibers – will stop before

cytokinesiscytokinesis

What can happen if there was a What can happen if there was a mutation in the cell cycle?mutation in the cell cycle?

Write down 5 things you know Write down 5 things you know about cancer.about cancer.

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/cancerhttp://www.who.int/features/factfiles/cancer/01_en.html/01_en.html

Abnormal Cell Cycle: CancerAbnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer

CancerCancer is the uncontrolled growth and is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.division of cells.

Cancer cells can kill an organism by Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.loss of tissue function.

Causes of CancerCauses of Cancer

Changes that alter growth and division of Changes that alter growth and division of cells are due to cells are due to mutationsmutations. .

Changes in DNA lead to changes in Changes in DNA lead to changes in ____________.____________.

CarcinogenCarcinogen is a substance or agent that is a substance or agent that is known to cause canceris known to cause cancer

Types of CarcinogensTypes of Carcinogens

TobaccoTobacco Radiation (UV and X Rays)Radiation (UV and X Rays) AsbestosAsbestos

FDA regulates what you eat and drink is safe FDA regulates what you eat and drink is safe and makes sure there are warning on and makes sure there are warning on carcinogen productscarcinogen products

Do NowDo Now

Explain the purpose of spindle checkpoints in the cell.

ObjectivesObjectives

1. SWBAT define apoptosis and stem 1. SWBAT define apoptosis and stem cells.cells.

2. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, 2. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesiscytokinesis

3. SWBAT calculate the percent of time 3. SWBAT calculate the percent of time each cell spends in each phase.each cell spends in each phase.

Cancer GeneticsCancer Genetics

Multiple changes in DNA are needed to Multiple changes in DNA are needed to cause cancercause cancer

Cancer increase with ageCancer increase with age Certain cancers are inherited in certain Certain cancers are inherited in certain

families (chances to have it)families (chances to have it)

ApoptosisApoptosis

Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death Cells going through apoptosis actually Cells going through apoptosis actually

shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.shrink and shrivel in a controlled process. Ex. Leave in FallEx. Leave in Fall Ex. Webbed Fingers/ToesEx. Webbed Fingers/Toes DNA Damaged CellsDNA Damaged Cells

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjjHKDn12http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjjHKDn12qIqI

Stem CellsStem Cells

Unspecialized cells that can develop into Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right specialized cells when under the right conditionsconditions

Stem Cells (Cont.)Stem Cells (Cont.)

Embryonic Stem CellsEmbryonic Stem Cells Adult Stem CellsAdult Stem CellsAfter fertilization, the After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 there are about 100–150 cells.cells.

Found in various tissues Found in various tissues in the body and might be in the body and might be used to maintain and repair used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissuethe same kind of tissue

These cells have not These cells have not become specialized.become specialized.

Less controversial Less controversial because the adult stem because the adult stem cells can be obtained with cells can be obtained with the consent of their donorthe consent of their donor

http://www.stemcellresearchfacts.com/definition.html

VideoVideo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27skh7http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27skh7prkN0&feature=relatedprkN0&feature=related

Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share

Why do we care about stem cells?Why do we care about stem cells?

How are they used in the field of scientific How are they used in the field of scientific research?research?

As tax payers in NJ, do we allocate our tax As tax payers in NJ, do we allocate our tax money for this research?? (What do you money for this research?? (What do you think?)think?)

Quiz is on…Quiz is on… Cell Cycle Cell Cycle

Interphase (G1, S, G2)Interphase (G1, S, G2) Mitosis (PMAT)Mitosis (PMAT) CytokinesisCytokinesis

Phases of MitosisPhases of Mitosis Cell Regulation (CDK, Checkpoints, and cyclins)Cell Regulation (CDK, Checkpoints, and cyclins) CancerCancer Stem CellsStem Cells ApoptosisApoptosis Cell Volume VS. Surface Area RatioCell Volume VS. Surface Area Ratio

As a review….As a review….

Draw out the stages of mitosis using Draw out the stages of mitosis using colored pencils of a cell with 6 colored pencils of a cell with 6 chromosomes.chromosomes.