mitosis - fpharm.uniba.sk · mitosis • the form of cell division by which a eukaryotic somatic...
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MITOSISMITOSIS
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MitosisMitosis
• The form of cell divisioncell division by which a eukaryotic somatic cell somatic cell duplicates.
•• MitosisMitosis is asexual reproduction.asexual reproduction.
•• Cell division Cell division is the continuation of life based on the reproduction of cells.
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MitosisMitosis
2n=46
Liver Cell 2n=46
2n=46
twoidenticaldaughtercells
Liver Cell
Liver Cell
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Somatic ReproductionSomatic Reproduction
• Most eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually by mitosismitosis.
•• Somatic cells Somatic cells are all body cellsbody cells (like nerve, (like nerve, liver, etc...) liver, etc...) except sperm and ova (egg).
• All Somatic cells have the same number of chromosomeschromosomes.
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Cell CycleCell Cycle
• The dividingdividing and nonnon--dividingdividing stages in the life of a cell.
• Phases:1.1. InterphaseInterphase: growth and DNA replication2.2. ProphaseProphase3.3. MetaphaseMetaphase4.4. AnaphaseAnaphase5.5. TelophaseTelophase
Mitotic divisionMitotic division
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Cell CycleCell Cycle
Mitosis-prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase
G1 G2
Sphase
interphase
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InterphaseInterphase
• Comprises about 90%90% of the cell cyclecell cycle.•• Cellular growthCellular growth:
a. protein synthesisprotein synthesisb. metabolic activitiesmetabolic activitiesc. DNADNA synthesissynthesis
• Made up of three phasesthree phases:1. G1. G11 phasephase2. S phase2. S phase3. G3. G22 phasephase
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InterphaseInterphase
1. G1. G11 (gap) phase:(gap) phase:a. protein synthesis and metabolic activities.b. most cell are arrested in this phasemost cell are arrested in this phase.
2. S phase:2. S phase:a. DNA DNA replication replication takes place.
3. G3. G22 (gap) phase:(gap) phase:a. Cellular growth and preparation for M phaseM phase.
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InterphaseInterphase
•• NucleusNucleus and nucleolusnucleolus visible.
Nuclear membrane
nucleolus
cell membrane
chromatin
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Question:Question:
•• What is a What is a chromosomechromosome??
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Answer:Answer:• A chromosomechromosome is made up of a DNADNA -
histone protein histone protein complex called chromatinchromatin.
•• ChromatinChromatin is a long, thin fiber that is folded and coiled to form chromosomeschromosomes.
DNA double helix
Histone proteins
chromosome
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Question:Question:
•• What is a replicated What is a replicated chromosomechromosome??
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Answer:Answer:• A replicated chromosomechromosome consist of two
strands of identical chromosomal material called chromatidschromatids (sister chromatidssister chromatids).
chromatid
chromatid
S phase: chromosomes replicate
chromosome
chromosome
centromere
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Mitotic PhaseMitotic Phase
•• Mitosis (karyokinesis)Mitosis (karyokinesis)a. nuclearnuclear division of genetic materialgenetic material.b. prophaseb. prophase--metaphasemetaphase--anaphaseanaphase--telophasetelophase
•• CytokinesisCytokinesisa.a. cytoplasmic divisioncytoplasmic division.b. Indicator of telophase.
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ProphaseProphase
•• Longest phaseLongest phase
• Nucleolus disappears
• Chromatin material condenses into chromosomeschromosomes, consisting of two sister sister chromatidschromatids.
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ProphaseProphase
•• CentriolesCentrioles move apart (not found in plants).
•• Spindle fibersSpindle fibers ((microtubulesmicrotubules)) form and attach from centriolescentrioles to centromeres by centromeres by kinetochores.kinetochores.
• Nuclear envelope fragments and disappears.
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ProphaseProphase
late prophaselate prophase, , promethaphasepromethaphase
early prophaseearly prophase
centrioles
centromere
nuclear envelopedisappearing
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Question:Question:
•• What attaches the What attaches the spindle fibersspindle fibers to to the the centromerescentromeres??
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Answer:Answer: KinetochoresKinetochores
sistersisterchromatidchromatid
sistersisterchromatidchromatid
centromerecentromere
spindle fiberspindle fiber kinetochoreskinetochores
centriole
asterfibers
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MetaphaseMetaphase
• Shortest phase
•• CentriolesCentrioles are at opposite ends of the cell and attached with aster fibersaster fibers.
•• ChromosomesChromosomes move to the metaphase metaphase plateplate (equatorial plateequatorial plate - center of cell).
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MetaphaseMetaphase
centrioles
spindle fibers
asterfibers
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MetaphaseMetaphase• Top of spiralisation, chromatin is in max. of
condensation• Chromosomes collect at equatorial plate• At the end of metaphase centromere start
dissapears
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AnaphaseAnaphase
•• CentromeresCentromeres uncouple and spindle fibers spindle fibers shorten.
•• Sister chromatids Sister chromatids separate and move apart.
• After separation, chromatidschromatids are now considered chromosomeschromosomes.
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AnaphaseAnaphase
• During this phase, the cell contains twice the normal number of chromosomeschromosomes.
• Cell begins to elongateelongate.
• At the end, there are equal numbers of chromosomeschromosomes at the poles.
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AnaphaseAnaphaseNo longer sister chromatidssister chromatids, now chromosomeschromosomes
centrioles
spindle fibersasterfibers
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TelophaseTelophase
• Nuclear membrane reappears.
•• ChromosomesChromosomes uncoil- despirelation and decondesation
• In the end, two genetically identical nuclei (karyokinesiskaryokinesis completed) are present.
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TelophaseTelophasecleavage furrow (cytokinesis)
nuclear membrane reforming nucleolus reappears
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
•• Cytoplasmic divisionCytoplasmic division
•• Cell plate Cell plate complete in plantsplants
• In the end, two separate daughter cells produced with single nucleus.
cell plate