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Mâ¤ješÿU«bghUiebtË ehfÇfK«(Adhithanallur andPorunai valley Civilization)

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rh¤j‹Fs« m. ïuhft‹ 3

1. njh‰WthŒ

Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«òjÄœeh£oYŸs âUbešntÈ kht£l¤âš, âUbeš

ntÈ - âU¢brªö® rhiyÆš Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ gw«ò cŸsJ.ï¥ gw«ãš 112 M©LfS¡F K‹, Kj‹ Kjyhf mfHhŒîbjhl§f¥ bg‰wJ. ïªj mfHhŒÉš gy jhÊfŸ f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd. mt‰¿š gy bgh‹ g£l§fS« bt©fyVd§fS« Vuhskhd ïU«ò¥ bghUŸfS«, k£gh©l§fS« vY«òfS« F¿¥ghf¢ áy k©ilnahLfS« f©LvL¡f¥ bg‰WŸsd. ïªj mfHhŒit¥ g‰¿a MŒîüšx‹WTl ïJtiu btËtuÉšiy.

Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ gw«ãš brŒa¥g£l mfHhŒÉšf©blL¡f¥g£l bghUŸfËš gy br‹id¥ gH« bghUŸfh£á¢ rhiyÆš ghJfh¤J it¡f¥g£LŸsd.

Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ gw«ig eh‹, vdJ ãŸis¥ gUtkhdg¤jhtJ mfitÆny gh®¤âU¡»‹nw‹. m§F mfœªJf©blL¡f¥ bg‰w KJk¡fŸ jhÊfis (kj k¤j‹ jhÊfis)¥ g‰¿¤ bjhl¡f Kjš m¿nt‹. 1912 M« M©L v‹jªijnahL, âUbešntÈ¡F tU«bghGJ gw«ã‹ FW¡fhf¢ bršY« ghijia milªjJ« v‹ jªijah®, Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ig¥ g‰¿í« mâš òij¡f¥g£LŸs jhÊfis¥ g‰¿í« És¡fkhf vL¤Jiu¤jh®fŸ. mit ï‹W«v‹ ÃidÉš cŸsd.

eh‹, eh‹F jiyKiwfshf¤ jÄœ ts®¤J tU«òyt® (fÉuha®) FL«g¤âš njh‹¿at‹. 1920M« M©onyKj‹ Kjyhf vG¤Jy»š òFªnj‹. m‹W Kjš ï‹W tiuMâ¤ješÿ® mfHhŒî v‹ cŸs¤âš e‹F ïl« bg‰WŸsJ.v‹whY«, Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ãš eilbg‰w mfHhŒit¥g‰¿ xU f£LiuTl vGjnt©L« v‹w cz®î Ú©lehshf v‹ cŸs¤âš cªâ vGªjâšiy.

1920M« M©oš, mu¥gh mfHhŒî bjhl§f¥ bg‰wJ.1922M« M©L bkhfŠrjhnuh ef® mfHhŒî brŒa¥g£lJ.

33

Mâ¤ješÿU« bghUiebtË ehfÇfK«4

ït‰iw¥ g‰¿¢ brŒâ ïjœfËš tU« brŒâfis c‹Å¥ghf c‰Wneh¡» tªnj‹.

âuhÉl ehfÇf«1927 M« M©L âr«g®¤ â§fËš btËtªj “khl®‹

buÉô” (Modern Review) v‹w â§fŸ ïjiH¥ gh®¡F« thŒ¥òV‰g£lJ. m›tÇa btËp£oš, bkhfŠrjhnuh mfHhŒitK‹Å‹W el¤J« nguháÇa® M®.o.ghd®¢á mt®fŸâuhÉl ehfÇf« (Dravidian Civilization) v‹w jiy¥ãš X® mÇaf£Liu vGâ ïUªjh®. m¡ f£LiuÆš mt® áªJbtËehfÇf« âuhÉl ehfÇfnk v‹W Äf¢ áw¥ghf vL¤J¡fh£oÆUªjh®. mâš mt® F¿¥ghf, “m©ikÆš áªJbtËÆY« gYá¤jhÅY« eilbg‰w f©Lão¥òfŸ,ïªâahÉš Äf¤ bj‹nfhoÆYŸs âUbešntÈ kht£l¤âÈUªJ (Mâ¤ješÿÇÈUªJ) mWªJ nghfhj xU r§»È¤bjhl®nghš âuhÉl®fË‹ g©gh£L¤ bjhl®ò cŸsJ”v‹W És¡»¡ fh£oíŸsh®. nkY« mt® m¡ f£LiuÆšMâ¤j ešÿ®¤ jhÊ, br§f‰g£L¤ jhÊ, áªJbtË¤ jhÊM»at‰iw¥ gl«ão¤J e‹F bgh¿¤JŸsh®. ïtuJf£Liu v‹ cŸs¤ij¡ ft®ªjJ. áªJbtË mfHhŒit¥g‰¿ nkY« m¿a nt©Lbk‹w X® mthit vG¥ãaJ.

áªJbtË ehfÇf«1931M« M©L ïªâa eLt© muá‹ bjhš bghUŸ

MŒî¤Jiw ïa¡Fe® jsgâ (Director General) r® rh©kh®ršmt®fŸ vGâ btËÆ£l “bkhfŠrjhnuhî« áªJbtËehfÇfK«” v‹w üÈ‹ _‹W bjhFâfisí« go¤nj‹.áªJbtËÆš mfœªJ f©l átÈ§f§fS« át‹, m«gythz®, cika«ik âUîUt§fS« áªJ btË¥g©ghLâuhÉl¥ g©ghnl v‹W mt® Koã‰Ftu _yfhuzkhfïUªJŸsd v‹w v©z« vd¡F vGªjJ. ‘áªJbtË,ntshs® f©l átbe¿ Äf¤ bjh‹ik thŒªj be¿; m~Jï‹W« bgh‹whJ cÆUl‹ Ãyî»wJ’ v‹W mtuJ üÈ‹K‹DiuÆš F¿¥ã£oU¥gJ vdJ cŸs¤ij¥ bgÇJ«


âuhÉl ïa¡f¤â‹ ngh¡F1932 M« M©oš


Ål«, Mâ¤ješÿ® mfœ MŒit¥ g‰¿ üšfŸ vitnaD« btË tªJŸsdth? v‹W ÉdÉnd‹. mj‰F, mt®Äf¥gÇîl‹ “Mâ¤ješÿ® mfHhŒit¥g‰¿ 1915 M«M©L xU üš btË tªJŸsJ; m~J v‹Ål« ïšiy;br‹idÆš cŸs gH« bghUŸ fh£á¢ rhiyÆš (Museum)crhî§fŸ” v‹wh®. eh‹, 1950 M« M©oš br‹id¡F¢br‹¿UªjbghGJ mªüY¡fhf¥ gy ïl§fËY« njomiyªJ, ïWâahf¢ br‹id muá‹ m¢rf¤âš xU üiyÉiy bfhL¤J th§»nd‹. mªüš, “bgU«ghô®,Mâ¤ješÿ® M»at‰¿ÈUªJ f©l tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰FKªâa gH« bghUŸfË‹ g£oaš (Catalogue of the Pre-historicAntiquities from Adichanallur and Perumbai by Alexandar Rea F.S.A. (scott)v‹w üyhF«. mj‹ ãwF Mâ¤ješÿ® jiynahLfŸ (TheAdichanallur Skulls) v‹W âU.vÞ. r¡f®nk‹ (Zuckerman M.A.,M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.) vGâa üiyí« th§»¡ fU¤ö‹¿¥gÆ‹WŸns‹. m¥bghGJ« Mâ¤ješÿiu¥ g‰¿ üšvGj nt©L« v‹w v©z« vGªjâšiy.

fiy¥gÂ1955 M« M©L ïy§ifÆš eh‹ el¤âa bjhÊšfis

ÃW¤âÉ£L ïªâahÉ‰F tªJ, eh‹ nrfÇ¤J it¤âUªjüšfis¥ gÆy¤ bjhl§»nd‹. 1962 M« M©L br¥bl«g®¤ â§fËÈUªJ bjhl® f£Liufshf¢ á§f¥ó®“jÄœKuR” v‹w ešy ehŸbtËp£o‹ PhÆW kyÇšâUÉs¡F, jhkiu, rhtf¡fiy, f¥g‰fiy, XÉa«, fhRngh‹w jiy¥ãš f£LiufŸ vGâ tªnj‹. jÄœeh£L¤âUÉs¡FfŸ v‹w v‹Dila bjhl® f£Liufis¤bjhF¤J 1.1.1964 ïš v‹ e©g® kiwªj khnkij r©Kfehj‹ Ãidthf xU üiy btËÆ£nl‹. mªüš mªjM©oš btËtªj fiy üšfËš áwªjJ v‹W jÄHfmuá‹ Kj‰ gÇir¥ bg‰wJ. mj‹ ã‹ btËtªj “jÄH®g©gh£oš jhkiu” “jÄHf¢ rhtf¡ fiy¤ bjhl®òfŸ”v‹w üšfŸ jÄHf muá‹ gÇRfis¥ bg‰wd. jÄH®g©gh£oš jhkiu v‹w üiy kJiu¥ gšfiy¡ fHf«1971 ïš ã.V., ã.vÞ.á., tF¥òfS¡F¥ ghlüyhf V‰W¡bfh©LŸsJ. mij¤ bjhl®ªJ f¥gš, mÂfy‹fŸ, ahœ,bfh‰if ngh‹wt‰iw¥ g‰¿ MŒªJ MuhŒ¢á üšfŸ vGjK‰g£nl‹. mit üyh¡f« bg‰W btËtªJŸsd.ï~j‹¿ ïiwtÅ‹ v©tif tot§fŸ, jÄœ eh£L XÉa«,jÄH® g©gh£oš ahid, jÄH® g©gh£oš gh«ò, áªJbtË¤ âuhÉl ehfÇf«, jÄH® eh£oa«, jÄH® jh©lt«,


jÄœeh£L¡ fhRfŸ, jÄœeh£L MilfŸ, jÄœeh£LkU¤Jt«, jÄœeh£L¥ gwitfŸ, jÄœeh£L _ÈiffŸ,jÄœeh£L ïir¡fUÉfŸ, jÄœeh£L¡ f£ol¡fiy, jÄœeh£L¥ gil¡fy‹fŸ, jÄœeh£L ky®fŸ, jÄœeh£L¥gok§fŸ ngh‹w üšfis vGj¤ â£lÄ£L vGâ Ko¤JŸns‹. jÄG¡F¤ bjh©lh‰¿a maš eh£l¿P®fŸ,nk‰fháahÉš jÄH® ehfÇf« v‹w bga®fËš gy üšfŸvGâíŸns‹. ïªüšfis vGj¥ gy üšfis¥ go¡fnt©oa Kj‹ik vGªjJ.

cyfshÉa jÄH® g©ghLm›thW go¤j üšfËš, br‹id¥ gšfiy¡ fHf

tuyh‰W¤ Jiw, bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw¥ nguháÇa®É.M®.ïuhk¢rªâu Ô£áj® vGâa, “jÄœ¥ g©ghL v‹whšv‹d?” v‹W 1937 ïš fšf¤jhÉÈUªJ btËtªj “â ÃôbuÉô” v‹w â§fŸ btËp£oš btËtªj mÇa f£Liuí«“jÄH®fË‹ njh‰wK« guîjY«” v‹W 1971ïš btËtªj mtuJ üY« (Origin and Spread of the Tamils) v‹w üY«v‹id¥ bgÇJ« ft®ªJŸsd. mt‰¿š, MáÇa®, Mâ¤ješÿÇY« áªJbtËÆY« mfœªJ f©l bghUŸfSŸtuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‹ cŸs jiynahLfis¥ g‰¿í«Mâ¤ješÿÇY« taš eh£oY« f©blL¡f¥g£l jhÊfËY« rhofËYKŸs òijašfisí« k£gh©l§fisí« g‰¿ e‹F MŒªJ vL¤J¡ fh£oíŸsh®. g©il¤jÄH®fŸ ãz§fis¥ òij¡F« Kiwfisí« Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ ãz¡FÊfËš mfœªJ f©lbghUŸfŸ bj‹ïªâahÉš òâa fš CÊia mL¤J mU«ãa giHa ïU«òCÊÆ‹ fhy¤â‰F tuyh‰iw Ú£l¢ brŒJŸsJ v‹gijí« Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ g©ghL, g©gh£o‹ Ãiy¤ âÇò¥gUt¤â‹ â£lkhf ïUªjJ v‹gijí« És¡»íŸsh®.mJ gÆ®¤ bjhÊš m¿it cŸsl¡» ïU«ò k©bt£oÆÈUªJ g‹dÇthŸ, bešcÄ, âid M»at‰iw¥g‰¿am¿ití« cŸsl¡» ïUªjJ. mJ m«k¡fŸ bg‰¿UªjïU«ò¥ g©gh£o‰F V‰w vL¤J¡ fh£lhF«. m§FŸscÄí«, k£gh©l§fS« giHa ï‰W¥nghd gŠrhilí«mt®fŸ bg‰¿Uªj gÆ®¤ bjhÊš, gU¤â¢ rhFgo, k£gh©l« brŒjš, gU¤â Milfis beŒjš KjÈa bjhÊšts¤ijí« fh£oaJ. m§F¡ »il¤j jhJ¥ bghUŸfŸmt®fŸ caÇa cHî¡ fUÉfŸ, k£gh©l« tidí«â»ÇfŸ, beŒjš bjhÊY¡F nt©oa fUÉfŸ, bt©fyVd§fŸ gil¡fy‹fŸ brŒí« âw‹ KjÈat‰¿‰F V‰w


vL¤J¡ fh£lhf cŸsd. m§F¡ »il¤j bgh‰g£l§fŸmt®fË‹ bršt¢ áw¥ig vL¤J¡ fh£L»‹wd. áªJ btËÆš cŸs áiyfËš fhQ« g£l« Mâ¤ješÿ® jÄH®kuò tH¡f¤ij bah£oajhf kâ¡f¥gL»wJ. ïªj kuòtH¡f« ikÓdh (Mycena), v»¥J (Äáu«) KjÈa ehLfËY«fhz¥gL»wJ. »ß£ ÔÉš cŸs nehrhR (Knossos) eh£o‹Rt® XÉa§fËY« g£l§fŸ f£l¥ g£oU¥gJ bjËthf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wJ. ïit jÄH® g©ghL v§bfšyh«guÉÆUªjd v‹gj‰F ešy rh‹whf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd.

jÄH® xU jÅ ïd«1951M« M©oš m¿P® É.M®. ïuhk¢rªâu Ô£rj®

v«.V., M‰¿a, r® cšÈa« bkŒa® ÉÇîiufŸ v‹w ng¢R¡fis (Sir William Meyer Lectures) “tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F Kªâabj‹ ïªâah” (Pre-Historic South India) v‹w bgaÇš br‹id¥gšfiy¡ fHf« üš totkh¡» ek¡F¤ jªJŸsJ. mªüÈšMáÇa® j« tuyh‰W MŒî¤ âwidí« bjhšbghUŸ MŒîEQ¡f¤ijí« e‹F ga‹gL¤â¤ ‘jÄH® xU jÅ ïd«mt®fË‹ g©ghL, ehfÇf«, rka«, bjhÊš âw« M»aitcy»š bjh‹ik thŒªjd, x¥òa® t‰wd’ v‹gij MŒªJbjËªJ Mjhu« fh£o bkŒ¥ã¤JŸsh®. mtuJ üš, jÄH®ehfÇf¤ij Ãiyeh£L« v~F muzhf mikªJŸsJ.mtuJ üÈš bj‹ ïªâahÉ‹ Ãy ïaš, tuyhW gH§f‰fhy« bjh£L ïU«ò¡ fhy«, ï‹iwa tuyh‰W¡ fhy«tiu jÄH®fŸ M‰¿a bjhÊšfŸ, tÂf«, flš tÂf«,ehfÇf« KjÈait e‹F vL¤J¡fh£l¥g£LŸsd.mt‰¿š áw¥ghf¥ g¤jhÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹ ky®ªjïU«ò¥ g©gh£o‹ V‰w« bkŒ¥ã¡f¥g£LŸsJ. jÄœeh£L kUjÃy k¡fŸ f©l ïU«ò¥ g©gh£lhš bjhÊšts« bgU»aijí« bjhÊš bgU¡fhš vGªj ÉisbghUŸfisí« brŒbghUŸfisí« É‰gid brŒJ jÄH®fË‹ehL áw¡fî« ts®ªJ tU« jÄH® FKfha« cyfbk§F«br‹W Fonawî« beŒjš Ãy¥gujt®fŸ Mœflš flªJbr‹W Äf¥ ghJfh¥ghf¤ âU«g tU« f¥gšfis¤ âw«glX£o v‹W« mÊah tuyh‰W¥ òfiH


fshd jÄH®fŸ bj‹ ïªâahÉš njh‹¿ ïªâah KGtJ«guÉ všy«, RnkÇah KjÈa ehLfS¡F ÃytÊahfî« Ú®tÊahfî« br‹W tÂf« ts®¤jt®fŸ v‹gj‰F¥ gyrh‹WfŸ fh£o bkŒ¥ã¤JŸsh®. áªJ btËÆš k£LÄ‹¿ v»¥J, všy«, RnkÇah, »ß£, mbkÇ¡fh KjÈa ehLfËbyšyh« Fona¿, ehfÇf¤â‹ É¤J¡fis¤ öÉat®fŸv‹W ÉÇthf vL¤J¡ fh£oíŸsh®. áw¥ghf¤ jÄH®fŸbj‹ÅªâahÉš njh‹¿ tl ïªâahÉY« flš flªJ gyÔîfËY« gy f©l§fËY« Fona¿at®fŸ v‹W MÂ¤jukhf bkŒ¥ã¤JŸsh®. jÄH®fnsh âuhÉl®fnsh mašehLfËÅ‹W ïªâahÉš Fona¿at®fŸ mšy® v‹WcWâ¥gL¤âíŸsh®.

ïU«ò CÊ“tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£l bj‹Åªâah” v‹w

üÈš Mâ¤ješÿÇš mU«ãa ïU«ò¥ g©gh£o‰F¢ áw¥ghd ïl« mË¤JŸsh®. ïU«ò¥ g©ghnl jÄH®fË‹gÆ®¤bjhÊY¡F« Vida bjhÊšts¤J¡F«, tÂfts®¢á¡F« M¡f« mË¤jJ, m~â‹¿ mt®fË‹ E©z¿É‰F« rka¢ áw¥ã‰F« bjŒt§fË‹ caÇa j‹ik¡F«bkhÊ ts®¢á¡F« vG¤J¡fË‹ V‰w¤â‰F« tÈÉ‰F«thœÉ‰F« ïU«ò¥ g©ghnl fhuz« v‹W mt® nkY«vL¤J¡ fh£oíŸsh®.

ïU«ò¥ g©gh£il kUjÃy k¡fŸ e‹F ga‹gL¤â¤jh§fŸ e‹F thœªjnjhL Vida eh‹F ÃyK« mªÃyk¡fË‹ thœî« ts«bgw¤ j§fŸ m¿ití« ciH¥igí«nghâa msî mË¤J, jÄœeh£oš kiyts«, fh£Lts«,flšts« áw¡f mt®fŸ M‰¿a bjh©L v‹W« ngh‰w¤j¡fJ v‹gJ mt®j« üÈ‹f© e‹F És¡»¡ fh£l¥bg‰WŸsJ.

ifkhW fUjhj jÄœ¤bjh©LMâ¤ješÿ®¥ g©gh£o‰F¢ áw¥ghd ïl«

mË¤JŸs xnuüš ‘tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£l bj‹ïªâah’ v‹w ünyahF«. mª üiy vd¡F¤ jªJ cjÉat®v‹ cl‹ãw¥gidauhŒ És§F« e©g® ïy§ifÆš cŸsf©oefU¡F m©ikÆš cŸs jy¤Ja® jÄH¿P® nf. fnzRmt®fnsaht®. mt® ifkhW fUjhJ gy mÇa üšfisth§» vd¡F mË¤J, ah‹ gÆ‹W fiy üšfŸ ah¡f¡fUâ¤ bjh©lh‰¿ tªJŸsh®. mt® mË¤j üšfËš ïªüš áw¥ghf¡ F¿¥ãl¤j¡fjhF«. 1968 M« M©L ïy§if


k¡fŸ m‹òl‹ vd¡F mË¤j xU bgÇa ghuh£L ÉHhÉ‰Feh‹ nghÆUªj bghGJ ïªüiy mt® jªJjÉdh®. 10M©Lfshf¤ âU«g¤ âU«g¥ go¤J¥ gy F¿¥ò¡fS«vL¤JŸns‹. mªüš vd¡F¤ njÅD« Ä¡f ïÅjhf¤â¤â¡»wJ v‹W gyKiw e©g® gyÇl« T¿tªJŸns‹;v‹whY« Mâ¤j ešÿ® mfœ MŒit¥g‰¿ X® MuhŒ¢áüš vGj nt©L« v‹w v©z¤ij v‹ cŸs¤âš VndhvG¥gÉšiy v‹gJ jh‹ Éa¥ò.

âU¥òKid1974 M« M©L rdtÇ¤ â§fËš nrhÉa¤J nrhrÈr

eh£o‹ muR btËÆL« “nrhÉa¤ ehL” v‹gJ â§fŸ ïUKiw btËtU« X® mH»a jhËifahF«. mâš cUáam¿P® mby¡rhªj® bfhªju¤njh› v‹gtuhš “ïby_Çahf©l¤â‹ kUk«” v‹W VG bjhl® f£LiufŸ vGj¥bg‰W btËtªjd. mit jÄœ, M§»y«, kiyahs«,bjY§F, f‹dl«, ïªâ, t§f« KjÈa gâdh‹F bkhÊfËšbtËtªjd. mt‰iw¥ go¤J k»œªnj‹. m¥ghš m¡f£Liu MáÇauhš, m¡f£Liufis¤ jGÉ, ‘_‹Wkh¡flšfË‹ òâ®’ v‹W cUáa bkhÊÆš vGj¥bg‰WM§»y¤âš bkhÊah¡f« brŒa¥bg‰W 1974 ïš btËtªjmÇa üiyí« gÆ‹nw‹. mjid¥ go¡FkhW br‹id¥g¢ira¥g‹ fšÿÇ¤ jÄœ¥ nguháÇaU« mUike©gUkhd Kidt® nfh. ïuhk¢rªâu‹ ö©odh®. mijclnd ò¤jf¡ filÆš th§» e‹F Rit¤J¥ go¤nj‹.maš eh£l¿P®fŸ jÄœ ïd¤ij¥ g‰¿ vGâa üšfËšïtuJ üš jiyaha ïl¤ij¥ bgw¤j¡fJ v‹W f©nl‹.mt® jkJ üÈš jÄH®fŸ âuhÉl ïd¤â‹ K‹ndhofŸv‹W« mt®fŸ kiwªJnghd ïby_Çah f©l¤â‹vŠáa gFâahd ehtyªÔÉš njh‹¿, bj‹ÅªâahÉY«,tl ïªâahÉY« guÉa bjh‹KJ¡ Fok¡fŸ v‹W«,ït®fŸ maš ehLfËÅ‹W jÄœeh£o‰F tuÉšiyv‹W«, jÄœeh£oš njh‹¿ vš, cigâah, všy«, RnkÇahehLfËš Fona¿, m§F¥ gÆ®¤ bjhÊiy ts®¤J¥ gšntWif¤ bjhÊšfis¥ bgU¡»¢ rka¤ijí« g©gh£ilí«ehfÇf¤ijí« ts®¤jt®fŸ v‹W« bjËªJ És¡»¡fh£oíŸsd®. nkY« mt® jÄœbkhÊ, âuhÉl bkhÊ¡FL«g¤ij¢ nr®ªj bjh‹ikahd bkhÊ, jÄH®fŸ bj‹ÅªâahÉš njh‹¿a bjhšgH§Fo k¡fsht® v‹W« ït®fŸïU¡F kiw TW« MÇa®fŸ ïªj Éa¤jF ïªâa eh£o‰FtUtj‰F K‹ng ïªâa ehL KGtJ« guÉ thœªJ tUgt®fsht® v‹W« T¿íŸsh®.


âuhÉl bkhÊ bj‹ÅªâahÉš k£Lk‹W, eLïªâahÉY« tl ïªâahÉY« guÉ ïUªjJ. MÆu¡fz¡fhd M©LfS¡F K‹d®¤ âuhÉl bkhÊ gYá¤jhÅY«


vUJ C®âadhf¡ f©ld®. MÇa®fŸ ïªâahÉ‰F tªjã‹d® ïU¡F ntj¤ij vGj¥ gÆ‹wd®. âuhÉl®fË‹bkŒ¥ bghUŸfisí« rka¤ijí« g©gh£ilí« fiyfisí« jGÉ¡ bfh©ld®. nkY« mt®fŸ mij¤ jkjh¡fî« bt£f¥glÉšiy (g¡. 179-181) v‹gt‰iwbašyh«És¡fkhf vL¤J¡fh£oíŸsh®.

âuhÉl ehfÇf« ïªâahÉ‰F tl¡»ÈUªJ tuÉšiyïby_Çah¡ f©l¤â‹ _ykhf vGªj âuhÉl ehfÇf«cy»š nk‰»Y«, tl¡»Y«, »H¡»Y« guÉaJ; ïby_Çahnt kÅjFy ehfÇf¤â‹ bjh£oš; cy»š gH« bgU«ehfÇf« _‹¿š ïu©L ehfÇf§fŸ âuhÉl bkhÊgÆ‹wt®fË‹ bjhl®òilajhŒ ïU¥gJ Éa¡f¤j¡fJv‹W« F¿¥ã£LŸsh® (g¡.132). âuhÉl ehfÇf« bj‹ïªâahÉš njh‹¿, áªJbtËÆš »is¤J¤ jË®¤Jbkh¡FÉ£L ky®ªJ, mj‹ ÉijfŸ mš, cig¤, všy«,RnkÇah, v»¥J KjÈa ehLfËbyšyh« guÉ kz« år¢brŒJŸsJ. âuhÉl ehfÇf« ïªâahÉ‰F btËÆÈUªnjh,mšyJ tl ïªâahÉÈUªnjh bj‹ ïªâahÉ‰F tªjJv‹W TWtj‰F Mjhu« vJî« ïšiy; âuhÉl ehfÇf«bj‹ ïªâahÉš njh‹¿ tl ïªâah KGtJ« guÉ,cigâah tÊahf všy«, RnkÇah, v»¥J, »ß£, M¥ãÇ¡fh,mbkÇ¡fh KjÈa ehLfËbyšyh« òFªJ thœî« tsK«mË¤JŸsJ v‹W Û©L« Û©L« tÈíW¤J« tifÆšvL¤J¡ fh£oíŸsh®. (g¡. 148-150). gšyhÆu« M©LfS¡FK‹ âuhÉl®fË‹ _y¤jhafkhf ïUªj ïby_Çah¡f©lK«, mj‹ mÊÉ‰F¥ã‹ ÃyÉa v¢r Ä¢r§fshdjÄHfK« (ehtyª Ôî«) ãw ÔîfS« âuhÉl ehfÇf¤â‰Fmo¥gilahf ïUªjd v‹W btF mHfhf vL¤J¡fh£oíŸsh®.

Mdhš, ïby_Çah¡ f©l« v‹gJ x‹W ÃyÉïUªjJ v‹gj‰F cWâahd m¿Éaš gh§fhd, mšyJtuyh‰W¤ bjhl®ghd mšyJ Ãy üš - k©ûš gh§fhdrh‹WfŸ vijí« fh£lÉšiy. mtuJ üiy ïWâ tiugo¤nj‹. mtuJ bfhŸif¡F mu© brŒí« rh‹W vijí«fh£lÉšiy. 1971M« M©oš nrhÉa¤ muR ïªJkh¡flÈ‹ mo¤js¤ij MŒî brŒa¡ fUâ¡ flš MŒîbrŒtj‰nf‰w všyh E£gkhd fUÉfS« ïl« bg‰wÉ¤ahR v‹D« f¥gš _y« MŒî brŒjJ. nrhÉa¤ flšMŒî tšYe® (Soviet Oceanographers) f©l Koîfis mt®vL¤J¡ fh£Lth® v‹W vâ® gh®¤nj‹. Koî x‹W«


mtuJ üÈš ïl«bgwÉšiy. nkY« mt® ïby_Çahbjhl®ghd á¡fšfis¥ g‰¿a MuhŒ¢áfËš vtuJ T‰WrÇahdJ v‹W TwÉšiy. ek¡F¤ bjÇahJ v‹w Éilia¤jh‹ eh« Û©L« Twnt©oíŸsJ. bjhšbghUŸ MŒî,kÅj ïd ïaš, kÅj tuyhW KjÈat‰¿‹ ï¥nghijaÃiyiaí« ãw JiwfËyhd ï¥ nghija m¿th‰wiyí«it¤J¡ bfh©L vªj¡ fU¤J rÇahdJ v‹W bkŒ¥ã¤JÉlKoahJ; ïªJkh¡ flÈš ïby_Çah¡ f©l« ïUªjgFâ vd¡ fUj¥gL« ïl¤â‹ mo¥gu¥ig c‹Å¥ghfMŒî brŒj ãwFjh‹ ïby_Çahit¥ g‰¿a fU¤J rÇahjtwh v‹gij¢ brhšYtJ« mj‹ cjÉíl‹ bjh‹ikahd ïªâa ehfÇf«, k¡fË‹ njh‰w« ïit r«gªjkhdãu¢áidfisí« k‰W« ïJtiu Ô®î fhz¥glhJŸsãu¢áidfisí« mQf KaštJ rh¤âakhF«” (ïby_Çaf©l¤â‹ k®k« v‹w f£LiuÆ‹ ïWâÆš) v‹W vL¤J¡fh£oíŸsh®.

nkY« ïij ‘_‹W kh¡flšfË‹ òâ®’ v‹w Éiykâ¡fbth©zhj mÇa üÈY« vL¤J¡ fh£oíŸsh®.v‹whY« MáÇa® j« fU¤J¡fS¡F ešy Mjhukhfmikªj ïby_ÇahÉ‹ cWâahd Ãiyia vL¤J¡fh£lhJ É£LÉ£lJ xUbgU§ Fiwahf nea®fS¡F¥òy¥gL« v‹gij v‹dhš brhšyhkš ïU¡f KoaÉšiy.

ïby_ÇahÉ‹ v¢rÄ¢r§fŸMdhš ïby_ÇahÉ‹ cWâahd Ãiyia mt®

vL¤J¡fh£l KoahÉ£lhY« ïby_Çah ÚÇš _œ»É£lã‹, mj‹ xU gFâahf És§»a jÄHf« v‹D« ehtyª Ôî(xËehL) ÃyÉ ïUªjijí« mj‹ mÊÉ‰F¥ ã‹ mj‹v¢rÄ¢rkhf ïUªJtU« ïy§if, Kšiy¤ Ôî, bj‹ïªâah KjÈat‰iwí« bj‹ ïªâahÉš cŸs Mâ¤ješÿÇš mU«ãa ïU«ò¥ g©gh£ilí« jkJ üY¡FcÇa bgÇa ešy rh‹whf vL¤J¡ fh£lhf ÉÇthf¡ fh£oÆU¡fyh«. mJ jÄHuJ ÓÇa gH«bgU« ehfÇf¤â‰FMÂ¤jukhd rh‹whf mikªâU¡F«. 10 MÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹ Mâ¤j ešÿ® ïU«ò¥ g©ghL cy»ny x¥g‰wcaÇa g©ghlhf ïUªjJ mtuJ bfhŸif¡F cWâahdmo¥gilahŒ ïU¥gnjhL mtuJ üY¡F M¡f« mË¥gjhfî«, ešy muzhfî« mikªâU¡F«. Mdhš mtU¡FMâ¤ješY®¥ g©gh£il¥ g‰¿ mQtsî« bjÇahJv‹W mtUila üšfŸ _y« e‹F m¿»nwh«. Mâ¤j


ešÿ® g©gh£il¥ g‰¿ mâfkhf ekJ ïªâa eh£ošcŸs bjhšbghUŸJiw tšYe®fS¡nfh, mfHhŒîtšYe®fS¡nfh e‹F bjÇahbj‹whš maš eh£oYŸsï‹iwa m¿P®fS¡F m~J v¥go¤ bjÇªâU¡f Koí«?fhuz« Mâ¤j ešÿ® mfHhŒî¥ bghUŸfis¥ g‰¿ 1915M« M©oš btËtªj m¿P® mby¡rhªj® - ïßahmt®fË‹ g£oaiy¤ jÉu ntW üš vJî« btËtªjjhf¤bjÇaÉšiy.

mªj¥ g£oašTl Rkh® 1000 gofŸ m¢ál¥g£L1925-¡FŸ É‰gidah» ïU¡F«. mjdhš Mâ¤ješÿ®mfHhŒit¥ g‰¿a c©ikfŸ bfhªjnuh¤ njh› ngh‹wm¿P®fS¡F v£oÆU¡f KoahJ. jÄH®fŸ Mâ¤j ešÿ®mfœ MŒit¥ g‰¿ m¿a MŒî üšfis vGâ mašeh£l¿P®fŸ if¡F v£LkhW brŒâU¡f nt©L«. mâšeh« jt¿iH¤JŸnsh«.

vdnt, bfhªâuh¤ njh› mt®fË‹ ‘_‹Wkh¡flšfË‹ òâ®fŸ’ v‹w üiy¥ go¤jJ«, mJ Mâ¤ješÿ® mfHhŒit¥ g‰¿ xU üš vGj nt©L« v‹wcWâahd M®t¤ij v‹ cŸs¤âš cªâ vH¢brŒJ É£lJ.m~J vd¡F xU âU¥ò KidahŒ É£lJ. Mâ¤j ešÿ®mfHhŒit¥ g‰¿a c©ikfis maš eh£L m¿P®fŸm¿íkhW brŒant©oaJ jÄœeh£o‹ caÇa gÂahF«;jÄH®fË‹ mÇa bjh©L« MF«. jÄœ vG¤jhsÇ‹ï‹¿aikahj flikíkhF« v‹W fUând‹. cldoahfMâ¤j ešÿ® mfHhŒî v‹w mU« bgU« MŒî üiyvGâ btËÆl¡ f§fz« f£o¡ bfh©nl‹.

vdJ KJik¥ gUt¤ijí« clš ey« F‹¿ÆU¥gijí« bghU£gL¤jhJ 1978 M« M©o‹ bjhl¡f¤ânyvGj¤ â£lÄ£L vGj¤ bjhl§»nd‹. gšntW ï‹dšfS¡F« ïilôWfS¡F« ïilna g‹Åu©L â§fËšxU ešy Ãiwthd üyhf vGâ Ko¤JŸns‹. mašeh£Lm¿P®fŸ m¿tj‰F “Mâ¤j ešÿU« bghUie btËehfÇfK«” v‹w ïªüš M§»y bkhÊah¡f« brŒa¥g£LbtËtu nt©L« v‹W v©ÂíŸns‹.

áªJbtË ehfÇfªjh‹, MÇa®fŸ ïªâa eh£o‰FŸmobaL¤J it¡F« K‹d® cy»š x¥g‰w ehL, efu«,mu©, muR, bjhÊš, g©ghL KjÈat‰iw cUth¡»at®fŸ âuhÉl®fŸ v‹D« caÇa c©ikfis cyf¿a¢brŒjJ. ïjid m¿P®fŸ M®.o.ghd®¢á, r® rh©kh®rš,


lh¡l®, ï.nr.vŒ¢, bk¡nf, v«.vÞ. th£R, nf.v‹.Ô£á¤,tat® kh®£ok® cÆy®, v©oÇ ïuhR mofŸ ngh‹nwh®cy»‰F cz®¤âd®.

Mdhš, áªJbtË mfHhŒî¤ JiwÆš


âuhÉl¥ g©gh£o‹ ÛJ òâa xËáªJbtË mfœ MŒî bjhl§F K‹ MÇa®fns áwªj

g©gh£ilí« ehfÇf¤ijí« bkhÊiaí« rka¤ijí«cila ïd« v‹W«, mt®fns mehfÇfK«, mH»‹ikí«m¿É‹ikí« thŒªj âuhÉl k¡fis m¿îilat®fshí«,mw« cz®ªjt®fshí«, bjŒt cz®î cilat®fshí«bkhÊ, vG¤J KjÈat‰iw M¡» mË¤J ca®¤âat®fshí« giwao¤J tªjd®. Mdhš âUtdªjòu« nguháÇa®Rªju«ãŸis mt®fŸ eh‹ m¿ªj msÉš, jÄH® xU jÅïd« v‹w c©ik¡F monfhÈdh®. âUbešntÈ ca®âUfh. R¥ãukÂaãŸis, v«.V., v«.vš. mt®fŸ jÄH®fË‹átbe¿ ntW MÇa®fË‹ Rkh®¤j kj« v‹w ïªJkj«ntW v‹W Kj‹Kjyhf vL¤J¡fh£o MÇa cy»‰F miwTÉdh®.

kh¥ ngu¿P® kiwkiy mofŸ jÄœ, cy»ny xUjÅ¤âa§ftšy caÇa br«bkhÊ. ï~J MÇa bkhÊnahLv›tif¤ bjhl®ò« ï‹¿, vGªj jÅbkhÊ v‹w fU¤ij¡T¿¤ jÅ¤jÄÊš vGjî«, ngrî« M¡f_£odh®. m¿P®ïuhg®£ fhšLbtš T¿a fU¤J¡fis mu© brŒjh®. áªJbtË mfœ MŒî KoîfŸ btËtªj ã‹ - m~jhtJ 1927M« M©o‰F¥ã‹, jÄH® xU jÅ ïd« mt®fŸ clšmik¥ghš, t©z¤jhš, bkhÊahš, rka¤jhš, flîŸe«ã¡ifahš, cilahš, czthš, g©gh£lhš, ehfÇf¤jhš, kfËiu kâ¡F« gh§fhš, Fy¤ij neá¡F« KiwahšmÂfy‹fŸ mÂí« Kiwahš, MÇa®fËÅ‹W K‰¿Y«khWg£lt®fŸ. MÇa®fŸ ML, khLfis nkŒ¤J¡ Fâiu,ML KjÈat‰iw k¡fŸ bjŒt¤â‰F ntŸÉbrŒJ nrhk¢rhW gU», mo¡fo, òy« bga®ªJ bršY« k¡fshŒ ïªâahÉ‰FŸ òFªJ âuhÉl®fis bt‹W âuhÉl ïªâahitïu©lhf¥ ãsªJ MÇaht®¤j«, bj¡fhz« v‹wãÇÉidia ts®¤jt®fŸ v‹w c©ik òydhÆ‰W.

mu¥g‹ g©ghL Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ g©gh£o‰F mË¤j M¡f«âuhÉl®fŸ, áªJbtËÆš gÆ®¤ bjhÊY¡F monfhÈ

mij¥ gh§Fw ts®¤J, k£gh©l« tidjš, JÂ beŒjš,bt©fy Vd§fis¢ rik¤jš, ehL, efu«, åL, bjU¡fŸ,Fs§fŸ, _Lrh¡filfŸ mik¤jš ngh‹w eÅ áwªjehfÇf§fis¡ ».K. 4000M« M©LfS¡F K‹ng f©lt®fŸ.MÇa®fŸ ïªeh£o‰F tUtj‰F MÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹bkhÊ, vG¤J¡fis mik¤jt®fŸ. irt rka¤ijí«, át‹,


r¤â, Mltšyh‹, fzgâ KjÈa bjŒt cUt§fisí«f©lt®fŸ - f¥gš f£L« js¤ij cy»š Kj‹KjyhfcUth¡»at®fŸ. Mœflšfis¡ flªJ maš eh£odnuhLtÂf« ts®¡f¤ bjÇªjt®fŸ. ït®fns cy»ny Kj‹Kjyhf x¥g‰w ehfÇf¤ij cUth¡»at®fŸ v‹w c©ikia¢áªJbtË mfHhŒî« Mâ¤ješÿ® mfHhŒî« vL¤J¡fh£od. áªJbtË¥ g©ghL, âuhÉl¥ g©ghL v‹w Koò,Mâ¤ješÿ®¤ jÄH® g©gh£il MŒtj‰F M¡fK«,C¡fK« mË¤jd v‹gJ cz®j‰ghyJ.

ïªj¥ gFâ M¡f¤â‰F cjÉa üšfŸ(Bibliography)

1. Modern Review - (Calcutta) 1927. (Monthly Magazine).

2. Catalogue of Pre-historic Antiquties from Adichanallur and Perumbairby Alexandar Rea F.S.R. (Scott) Madras 1915.

3. Adichanallur Skulls by Zucker Man (Madras) 1930.

4. Pre-historic South India by Prof. V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar M.A.(Madras) 1951.

5. The Riddles of Three Oceans by Alexandar Kondratov (Moscow)1974.

6. Light from the Ancient Past by Jack Finegan (London) 5th Printing1951.

7. The Mystery of Lemuria by Alexandar Kondratov (Sovient Land).INDIA (Jan. 1974).


2. bjhšbghUŸ MŒÉašARCHAEOLOGY

MŒÉaÈš òâa xË“bjhšbghUŸ MŒÉaš” v‹gJ k¡fË‹ giHik¢

brŒâfis¥g‰¿a m¿Éaš MŒîrh®ªj mÇaJiw vd¥bghUŸjU«. K‰fhy¤âš thœªj KJk¡fË‹ thœ¡ifKiwfisí«, czî Éis¤jÈ‹ j‹ikfisí«, MilmÂfy‹fŸ M¡F« tÊfisí«, åL, mu©kid khËif,mu© fsŠáa« f£L« Kiwfisí«, ehL efu« mik¡F«âwidí«, cÆ®JwªjhÇ‹ clšfis ml¡f« brŒí«tÊKiwfisí« bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw ÉÇthf MŒîbrŒJ tU»wJ. ï‹W bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw cyfbk§F« guÉ ÉÇtilªJŸsJ.

nkY« m~J m¿Éaš gh§fhf MœªJ MŒî brŒJtU»‹wJ. ï¤Jiw, MâÆš Ãy¤ij mfœªJ MŒî brŒí«Kiwia (Excavation) mo¥gilahŒ¡ bfh©oUªjJ v‹gJbjËî.

m¥ghš, m¤JiwÆš mâf¤ bjhiyÉš cŸs ehLfËY« fhLfËY« kiyfËY« FiffËY« gH«bghUŸfŸòijªJ »l¡»‹wdth? v‹gij¡ fhz MŒî¥gaz« (Ex-ploration) el¤Jjš v‹D« ÉÇthd Kiw vGªjJ. ï¥bghGJ Ú©l beLÚ®¥gaz« brŒJ, MŒî¡f¥gš (Researchship), Ú®_œ» (Submarine) KjÈat‰¿‹ _y« kh¡flšfË‹mo¤js« tiu br‹W m§FŸs kiy, bro, bfho, ghá,gts«, Éy§F KjÈat‰iwí« gH§fhy¤âš flyhšÉG§f¥g£l ehL, efu«, åL, mu©, fUÉfŸ, m«Ä, cušâÇif ngh‹wt‰iwí« f©Lão¤J Mí« ‘flš MŒî’ (Ocea-nography) v‹D« òâa MŒî Kiwí« mU«ã ts®ªJŸsJ.

tuyh‰w¿P®fŸ (Historians) brÉtÊ kuòiu¢ brŒâfisí«, VL, br«ò¥g£la«, fšbt£L KjÈat‰iwí«MŒªJ K‰fhy k¡fË‹ thœ¡if Kiwfisí« MŒªJüyh¡f« brŒJŸsd®. khÅl ïaš m¿P®fŸ (Anthropolo-

18


gist) g©il¡ fhy k¡fË‹ clš mik¥ò, vY«òfË‹mik¥ò, t©z¥bghÈî, njh‰w«, thœ¡ifKiw, g©gh£L ïaš, gH¡f tH¡f§fŸ, rKjha mik¥ò (Social Struc-ture) czî, cil, mÂfy‹, bjhÊš, Vd§fŸ KjÈaitv¥go¥g£ld v‹W MŒî brŒJ tU»‹wd®. mnjhLg©il¡fhy k¡fË‹ ifÉid¥ bghUŸfŸ (Handicrafts)v¥go¥g£ld? mt‰iw mt®fŸ v¥go cUth¡»d®?v›thW ga‹gL¤âd®? mt‰whš eh« m¿a¡Toabj‹d?v‹gt‰iwbašyh« bjËthŒ MŒªJ c©ikia cy»‰FvL¤J¡fh£L»‹wd®.

1. bjhšbghUŸ MŒî, 2. tuyh‰¿aš, 3. khÅl ïaš(kÅj clš, cs« ïu©L« rh®ªj KG tuyh‰W MŒî¤Jiw) M»a _‹W« x‹nwhblh‹W Äf beU§»a bjhl®òiladthŒ¤ âfœ»‹wd; ïit x‹W¡bfh‹W cWJizahŒ Ãyî»‹wd. ï‹W g©il¡fhy k¡fË‹ gh§fhdtuyh‰iw¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤JiwÆ‹ neuhd JizÆ‹¿¢ Óuhf¡ fhzKoahJ v‹W v©z¥gL»wJ. K‰fhyïy¡»a«, g©il¡fhy ehL, efu«, á‰ù®, ïd«, Éy§F,gwit, k¡fŸ, fUÉ j£LK£L¥ bghUŸfŸ KjÈat‰iwm¿a nt©Lkhdhš bjhšbghUŸ MŒî m¿P®fisehLjny KiwahF« v‹gij eh« kwªJÉl¡ TlhJ.

ï‹W bjhšbghUŸ MŒî ïaš m¿P®fŸ, tuyh‰¿aš tšYe®fŸ ga‹gL¤J« mšyJ gÆY« üšfisEQ»a¿a¥ òâa KiwÆš xËfh£o tU»‹wd®. mjdhšmit òâa bghÈî«, bgh‹wh¢ rh‹W« bg‰W¥ òfGl‹Ãyî»‹wd. mt®fŸ gšyhÆu« M©LfS¡FK‹ bgh¿¡f¥g£L, òij¡f¥g£l fšbt£L¡fisí«, br¥ngLfisí« gil¡fy‹fisí« mÂfy‹fisí«, j£LK£L¥bghUŸfisí« ãw g©l§fisí« efu§fisí« åLfisí« mu©fisí« mfœªJ MŒªJ m¿ªJ tuyh‰w¿P®fS¡F¥ gy òâa brŒâfis tH§F»‹wd®. gšyhÆu«M©LfS¡F K‹ fšÈš mšyJ br«ò¤jf£oš mšyJfËk© jf£oš vGj¥g£l g£la§fËY« VLfËY«tiua¥g£l fhz‰fÇjhŒ¡ fUj¥bgW« fUñy§fisí«mfœªJ vL¤J¤ J¥òuî brŒJ mt‰¿š bgh¿¡f¥g£lòÇah¥ òâuhf¤ âfG« bgh‹wh vG¤J¡fis MŒî brŒí«m¿P®fŸ (Epigraphist) _y« go¤j¿ªJ tuyh‰wháÇa®fS¡F c©ikahd brŒâfis ciu¡»‹wd®.

vG¤J¡fŸ cUth¡f¥g£l bjhl¡f fhy¤âš k¡fŸf©l tÇtot« XÉa vG¤J vd¥g£lJ. ïªj¥ gl vG¤J¥


gy tif¥gL«. (1) ghãnyhÅa RnkÇa máÇa k¡fŸ vGâaM¥ò vG¤J¡fŸ (Cuneiform writings) (2) v»¥âš cŸs k¡fŸf©lbrhš vG¤â‰F


KjÈa ïl§fËš brŒa¥g£l mfœ MŒîfns ahF«.ït‰¿š tl ïªâahÉš cŸs áªJbtË ÆY« bj‹ ïªâahÉY« eilbg‰w mfHhŒîfŸ Äf bt‰¿ thŒªj - bgUik¡FÇa mfHhŒîfshF«. ïit, cy»ny Äf¤ bjh‹ikahdbjhš Fo k¡fË‹ caÇa ehfÇf¤ij cz®¤Jtjhf v©z¥gL»‹wd.

Mâ¤ješÿÇš mfœªJ f©l g©ghL áªJbtË,cigâah, všy«, RnkÇah, v»¥J, »ß£, bk¡ánfh, bgUKjÈa ehLfËš JË®¤bjGªj MÇa ehfÇf§fS¡bfšyh«mo¥gilahŒ mikªJŸsJ. V‹? - _y¡fUthf mikªâU¡»wJ v‹W Tl¡ Twyh«. ïJ Äf¤ bjh‹ikahdk¡fŸ ïU«ò CÊÆš (Iron age) mU«ãa ïU«ò¥ g©ghL(Iron Culture) MF«. ïªj Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ g©gh£il¡ f©lk¡fË‹ ïd¤jt®fŸ áªJ btË RnkÇah v»¥J »ß£Kjyhd ïl§fËš Fona¿ mÇa bgÇa g©ghLfS¡FmonfhÈat®fŸ v‹W v©z¥gL»wJ.

bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ JiwÆd®, K‰fhy¤âš j«MŒî¡FÇa ïl«


ÛJ ïUªJ bfh©L ÚÇ‹ moÆš MHkhd ïl¤âšïU¡F« gH« bghUŸfisí«, ghiwfŸ cÆÇd§fŸ, brobfhofŸ KjÈat‰iwí« gl«ão¤J tU»‹wd®. khflÈšÚÇDŸËU¡F« Ãy¤ij¥ gl« vL¤J Mí« ïaš (Oceanog-raphy) ngh‹w gy mÇa E©Âaš ts®ªJŸsd. nkY«ï‹W kÅj‹ j‹ M‰wiy åzhf¢ bryî brŒahkšga‹jU« KiwÆš kÅj M‰wiy¢ bryÉl tÊnfhy¥bg‰WŸsJ.

mfœ MŒî¤ JiwÆš


njh©o cŸËU¡F« vËa bghUisí« É£LÉlhkšif¥g‰¿¡ FÊÆš »il¡F« bghUŸ vªj mL¡F tÇirÆšv¤jid aoÆÈUªJ vL¡f¥g£lJ v‹W F¿¤J it¤J¡bfhŸ»‹wd®. áy ïl§fis¤ njh©L«bghGJ kÅjtuyh‰iw¡ F¿¥ãL« CÊ¡ fhy¤â‰FÇa gytif¡ f‰fUÉfS«, jhJ¥ bghUŸfS«, VLfS«, vG¤J¡fS« »il¡»‹wd.

vdnt, mt‰iw tÇir¥gL¤â¤ bjhF¤Jit¡»‹wd®. Ãy¤ij¤ njh©L«bghGJ c£òw«, Ãy¤âYŸsk© mL¡fL¡fhŒ (Layers) fhz¥gL«. njh©L« bghGJx›nth® mL¡»Y« xU áW F¢áia mo¤J mj‹ mL¡Fv©fisí«, MH¤â‹ moia mšyJ KH¤ijí« fh£L«xU thrf¤ij X® m£ilÆš vGâ¤ bjh§f ÉL»‹wh®fŸ.m¥go motiu njh©o vL¤j ã‹, x›nth® mL¡»Y«f©Lão¡f¥g£l bghUŸfisí«, mj‹ MH¤ijí« gâîbrŒJbfhŸS»wh®fŸ. ã‹d® x›nth® mL¡»Y« f©Lão¡f¥g£l bghUŸfisí« ãÇ¤J tif¥gL¤â k£gh©l¤ J©LfŸ, jhJ¥bghUŸfŸ, rhofŸ, vY«òfŸ,ghá gts§fŸ, j£LK£L¥ bghUŸfŸ v‹W tF¤J¤bjhF¤J tif¥gL¤â it¡»‹wh®fŸ. m¥ghš x›nth®mL¡»Y« f©blL¤j bghUŸfS¡F¡ fhy« fÂ¡»‹wh®fŸ. ïj‹ _y« òÉ mL¡»aš v‹D« MŒî Kiw cU¥bg‰WŸsJ. mfœªJ f©blL¡f¥ bg‰w bghUŸfism¿Éaš MuhŒ¢á _y« (Carbon 14 test), bghUŸfŸ njh‹¿afhy¤ij msÉL»‹wh®fŸ. k£gh©l§fË‹ tot«mik¥ò mHF Ãiy rha« KjÈat‰¿‹ _y« fhy«fÂ¥gJ« c©L.

òâa MŒî KiwmbkÇ¡f m¿P® M©£%-ïl¡yR kutisa Kiw

v‹w xU òâa MŒî Kiwia¡ f©Lão¤JŸsh®. xUf£ol¤âš ga‹gL¤j¥g£LŸs ku¤âš fhz¥gL«tisa§fis it¤J m¡f£ol« f£l¥bg‰WŸs fhy¤ij¡fÂ¥gjhF«. ïJ f£ol¤â‹ fhy¤ij¤ â£lt£lkhf¡f©L ão¡F« òJ Kiwahf¡ fUj¥gL»wJ.

k‰bwhU Kiw g©il¡ fhy¤âYŸs fšyiwfËY«åLfËYÄUªJ mfœªJ f©l Ty¥ bghUŸfŸ, fhŒf¿fŸ,»H§FfŸ KjÈat‰¿ÈUªJ gy brŒâfis¢ nrfÇ¡F«KiwahF«.


ã¿bjhUKiw, g©il¡ fhy¤J¤ jhJ¥ bghUŸfisïurhad KiwÆš gF¤J, m~J v›thW njh‹¿aJ v‹Wm¿jyhF«. ï‹bdhU Kiw cÆ® üš m¿P®fŸ g©il¡fhy¢ áijîfËÅ‹W »il¡F« vY«òfŸ jiynahLfŸKjÈat‰¿‹_y«, fhy«, ïd«, ãÇî ngh‹wt‰iwm¿Éaš KiwÆš f©Lão¤jyhF«.1

Mœªj MŒÉašï‹iwa k¡fŸ g©ila k¡fisÉl¥ gy JiwfËš

M®t§fh£L»‹wh®fŸ v‹gJ bkŒ. áw¥ghf e«KilaK‹ndh®fË‹ njh‰w«, bkhÊ, czî, cil, mÂfy‹fŸ,fUÉfŸ, if¥gÂfŸ, thœ¡if Kiw, g©ò¥gh§F, ehfÇfea« KjÈat‰iw m¿a¥ bgÇJ« ehL»‹wd®. g©il¡fhy k¡fË‹ thœ¡if Kiwfisí« mt®fSila fUÉfŸngh‹wt‰iwí« m¿a ï‹iwa m¿Éaš, ešy tÊtF¤JŸsJ. mt®fŸ brŒj if¥gÂfis¡ fhz mÇagÂah‰¿ tU»wJ. ï‹W cy»YŸs mid¤J ehLfËY«bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ JiwfŸ ÃWt¥ bg‰WŸsd.

ïªj MŒî¤Jiw K‹d® eh« thG« Ãy¤ij k£L«mfœªJ MŒªJ tªjJ. m¥ghš kh¡flšfË‹ moÆš_œ»¡ »l¡F« nfh©£ thdh, by_Ça f©l§fisí«,ehtyª Ôî ngh‹wt‰iwí« mt‰¿š cŸs ghiwfŸcÆÇd§fŸ, g©l§fŸ ngh‹wt‰iwí« MŒªjJ. f¥gšfŸ,Ú®_œ»¡ fy§fŸ ït‰¿‹ Jizíl‹ MœflÈ‹ mo¤js§fisbašyh« f©L MŒªJ tU»‹wJ. v‹ kâ¥ã‰F«m‹ã‰F« cÇa nrhÉa¤ eh£L m¿P® m. nfhª¤buh¤njh›“_‹W kh¡flšfË‹ òâ®fŸ” v‹w üÈ‹ _y« gh©oaeh£L¤ jÄH®fË‹ _jhijfŸ K‹dhËš ehL efu§fŸmik¤J¤ bj‹ kJiuÆš Kj‰ r§f« ÃWÉ Ko òidªJ,muR f£oÈš mk®ªJ br§nfhš jh§», vUJ¡ bfho V‰¿afijfis bašyh« bkŒ v‹W cy»‰F vL¤J¡fh£lKa‰á brŒJŸsh® v‹W bjÇ»wJ. “Mœflš m¿thuhŒ¢á” bjhl¡f ÃiyÆš ïUªJ tU»wJ. Mdhš, mJÉiuÉš mªj mÇa c©ikfis cy»‰F cz®¤J« v‹Wj« üÈš vL¤J¡fh£oíŸsh®.2 ïªj ïªJkh¡ flÈ‹mo¤js MŒî¤Jiw “É¢uhªâ” v‹D« áw¥ghd f¥gš_y« cUáa eh£oÅ‹W 7 mšyJ 8 M©LfS¡F K‹ 6y£r« fš bjhiyî¥ gaz« brŒJ MŒî el¤â cUáabkhÊÆš 11¡F nk‰g£l üšfis btËÆ£LŸsJ. ïjid‘_‹W kh¡ flÈ‹ òâ®fŸ’ v‹w üÈš 1974 ïš F¿¥ã£LŸsh®. mj‰F¥ ã‹ ïªj Mœflš MŒî Kiw v›tsnth


ts®¢á milªJŸsJ. mt‰¿‹ Étu« ek¡F ï‹Wtiu»il¡fÉšiy.

Mdhš ïªj MŒî Kiw ïªâahÉY« mj‹ m©ilehLfËY« tsuÉšiy. mur Õl¤âš mk®ªâU¥gt®fŸtuyh‰whŒÉ‹, Kj‹ikia cz®ªjt®fshf ïšiy.jiyt®fËš áy® eh£oš tWik, ntiyÆšyh¤ â©lh£l«, ntiy ÃW¤j«, khzt®fŸ »s®¢á KjÈat‰iw¡T¿ tuyh‰W MŒÉ‰F¥ gz« bryÉl¡ TlhJ v‹WTW»wh®fŸ. ï¤jifa ku k©ilfŸ bgU» tU« nghTœ(JuâUZl) ÃiyÆš gH§fhy eh£o‹ gh§if m¿ªJ mj‹åœ¢áia cz®ªJ òâa eh£il tskh®ªj ïsik¥bghÈî br¿í« ïªâahit cUth¡f ehL« ïisP® cyf«bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ Jiw Ó®bgw ïy§f ekJ eh£il¤ö©l nt©L«. ghuhSk‹w¤â‰F« r£lk‹w§fS¡F«gšfiy¥ g£l« bg‰w g©ghs®fis cW¥ãd®fshf¤nj®ªbjL¡f nt©L«. m¿î gil¤j òâa ehfÇf ïªâahitcUth¡f Kay nt©L«.

Ã‰f, g©il¡fhy k¡fSila thœ¡if tuyhWfiseh« e‹f¿a nt©L« v‹w Mtš ghãnyhÅahÉš X®murD¡F¡ ».K. 6M« ü‰wh©oš mU«ãajh«. clnd j‹eh£oš mfœ MŒî el¤j Miz mË¤jh‹ v‹W mªeh£o‹ tuyhW TW»wJ. ».K. 4 M« ü‰wh©oš »¿¤JÉ‹fšyiwia¡ f©Lão¡f mª eh£L k¡fŸ ehod®. cnuhk‹eh£L k‹d® k‹d‹ kh fh‹Rlh©o‹ (Constantine the Great)v‹gtU¡F« ïâš m¡fiw mU«ãaJ. clnd mt® xUöJ¡FGit, ghy¤Ôd¤â‰F mD¥ã¡ fšyiw ïU¡F«ïl¤ij¡ f©Lão¡f V‰ghLfŸ brŒjh‹ v‹W xUtuyhW TW»wJ. 1801M« M©L vš¢á‹ ãuò Vbj‹R efÇšcŸs xU »nu¡f »¿¤jt¡ nfhÆÈš ïUªj giHaá‰g§fis¤ njo¡ f©Lão¤J ï§»yhªâ‰F vL¤J¢br‹wh®.

ïitbašyh« gH§fhy¤âny ghãnyhÅa®fS¡F«,cnuhk®fS¡F« M§»nya®fS¡F« gH« bghUŸfis¤njo¡ f©Lão¡f nt©L«; gH« á‰g§fis¡ f©L ão¤Jmt‰iw¥ ghJfh¤J it¡fnt©L«; tuyh‰W m¿itts®¡f nt©L« v‹w v©z« ïUªjij¡ fh£L »‹wdv‹W Twyh«. m~â‹¿¥ gH§fhy¤âny m§F¤bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw njh‹¿aJ v‹W TwKoahJ.Mdhš, bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw Kis¤J vH¡ fhuzkhfïUªjd v‹W v©zyh«; ïa«gyh«; vGjyh«.


ïªâahÉš bjhšbghUŸ MŒîïªâah gH«bgU« ehL. bj‹ïªâahÉny k¡fËd«

njh‹¿ ts®ªJ ts«bg‰W ca®ªjJ v‹W cy»š m¿P®gy® TW»‹wd®. ïjid¥ nguháÇa® v®dR£ v¡fš (ErnestHeaecrel) vL¤J¡fh£odh®.3 mij k¡È‹ v‹D« m¿PU«MjÇ¤JŸsh®.4 »uh« cšÈa« ngh‹w v©z‰w m¿Éašòyt®fŸ mu© brŒJŸsd®.5

jÄœeh£oš bjhšgH§fš CÊbjh£L (Eolithic age)gH§fš CÊ (Paleolithic age), ïil¡fš CÊ (Mesolithic age),òJ¡fš CÊ (Neolithic age), jhJ¥bghUŸ CÊ (Metal age),tuyh‰W CÊ (Historic age) ngh‹w všyh CÊfS« kÅjïd« njh‹¿, fUÉfis¥ ga‹gL¤j¤ bjÇªj g©il¡fhyªbjh£L ï‹Wtiu všyh¡ fhy§fS« jÄœeh£ošÃfœªJ tªJŸsd. ïij Äf¤ bjËthf¢ br‹id¥gšfiy¡fHf¤â‹ tuyh‰W¥ nguháÇaU« bjhšbghUŸMŒî¤Jiw¥ nguháÇ aUkhf ïUªj m¿P® âU. É.v«.ïuhk¢rªâu Ô£áj®, v«.V. mt®fŸ j« üÈš ÉÇthfÉs¡»íŸsh®.6 mij m¿P®fŸ gyU« ÉU«ã V‰W¡bfh©LŸsh®fŸ.

jÄœk¡fŸ - V‹ âuhÉl ïd«, És¡fkhf¡ TWtjdhš - kÅj Fy¤â‹ _jhija®fŸ jÄHf¤âš njh‹¿,jÄœeh£il¡ F¿Šá, Kšiy, kUj«, beŒjš, vd¥ ãÇ¤JthœªJŸsh®fŸ v‹W jÄœ¥bgU« ïy¡fzüyhfÉs§F« bjhšfh¥ãa« ngh‹w gH«bgU« üšfŸ eÉš»‹wd. F¿Šá Ãyk¡fŸ (Éšy®fŸ) kiyÆš thœªJnt£Lt¤ bjhÊiy¡ f©ld®. Éšiy¥ gil¡fykhf¡bfh©ld®. Kšiy Ãyk¡fŸ (Ma®fŸ) âid, nfœtuFKjÈa ò‹brŒ¤ jhÅa§fis¥ gÆÇl¥gÆ‹wd®. MLkhLfis¥ gH¡»¥ ghšfw¡fî« jÆ®, nkh®, bt©bzŒngh‹wd brŒaî« gH»¡bfh©ld®.

kUjÃyk¡fŸ Ú® Ãiwªj Fs¡fiufËY« M‰w§fiufËY« mt‰iw mL¤JŸs rkbtËfËY« Fona¿vUJfis¥ gH¡»d®. fËk© Ãy§fis¡ f‰fshš »©o¡»s¿ e‹brŒ Ãykh¡»¥ gÆÇl¤ bjhl§»d®. ã‹d® Viu¡f©L cGJgÆÇ£L bešiyí« vŸisí« Vida Ty¥bghUŸfisí« gÆÇl¤ bjhl§»d®. ïª Ãy¤âny k¡fË‹e‹Ka‰áahš gy bjhÊšfŸ njh‹¿d. k£gh©l§fistidjš, üšü‰wš, JÂbeŒjš, ïU«ò¡fUÉfisí«ku¥bghUŸfisí« brŒjš, bt©fy Vd§fis th®¤jš,


fšiy, kuit, r£o, ö© KjÈat‰iw cUth¡fš, vŸÉ¤J,nj§fhŒ¡ bfh¥giu, Mkz¡F É¤J¡fŸ KjÈat‰¿Å‹WbeŒ to¤jš, bgh‹ btŸË KjÈa jhJ¥ bghUŸfisvL¤J¥ òlÄ£L¥ gR« bgh‹dh¡» mÂfy‹fis¢rik¤jš, jhJ¥ bghUŸfis¤ jfLfsh¡» mt‰¿š vG¤jhÂ bfh©L vGJjš, åLfŸ f£Ljš, Ty¡ fsŠáa§fŸmik¤jš, nfhÆšfŸ f£Ljš nfhòu§fŸ, nfh£ilfŸvG¥òjš KjÈa bjhÊšfŸ ts®¡f¥bg‰wd. MLjš,ghLjš, XÉaª Ô£Ljš, gy t©z¢ rha§fis cUth¡Fjš,fÉijfŸ ïa‰wš, f‰gid¡ fijfŸ vGJjš, rka m¿it¥bgU¡Fjš ngh‹w v©z‰w brašfis M‰¿tªjd®.cHî¤ bjhÊiy ts®¤jd®; tÂf« el¤âd®. k‰W« g‰gyif¤bjhÊšfis¥ ngÂ ts®¤jd®.

ïªÃy k¡fŸ fhL flªJ, flš flªJ, ehL É£L ehLòFªJ Fonaw K‰g£ld®. flš tÂf¤âš


jÄHf¤J beŒjšÃy k¡fË‹ JizÆ‹¿¤ jÄH®mšyJ âuhÉl® v‹ngh® v»¥J, cigâah, všy«,RnkÇah, »ß£, bj‹mbkÇ¡fh, M¥ãÇ¡fh KjÈa ehLfS¡F¢ br‹W Fona¿ ïU¡fKoahJ v‹gJ vËâšÉ£LÉl¡Toa brŒâ m‹W.

ïªâahÉš áw¥ghf¤ jÄœeh£oY« ãw âuhÉlehLfËY« gH§fhy¤âa âuhÉl k¡fË‹ _jhija®É£L¢br‹w v¢rÄ¢r§fŸ Vuhskhf¡ fhz¡»l¡»‹wd.ït‰iwbašyh« ïªeh£il¡ ftu v©Â¢ áy m‹Åaeh£L muRfshš bgh‹idí« bghUisí« bfhL¤JmD¥g¥g£l »¿¤jt rka¡ FUkh®fŸ áy® br‹w ü‰wh©ony cz®ªjd®. ïªâa eh£o‹ gH«bgU« ehfÇf§fisí« rka¢ áw¥igí« ïiwtÊgh£ilí« bkhÊ¢áw¥igí« e‹fhŒªJ mo¡fo mašeh£oYŸs muRfS¡F«, k¡fS¡F« cz®¤âtªjd®. vdnt Inuh¥ghÉšbjhl¡fÃiyÆš ïUªj bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiwkhzt®fŸ. gšyhÆu« M©LfS¡FK‹ mU«ã m¥ghšmÊªJ nghd ïªâaeh£o‹ ehfÇf¤ijí« g©gh£ilí«ef® mik¥ò¤ âwidí«, f£ol§fŸ f£L« Kiwiaí«,f¥gš f£L« fiyiaí«, kU¤Jt« brŒí« kh©igí«,bkhÊ mik¡F« EQ¡f¤ijí«, vG¤jh¡F« gh§ifí«mfœªJ Ma M®tK‰wd®. ï~j‹¿ nkdh£oYŸs bjhšbghUŸ MŒî tšYe®fŸ k£Lk‹¿¥ gH§fhR nrfÇ¥gt®fS«, giHa áiyfŸ br«ò¥gok§fŸ, giHa Xiy¢RtofŸ, br¥ngLfŸ, fšbt£LfŸ nrfÇ¥ ngh®fSkhfm¿P®fŸ gy® nkiyehL fËÅ‹W ïªâahÉ‰FŸ ».ã.g¤bjh‹gjh« ü‰wh©o‹ eLÉny òFªJ gy mÇagH«bghUŸfis¢ nrfÇ¤J¤ j« eh£o‰F¡ bfh©L nghŒMŒªjd®. m¥ bghUŸfis¤ j§fŸ gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢rhiyÆš ïl«bgw¢brŒjd®. ï‹W« mit ghÇR, bg®È‹,khRnfh, ïy©l‹, ïbyŒl‹, Ãôah®¡, nghRl‹ ngh‹wïl§fËš cŸs gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢rhiyfËš ïl«bg‰¿U¥gij¡ fhzyh«.

bjhšbghUŸ MŒî ïaÈ‹ bjhl¡f«ïªâahÉš bjhšbghUŸ MŒî ïaiy¡ »H¡»ªâa¡

F«ãÅ M£á ».ã. 1860M« M©o‰F¢ r‰WK‹ bjhl§FÉ¤jJ. Mdhš 1850M« M©o‰F K‹ng âUbešntÈkht£l¡ »¿¤Jt rigÆš ešyha® (Bishop) Mf¥ gÂah‰¿a Kidt® ïuhg®£ fhšLbtš mt®fŸ (The Rt. Rev. Dr.Robert Caldwel, D.D., LL.D. Bishop of Tinnevelly) ïila‹FoÆÈUªJ


bfh©L jÄœ¥òyt®fËl« jÄœf‰W¥ òyik vŒâdh®.mt® gH« gh©oa®fË‹ jiyefuhí« ïil¢r§f« ÃyÉa_öuhí« tuyh‰W¥ òfœbg‰w JiwKf¥ g£od khí«És§»a bfh‰if¡F« fhaY¡F« br‹W bjhš bghUŸMŒîbrŒJŸsh®. mt® m§F MŒî brŒí« bghGJ k¡fŸmtiu¤ jL¤jd®. “gH§fhy¥ gh©oa k‹d®fS«gH§fhy tÂf®fS« Vuhskhd bršt§fis k©Âšòij¤J it¤JŸsd®. mt‰iw ï‹W« gy ój§fŸ fh¤JtU»‹wd. Ú§fŸ Ãy¤ij mfœªjhš m¢ bršt§fis¡ ftutUtjhf v©Â¥ ój§fŸ c§fis¡ bfh‹W ÉL«. K‹d®kht£l mâfhÇÆ‹ ïirîbg‰W ï§F tªj mâfhÇ xUt®bfh‰ifÆš mfœ MŒî brŒa tªJ ïuÉš j« Tlhu¤âšgL¤âUªjh®. âObu‹W j« cl«ãš V‰g£l mâ®¢áia¡f©L ÉÊ¤J¥ gh®¡f, mt® clšghisa§nfh£ilÆYŸs j« ïšy¤âš f£oÈ‹ nkšïU¥gij m¿ªJ â»Y‰wh®. mj‰F¥ã‹ bfh‰ifÆš mfœMŒî brŒí« v©z¤ij¡ ifÉ£LÉ£lh®” v‹Wòidfij ngh‹w brŒâia¡ T¿d®. “Ú§fŸ ï§F mfœªJgh®¡f K‰g£lhš ój§fŸ c§fis k£Lk‹W, v§fisí«,v§fŸ Ciuí« mÊ¤JÉL«!” v‹W v¢rÇ¤jd®.

mt®fË‹ gÇîiufis¡ nf£L ÉaªJ, “Iah, eh‹bgh‹idnah, kÂianah mÂfy‹fisnah mfœªJvL¤J¢ bršy eho ï§F tuÉšiy” v‹W mt®fS¡Fmikâ T¿ ‘kht£l mâfhÇÆ‹ MiznahL« mtUilagÂahnshL« tªâU¡»nw‹’ v‹Wiu¤J mfœªJ MŒîfŸbrŒJŸsh®. ïJ g‰¿a brŒâfŸ mt® vGâa ‘âUbešntÈmuáaš bghJtuyhW’7 v‹w üÈY«, ‘bfh‰ifÆY«fhaÈY« el¤âa MŒî¥ gaz«’8 v‹w f£LiuÆY« e‹FÉs¡f¥g£LŸsd.

1861M« M©L »H¡»ªâa¡ F«ãÅ M£áahsÇ‹ (Rul-ers of the East India company) bgh¿ tšYeuhd mby¡rhªj®f‹Å§fh« (Alexander Cunningham) mt®fis xU nk‰gh®itahsuhf mk®¤â ïªâa¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ Jiwia¤bjhl§FkhW MizÆ£lJ. F«ãÅ muR mt® mij¤bjhl§» it¡FkhW« brŒjJ. m¥ghš 1870M« M©ošmtnu ïªâa¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ JiwÆ‹ ïa¡Feuhfmk®¤j¥ bg‰wh®.9

1861M« M©oš jh‹ ïªâa¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw¡F« e‹F monfhy¥ bg‰wJ. KjyhtJ ïa¡Fe®jsgâ (Director General) Mf¤ âU. mby¡rhªj® f‹Å§fh«


1870M« M©oš mk®¤j¥ bg‰wh® v‹W mj‹ tuyhW TW»wJ. mby¡rhªj® f‹Å§fh« eh£o‹ ehyhg¡f§fS¡F«br‹W bjhšbghUŸ MŒî brŒa K‰g£lh®. mt® t§f«,gŠrh¥, áªJ khÃy§fS¡ bfšyh« br‹W M§fh§nf»il¤j gH« bghUŸfis¢ nrfÇ¤J tªjh®. M§fh§F¡Tw¥g£l kuòtÊ¢ brŒâfisí« ïy¡»a¢ brŒâfisí«âu£o m¿¡iffŸ gy btËÆ£L tªjh®. ïtU¡F tlbkhÊ¥ gÆ‰áíK©L.

1881M« M©oš bj‹Åªâa¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¥bghW¥ò (Archaeological Servey of South India) ïtÇl«x¥òÉ¡f¥g£lJ. m¥bghGJ nr«R g®bfR (James Burgess)v‹gt® bj‹ÅªâahÉY« nk‰F ïªâahÉY« ï› thŒî¤JiwÆš


Koî f£oíŸsh®. ïªüš khÃy« mÊí« tiu mtU¡Fk§fh¥ òfiH


MŒî¤ Jiw el¤J« g©ila ïªâah (Ancient India) v‹Wïªâa¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤JiwÆd® btËÆ£L tU«â§fŸ ïjÊš xU bgÇa f£Liu tiuªJ jÄœ ïy¡»a§fŸTW« atd eh£L tÂf¤â‰F bkŒ¢rh‹W


fhËg§f‹ïªâah cÇik bg‰W vGªjã‹ elªj MŒîfËš

x‹W ïuhr¤jhÅš ã¡fhÅ® kht£l¤âš cŸs fhËg§f‹v‹D« ïl¤âš eilbg‰w mfHhŒthF«. ï~J mu¥ghbkhfŠrjhnuh ngh‹w efukhF«. ïJ áªJ btË¥ g©gh£o‰F mL¤jgoahf ».K. 2045 Kjš ».K. 2075M« M©LfS¡FŸ vGªj efukhf¡ Tw¥gL»wJ. mu¥ghit¥ ngh‹Wf£ol§fS«, fÊî ÚnuhilfS«, »zWfS« mfœªJf©Lão¡f¥ bg‰WŸsd. mu¥ghit¥ nghš FoÆU¥òïl§fS« bgh‹ br«ò kÂ¡nfhitfS« k£gh©l§fS« »il¤JŸsd.

áªJ btËÆš »il¤j K¤âiufŸnghš ï§F« gyK¤âiufŸ mnj vG¤J¡fisíiladthŒ¡ f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd. áy® ïj‹ fhy« ».K. 1500Mf kâ¥ãL»‹wh®fŸ. ï§FŸs k¡fŸ beU¥ig¤ bjŒtkhf tÊg£oU¡fyh« v‹W v©z¥gL»wJ. ï§F¢ RLk©zhš brŒa¥g£l átÈ§f§fŸ gyî« f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd. ïªjmfœ MŒÉš »il¤j cilªj k£gh©l§fËš XÉa§fŸgy cs.

fhÉÇ¥ó«g£od«ïJ nrhH®fË‹ JiwKf¥g£od«. ïjid¥

ó«òfh® v‹W« TWt®. ïJ Ó®fhÊ¡F m©ikÆš fhÉÇflnyhL fy¡F« ïl¤âš cŸsJ. ï§F ïªâa eLt©muá‹ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ Jiwia¢ nr®ªj âU. V.É.ïuhk‹ Vw¡Fiwa 15 M©LfS¡F K‹ mfœ MŒî el¤âdh®. ï§F¥ gy giHa k£gh©l§fS«, nrhH® fhRfS«,cnuhk ehza§fS«, r§FfS«, Éiy ca®ªj kÂfS«»il¤jd. ïj‹ fhy« ».K. ïu©lh« ü‰wh©lhf kâ¡f¥gL»wJ. ï§F xU f£olK« mfœªJ f©L ão¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

ï§F X® mH»a ò¤j® nfhÆY« f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsJ. nkY« br§f‰Rt®fŸ ÛJ mH»a XÉa§fŸÔ£l¥bg‰¿U¥gJ f©Lão¡f¥ g£LŸsJ. ïita‹¿ntW gy f£ol¢ áijîfS« f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd.ï§F ïuhruhr‹ fhy¤âa fhRfS« fW¥ò át¥ò t©zªÔ£l¥g£l cilªj k©gh©l¤ J©LfŸ gyî« f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd. ï§F¡ »il¤j k© bgh«ikfŸ rJu¡fhRfŸ KjÈat‰iw¡ bfh©L ï§F¢ áijªJŸs f£ol§fŸ 9 mšyJ 10M« ü‰wh©il¢ nr®ªjitbad¢áyuhš v©z¥gL»‹wJ.


br§f‰g£L mfœ MŒîbr§f‰g£L¡F m©ikÆš cŸs ghyh‰¿‹ fiuia

mL¤JŸs nfh®¤jiyah‰W¥ gLif ïªâa eLt© muá‹bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw tšYe® âU. É.o. »U£oz_®¤âmt®fŸ jiyikÆš mfœ MŒî brŒa¥g£lJ. m§F¥gH§fš CÊia¢ nr®ªj k¡fŸ ga‹gL¤âa f‰fhy¡fUÉfŸ gy f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd; mt‰¿š F¿¥ãl¤j¡fd fšyhyhd if¡nfhlhÇ, f¤âfŸ, FHÉfŸ ngh‹witahF«. ïita‹¿ cÇ¤bjL¡F« if¤bjhÊšfS«, â©ÂaKJFŸs thŸfŸ brŒí« if¤bjhÊšfS«, áWf‰fshšf£l¥g£l Ãidî¢á‹d§fS« f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd.

br§f‰g£L¡F m©ikÆš cŸs F‹WfËš gH§fšCÊÆš thœªj KJk¡fŸ czî rik¤j mL¥òfŸ gyf©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd. m§F¥ gy cilªj k£gh©l§fS« rh«gšfS« miuFiw ahŒ vÇªJ ÄŠáa ku¡f£ilfS« f©L ão¡f¥g£LŸsd. ïit m¿Éaš KiwÆšMŒî brŒa¥g£L (Carbon 14 Test) ïit gH§fš CÊia¢rh®ªj k¡fŸ (Palaeolithicmen) É£L¢ br‹w bghUŸfshfïU¡fyh« v‹W fUj¥g£lJ.

ïuhkehjòu«, bešiy kht£l§fËš mfHhŒîïuhkehjòu« kht£l¤âš cŸs âUk§fy« ngh‹w

ef®fS¡F m©ikÆš òâa fš CÊia¢ nr®ªj k¡fŸga‹gL¤âa f‰fUÉfŸ gy f©L ão¡f¥g£LŸsd.âUbešntÈ kht£l¤âš cŸs ctÇ, bkŒŠPhdòu«,ehru¤J, rha®òu«, òö® ngh‹w ïl§fËš òâa fš CÊÆš thœªj KJk¡fŸ ga‹gL¤âa f‰fUÉfŸ gyt‰iweLt© muá‹ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤JiwÆd® f©Lão¤JŸsd®.

vdnt, jÄœeh£oš Rkh® I«gjhÆu« M©L fS¡FK‹ng k¡fŸ thœªJ tªjd® v‹W e‹F bjÇ»wJ.jÄœk¡fŸ gH§fš CÊÆÈUªJ khiH (cnyhf) CÊ_y«tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤ijí« f©l bjhšFoia¢ nr®ªj KJk¡fŸ v‹gJ IaªâÇgw¡ f©Lão¡f¥g£L m¿Éašm¿P®fshY« tuyh‰W¤Jiw tšYe®fshY« bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw tšYe®fshY« cWâ brŒa¥bg‰WŸsJ.

bfh‰if mfœ MŒîbfh‰if, gh©oaeh£o‹ jiyef®, JiwKf¥

g£od«, ïil¢r§f« ÃyÉa _ö®, ï¤ Jiw Kf¤â‹


_ynk jÄH®fŸ atd®, nrhdf®, v»¥âa®, RnkÇa® ngh‹wbtËeh£odUl‹ flš tÂf¤ij el¤âd®. mašeh£LtÂf®fŸ bgh‰fhRfisí«, bgh‰ghs§fisí« mŸËmŸË¡ bfhL¤JÉ£L¡ bfh‰if K¤J¡fisí« rªjd¡f£ilfŸ, Vy«, »uh«ò, v~F Míj§fŸ, k£gh©l§fŸ,kÂfŸ gâ¤j mÂfy‹fŸ KjÈat‰iwí« bg‰W¤ j«f¥gÈš V‰¿¢ br‹wd®. e« f¥gšfS« mašehLfS¡f¢br‹W Û©ld.

ï‹W bfh‰ifÆÈUªj flš Rkh® 4 fš bjhiyÉ‰F¥ã‹th§»¥ nghŒÉ£lJ. vdnt, gh©oa®fŸ j« jiyefiu kJiu¡F kh‰¿d®. Vw¤jhH 2,000 M©LfS¡FK‹bfh‰if ÃiyFiyªJ mÊªJ nghÆ‰W. mjdhš m›ñ®ï‹W VJk‰w á‰ùuhŒ¡ fh£á mË¡»wJ.

mjid ekJ jÄœ muá‹ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiwïa¡Fe® Kidt® ehfrhÄ mt®fS« mtUila cjÉahs®âU. kÓJ mt®fS« mfœªJ áy k£gh©l¤ J©Lfisí«, áy jhJ¥bghUŸfisí« f©Lão¤JŸsd®. nkY«bfh‰if¥ g©ghL ».K. 785-¡F K‰g£lJ v‹W m¿Éašgh§fhf MŒªJ Koîf£l¥ bg‰WŸsJ. bfh‰ifiaÛ©L« ÉÇthf MŒtj‰F ekJ muR bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiwia KL¡»ÉLkhW e«k¡fŸ muáid t‰òW¤jnt©L«.

âU¡nfhÆš f£ol¡ f©fhÂ¥ò ÃWtd«âU¡nfhÆš âU¥gÂ, f£ol¡fiy EQ¡f« ït‰¿‹

MŒî¡bfd ïªâa eLt©muR nfhÆš f© fhÂ¥òÃWtd« (Temple Survey Project) v‹w mik¥ãidcUth¡»íŸsJ. ït‰¿š x‹W, tl ïªâa MŒî¡bf‹WnghghÈš mikªJŸsJ. k‰bwh‹W br‹idÆš bj‹Åªâa¡nfhÆš f£ol¤Jiw¢ á‰g E£g§fË‹ MŒî¡bf‹W mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ. mj‰bf‹W ïa¡Fe® xUtU«ÃH‰gl« vL¥gt®fS«, vG¤j®fS« gÂah£fS«ïa§» tU»‹wd®. ïªj ÃWtd« br‹idÆš cŸs jÄHfmuá‹ jiyik¢ brayf¤â‰F m©ikÆš ïUªJ tU»wJ.m§F¢ br‹W mt®fis Xusî eh‹ ga‹gL¤âíŸns‹.

fšbt£L MŒî¤JiwbjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw¡F cjÉahf 1883 M« M©L

giHa g£la§fŸ, fšbt£LfŸ, br¥ngLfŸ ngh‹wt‰iw¡ f©Lão¤J¥gobrŒJ És¡» ï‹iwa tÇtoÉšvGâ üštoÉš M¡f« brŒJ btËÆLtj‰bf‹W fš


bt£L MŒî¤Jiw x‹W (Epigraphic Department) bjhl§f¥bg‰wJ. fšbt£L, g£la§fŸ MŒî¤Jiw¤ jiytuhf¢‘rh© bgÆ¤òš ãç£’ v‹D« M§»nyaiu muR mk®¤âaJ. mt® ehbl§F« njo »il¡F« fšbt£Lfisí«,br«ò¥g£la§fisí« âu£odh®; gyt‰iw¥ gobaL¤jh®; mt‰iw üštotkh¡» tuyh‰W¡ fhy tÇirÆšbjhF¥gj‰F¤ â£lÄ£L¥ gÂbrŒjh®.

fšbt£L, br«ò¥g£la MŒit xU jÅ mYtyf«ftÅ¤J tU»wJ. ï~J M§»y M£áÆ‹ fhy¤âš cjfk©ly¤âš ïa§» tªjJ. ïªj¤ JiwÆ‹ jiytuhfM§»nya®fns ïUªJ tªjd®. ï¥bghGJ ï¤Jiwïªâa®fË‹ jiyikÆš ïa§» tU»wJ. ï¥bghGJ ïj‹mYtyf« ikNU¡F kh‰w¥g£LŸsJ. Mdhš, ït®fshšbrŒa¥g£LtU« gÂfis v«ngh‹w t®fns m¿aKoaÉšiy. ït®fŸ go¤j g£la§fŸ üš tot« bg‰WbtËtªjjhf¤ bjÇaÉšiy. ekJ muR mj‰F Mtd brŒant©L«. bjhšbghUŸ ntâÆaš MuhŒ¢á¤ jiyikmYtyf« njuh^ÅY«, tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£lMŒî mYtyf« ehfòÇÆY« gH« bghUŸ fh£á¤JiwMSik fšf¤jhÉY« ïUªJ tU»‹wd.

jÄœeh£o‹ ešy tuyh‰iw m¿a ï‹D« Éiuthf¡fšbt£LfS« br¥ngLfS« go¡f¥g£L üš tot«bg‰W btËtunt©L«. »£l¤ j£l üwhÆu« fšbt£LfS« br¥ngLfS« f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd v‹W brhšy¥gL»wJ. fšbt£L MŒî¤Jiw ï‹W Mik ntf¤âšïa§»tU»wJ. ïªj ntf¤âš m~J ïa§»tªjhš jÄH®fË‹ Ãiwthd tuyh‰iw¡ fhz ï‹D« 100 M©LfshtJbršY« v‹W e«ò»nw‹. ekJ muR ï¤jifa xU JiwiaikNÇš el¤â tU»wJ v‹gJ m¿P® gyU¡F¡TlbjÇahJ.


F¿¥òfŸ - NOTES

II

1. fiy¡ fsŠáa«, bjhFâ VI, Kj‰gâ¥ò, 1959 (br‹id)bjhšbghUŸ ïaš, g¡f« 224.

2. The Riddles of Three Oceans :“Oceanographers may be right when they say that this portion of the

Indian Ocean is an ancient area in transition and has not yet completedits development. That is, the Seychelles micro Continent is not a regionwhich has subsided but, on the contrary a portion of the ocean floorwhich has not yet risen to the surface. Neither a positive nor negativeanswer can yet be given to this question. We shall have to wait and seewhat is revealed by further geophysical and Oceanographic studies ofthe Indian Ocean; now only in their initial stage.

Oceanographers, geologist and geophysicists are devoting their clos-est attention to the north western section of Indian Ocean, which has themost complex relief and where the earth’s crust is still in motion, as evi-denced by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Many of them believethat this part of the Ocean has developed differently from all the othersections. The granite massifs of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula andthe Indian subcontinnt continue out into the Indian Ocean” (The Riddlesof Three Oceans - Alexander Kondratov (Moscow) 1974, pp. 174-175.

3. “Indian Ocean founded a continent which extended from Sunda Islandalong the coast of the Asia to the east coast of Asia to the east coast ofAfrica. This large continent is of great importance from being the possi-ble cradle of the human race” - “Anthropology”.“These are a number of circumstances (specially chronological facts)which suggest that the primeval home of man was a continent now sunkbelow the surface of the Indian Ocean which extended along the South ofAsia as it is at present (and probably in direct connection with it) towardsthe east as far as further India and the Sunda Islands towards the west asfar as the Madagascar and the south shores of Africa.This large continent of former times Selater an English man has calledLemuria from the monkey like animals which inhabited it and it is at thesame time of great importance from being the probable cradle of the humanrace which in all likelihood here that developed out of anthropoid apes”- Prof. Ernest Haeckel.

4. Investigations in relation to race show it is by no means impossible thatSouthern India was once the passage ground by which the ancient pro-


genitors of Northern and Mediteranean races proceeded to the globewhich they now inhabit. Human remains and traces have been found onthe east coast of an age which is indeterminate but quite beyond theordinary calculations of History. Antiquarian research is only now be-ginning to find means of supplementing the deficiency caused by theabsence of materials constructed or collected by usual historical meth-ods. These results are specially to be regarded as without doubt, thepeople who have many ages occupied this portion of the Penisula are apeople influencing the whole world not perhaps by moral and intellectualattributes to a great extent by a superior physical qualities” - Dr.E.Maclean.

5. “India was an amazing breeding ground for the evolution of life forms.Man himself may have struggled upwards out of the anthropoid withinthe limits of India” - The World We Live In - Graham Williams Vol.1. p. 1114.

6. Origin and Spread of the Tamils.

(a) “Bruce Foote examined, among others the most important Prehistoricburial places covering over hundred and fourteen acres of land atAdichanallur on the South Bank of the Tambraparni. (Thennporunai river)in the Tinnevelly District. These graves at Adichanallur are to be dated inte early Iron Age which succeeded the Neolithic Age in South India” -Origin And Spread of the Tamils by V.R.Ramachandra Dikshitar, M.A.(Madras) 1971, p. 21.

(b) “We have a continuity of culture from Paleolithic to Neolithic, fromNeolithic to Megalithic and Megalithic to Iron age in South India. Itcannot be that the Primitive indigenous culture was buried by the invad-ing Dravidian. To escape out of the difficulty, an ingenious theory ofProto - Dravidian has been propounded. The Proto-Dravidian is as un-sound as the theory of a Dravidian invasion. My firm conviction is thatthe ancient Tamils were inheritors of the Lithic Cultures of South India”- Ibid. p. 15.

(c) “The late Professor P.T. Srinivasa Aiyangar was a warm champion ofthe theory of cultural and even racial continuity of the people of SouthIndia from the earliest times. He sought to explain” that the Old StoneAge in South India ended very gradually and shaded off very impercep-tibly into the neolithic culture and that throughout South India, therewas no geological or other indication of catastrophic phenomena whenthe Palaeolithic Age ended and the next age began. The substitution oftraprock for quartzite, the acquisition of the skill to polish the tools madewith trap-rock till they became extra-ordinarily smooth to the touch, thedomestication of the wild dog, and the cultivation of the wild rice led tothe peaceful evolution of the epoch of new stone tools from that of theolder rough implements, the settled life of the neolithians from the nomad


life of the palaeolithians” - Journal of the Bihar and Orissa ResearchSociety Vol. xxiv. pp. 39-40.(d) Thus according to this view, the Dravidian race was indigenous tothe Country; and the Tamil and other allied peoples were indigenous; andtheir languages were evolved where they are now spoken. A careful studyof South Indian Pre-historic antiquities in Situ cannot lead to any otherconclusion than that the passage of culture from stage to stage in ancienttimes was not a catastrophic change such as indicates the struggle oralien intruders with the pre-existing population but a peaceful course ofevolution. An inspection of the map of neollthic India is enough to provethat the Country was thickly populated by people of one homogenousfrom of culture and that the people ought to have been autochthonous,as the Tamil people have always claimed to be in the tradition recorded intheir ancient literature. In the most ancient layers of the Tamil languagecan be discovered not only ample traces of neolithic culture, but also thebirth of the Iron age culture that succeeded it” - Journal of th Bihar andOrissa Research Society vol. xxiv. pp. 41-42.

7. A Political and General History of Tinnevelly - Dr. R. Caldwell (Bishop ofTinnevelly) Published by the Madras Govt. 1881.

8. Exploration at Korkaiand Kayal by the Rt.Rev. Robert Caldwell.D.D., LLD. (Bishop ofTinnevelly) 1877.

9. Catalogue of the Pre-historic Antiquitiesfrom Adicha-nallurand Perumbair - byAlexander Rea F.S.A.(Scot) Madras, 1915.

10. Vide Reports of thArchaeological Sur-vey of Southern Cir-cle for 1890-1900 to1903-1904 and of theArchaeological Sur-vey of India for 1902-1903 and 1903-1904.

Mâ¤ješÿ®¥gw«ã‹fh£á


ïªj¥ gFâ M¡f¤â‰F cjÉa üšfŸ(BIBLIOGRAPHY)

1. Commemoration Essays Presented to Sir R.G.Bhandargar.

2. An Ancient History of the Near East - H.R. Hall.

3. Origin and Spread of the Tamils - Prof. V.R.RamachandraDikshitar M.A., (Madras) 1971.

4. Social Studies Vol. I Edited by Prof. Gajnig and others (NewDelhi) 1969.

5. The Discovery of India - Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru (London)1960 - New Impression.

6. A History of Indian Culture - M.I. Sudarsanam, M.A. (Vellore)1959.

7. Dravidian Civilization - Prof. R.D. Banerji (Modern Rivew) Cal-cutta 1937 p. 304-314; 553-559.

8. Mohenja - Daro and Indus Culture Vol. 1-3 London 1930.

9. The Vellalas in Mohenjo Daro - Rev. Fr. Henry Heras S.J., M.A.(History) Bombay.

10 “A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South IndianFamily of Language” by Rt. Rev. Dr. Robert CaldwellDD. LL. D. Bishop of Tinnevelly, First Edition 1886.

11. A Political and General History of Tinnevelly by The Rt. Rev.Dr. R. Caldwell, D.D., LL. D. Published by the Madras Gov-ernment 1881.

12. Exploration at Korkai and Kayal by The Rt. Rev. Dr.R.Caldwell,Bishop of Tinnevelly 1971.

13. bjhšfh¥ãa« - bjhšfh¥ãadh®, fHf btËpL.


3. Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ã‹ mfHhŒî

ïªâahÉny eilbg‰w mfHhŒîfËš Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ãš eilbg‰w mfHhŒî, Kjš mfHhŒthF«.ïªj mfHhŒÉš f©blL¡f¥g£l bghUŸfŸ jh« cy»nyÄf¤ bjh‹ik thŒªj bghUshf¡ fUj¥gL»‹wd.ï‰iw¡F¥ g¤jhÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹d® vG«ãa òJ¡fšÿÊÆ‹ bjhl¡f fhy¤âš vGªj ïU«ò CÊÆš,jÄœk¡fŸ Mâ¤j ešÿ® ïU«ò¥ g©gh£il¡ f©ld®v‹W bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw tšYe® ngh‰W»‹wd®.

Mâ¤ješÿ®Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ gw«ò, ïªâahÉ‹ bj‹nfhoÆš cŸs

âUbešntÈ kht£l¤âš âUbešntÈ¢ rªâ¥ò¥òift©o Ãiya¤âÅ‹W ghisa§nfh£il tÊahŒ¤âU¢brªö® bršY« rhiyÆš, ghisa§nfh£ilÆÈUªJ»H¡nf 11.6 »nyh Û£l® bjhiyÉš j©bghUie M‰¿‹(jh«ãutUÂ M‰¿‹) bj‹fiuÆš cŸsJ. ïªj¥ gw«ã‹tu«ò 114 FW¡f¤J¡F (V¡fU¡F) nk‰g£oU¡fyh«. ïªjmsî ïj‹ m©ikÆš cŸs “Mâ¢rešÿ®” v‹W m§FŸsk¡fshš miH¡f¥g£L tU« á‰ùiu cŸsl¡»na Tw¥bg‰WŸsJ. Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ gw«ò v‹W Tw¥gL« xUk©nkL j©bghUie M‰¿‹ bj‹ fiuÆÅ‹W bjhl§»¤bj‹tlyhf Ú©L »l¡»‹wJ. ïj‹ tlgFâ ca®ªJ«,bj‹gFâ jhœªJ« cŸsJ. ï‹W«,F‹bwd ÃÄ®ªJ Ã‰F«ï« nk£L Ãy« (gw«ò) fŸËí«, KŸËí«, fšY«, KŸS«,ruY«, guY«, btŸSilí« fUîilí« (fUntY«), òjU«gjU« ml®ªJ fhz¥gL»wJ. ïJ gÆ®¤ bjhÊY¡F¥ga‹glhj gh§f‰w Ãykhf¡ fUj¥gL»wJ. ïªj ïl¤ij¥g©ila jÄH®fŸ ïwªJnghd k¡fË‹ cliy¥ òij¡F«


bgauË¤JÉ£L, Mâ¤j ešÿÇš mfHhŒî brŒa¥g£lïl¤â‰F bkhfŠrjhnuh v‹W bgaÇ£L miH¤jhš Äf¥bghU¤jkhf ïU¡F«. VbdÅš ïJ K‰¿Y«


ïu©lhtJ mfHhŒîïij¤ bjhl®ªJ 1903-1904 M« M©LfË‹ FË®

fhy¤âš ãuŠR eh£il¢ nr®ªj ghßR efÇš cŸs v«.cÿÆR ïyh¥ã¡ô (M. Louis Lapicque) mt®fshš Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ãš Û©L« mfHhŒî brŒa¥g£L K‹ghšgH«bghUŸfŸ gy mfœªbjL¡f¥g£L mid¤J« ghÇR,gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢ rhiyÆš ïl«bgw¢ brŒa¥ bg‰wd.m¿P® ïyh¥ã¡ô mt®fŸ ï§F¡ f©l gH«bghUŸfŸmid¤ijí« MŒªjâ‹ Éisthf m¥bghUŸfŸ mid¤ijí« âuhÉl®fŸ Mâ K‹ndh®fS¡F¢ brhªjkhd gH«bghUŸfË‹ v¢rÄ¢r§fshf ïU¡fyh« v‹w KoÉ‰Ftªjh®.

jÄœeh£o‰F v›tif¤ bjhl®ò« m‰w br®k‹fhu®jÄHf¤âš EiHªJ Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ãš mfHhŒî el¤âÉiy kâ¡f Koahj fUñykhd gH«bghUŸfis¥ gf‰bfhŸis mo¥gij¥nghš ft®ªJ br‹wh®. ïij¡ f©Lcyf« »H¡»ªâa¡ f«bgÅ M£áia (East India company Rule)Vsdkhf¢ áÇ¤jJ. mij¡ f©L ãÇ£OR¡ »H¡»ªâa¡f«bgÅ M£á¡F¢ brhuiz V‰g£lJ. 1899 Kjš 1906 M«M©Ltiu Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ gw«ãš Û©L«mfHhŒîel¤JkhW m¿P® m.ïßah mt®fS¡F Miz ãw¥ã¤jJ.mt® m¥ gFâfis c‹Å¥ghf c‰W cz®ªJ mfœªJVuhskhd gH« bghUŸfis vL¤jh®. K‹d® mfœªJf©l bghUŸfisbah¤j gofŸ gy f©blL¡f¥g£ldv‹W Tw¥gL»wJ. ï§FŸs òijFÊfŸ (Burial grounds)khbgU« giHik thŒªjit v‹W Koò brŒa¥g£LŸsd. ï§F¡ »il¤j bghUŸfŸ »¿¤jt CÊÆ‹bjhl¡f¤â‰F¥ ã‹d®¥ ga‹gL¤j¥g£litahŒ ïU¡fnt©L«. ïit gh©oa®fË‹ njh‰w _y¤ij ciladv‹W« ïßah v©Âdh®. ï‹W m¿P® mby¡rhªj® ïßahmt®fŸ mfœªJ f©l Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gH«bghUŸfŸmid¤J« br‹id¥ gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢ rhiyÆš xUgh§fhd ïl¤âš tF¤J¤ bjhF¤J¢ Óuhf it¡f¥ bg‰WŸsd.*

Kidt® rhnfhU«, m¿P® v«. cÿÆR ïyh¥ã¡ômt®fS« Mâ¤ješÿ®¥gw«ãš mfœªJ vL¤J¢ br‹wbghUŸfŸ v‹bd‹d v‹W vtU« m¿ah®. mt®fËšvtU« j§fŸ gH« bghU£fh£á¢rhiyÆš ïl« bgw¢brŒâU¡F« Mâ¤ješÿ® mfœ MŒî¥ bghUŸfS¡FÉs¡fkhd g£oaš vJî« btËÆ£oU¥gjhf ek¡F


v›tif¢ brŒâí« ïJtiu »il¡fÉšiy. Mdhš, ïªâaeh£o‹ m‹iwa mw§fhty®fshf (trustees) ïUªj ãÇ£OR¡»H¡»ªâa¡ f«bgÅÆ‹ nguhsuhf ïUªjt®, âUbešntÈkht£l mâfhÇ âU. ïR£^t®£ v‹gt® Mt®. mt® 1876M« M©oš, Kidt® rhnfh® mfœªJ f©blL¤j brŒâfis¥ g‰¿¡ F«ãÅÆ‹ nkyâfhÇfS¡F xU foj« vGâíŸsh®. mªj¡ foj¤Jl‹ m‹iwa ãÇ£OR¡F«ãÅ M£áÆ‹ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ JiwÆš 1902-03, 1903-1905 M« M©LfË‹ ïªâahÉš bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw msthŒîbrŒjt®fS« 1899-1900M« M©LfŸ Kjš 1903-1904 M©LfŸtiu bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤JiwÆ‹, bj‰F t£lhu¢ R‰whŒîbrŒjt®fS« mË¤j m¿¡iffŸ cŸsd. mit TW«brŒâfŸ :

“eh§fŸ 25 mšyJ 30 rJu¡bfr« (1 - rJu¡bfr« 3 moÚsK« 3 mo mfyK« ml§»aJ) gu¥gsîŸs nkbyGªjthÇahf¡ fšY« ruS« Ãiwªj ghiwÛJŸs xU gFâiaí« mnj _y¡TWfisí« fš ghs§fisí« gof¡fšÃiwªj gw«ã‹ k‰W« xU gFâiaí«, mfœ MŒî brŒa¤bjhl§»ndh«. m§F, eh§fŸ 25¡F nkš 30 v© tiuíŸsk£gh©l§fis (jhÊfis)¡ f©Lão¤njh«. mt‰¿‹cUt msî 3-9 mo Kjš 3-6 motiu cauK« Vw¤jhH g¤Jm§Fy« thafyK« msîŸsdthf ïUªjd. gy ï‹WfilfËš É‰F« k£gh©l§fisÉl cWâí« ehfÇfK«ciladthÆUªjd. ïªj k£gh©l§fËš k©f£oí«ruŸfS« ml§»ÆUªjd. mt‰nwhL gH«bghUŸ M®ty®(Antiquarian) kÅjtif ntWghLfisí« bjhl®òfisí«,g©ghLfisí« g‰¿ MŒî brŒgt®, gH« bghUŸfŸâu£o¢nr®¥gt® (antiquarians, the ethrologist and collectors of An-tiquities) Kjš m¿Éaš tšYe® tiuíŸst®¡F Äf¡ ft®¢áô£L« gšntW tifahd bghUŸfŸ mâš ml§»ÆUªjd.m§F¡ »il¤j gšntW tifahd gUkÅš cŸsmL¡fis¥ gh©l§fS« k©zhš M¡f¥g£litahfïUªjd. mit I«gJ tif¡F nk‰g£litahF«. nkY«m§F ïU«ò¥gil¡ fy‹fŸ (Iron weapons) Jiz¡ fUÉfŸ(Implements) áw¥ghf¡ f¤âfŸ mšyJ F£ilahd bt£LthŒ¥ gFâiaíila thŸfŸ (Short sword-blades) if¡nfhlÇfŸ (Hatches) M»aití« bgÇa msÉš vY«òfS«,jiynahLfS« (k©ilnahLfS«) f©Lão¡f¥g£LŸsd. ït‰WŸ x‹W ï‹W Äf Kj‹ikahd brŒâahF«. m~jhtJ, ïu©L áWk£gh©l§fŸ xU bgÇa


k£gh©l¤âDŸ it¡f¥g£oUªjd v‹gjhF«. bgÇak£gh©l¤JŸ »£l¤j£l všyh vY«òfS« ml§»ÆUªjd, (ït‰¿š v‹d bghUŸfŸ ml§»ÆUªjd) v‹WTWtâš ãiH vJî« vH KoahJ. Mdhš, âUbešntÈ¢rhik v‹W Tw¥gL« cy®ªj Ty¥bghUS« mÇá vd¥gL« Ty¥bghUS« nkny cŸs btË¥ gFâÆš ïUªjd.ïªj¡ Ty¥ bghUŸfŸ jhkhfnt c¡» kiwªJnghÆd.Mdhš nkny öt¥g£l - bgU«ghY« kzš r¤JŸsit- vŠá ïUªjd.

“v§fSila Kj‹ikahd mfœ MŒî bjhl§f¥g£l ïl¤âÅ‹W FiwªjJ 270 mšyJ 360 Û£l® bjhiyÉš cŸs gyÉl§fËš nkny F¿¥ã£l rhî Éid¡FÇaòijfy‹fŸ (jhÊfŸ urns) gw«ãYŸs ruis¡ f‰fË‹nk‰ghf¤âš cilªj X£L¤ J©Lfshf¥ gy ájW©L»lªjd. mit všyh tÊfËY« mfHhŒit bkŒ¥ã¡f¡Toadthf ïUªjd. Mdhš, xU brŒâÆš k£L« mitãz§fis¥ òij¡F« giHa ïLfh£oid¥ g‰¿¡F¿¥ghf vL¤J¡fh£L« ïlkhf ïUªjJ. mšyJ moÃy¡fšyiwÆš (cata comb) mªj¡ fhy¤âš ãz¤ij¥ òij¤Jit¡F« bgU« tH¡F ÃyÉaJ v‹gJ ï‹iwa ïªâahÉ‰F¥ bgU«ghY« bjÇahJ v‹W Twyh«. k¡fË‹vY«ò¡ T£il¥ bgÇa Ftis mšyJ k£gh©l¤âDŸns it¤J mjDŸ ïu©L _‹W mšyJ eh‹F á¿ak£gh©l§fis ïwªJ nghdt®fŸ k‰nwh® cyifmilí«bghGJ ga‹gL¤â¡ bfhŸS« bghU£L btË¥gilahŒ¤ bjÇíkhW V‰ghd czî«, ïU«ghyhd gil¡fy‹fSl‹ j£LK£L¥ bghUŸfS« it¡f¥g£oUªjd”v‹W Tw¥gL»wJ. ïªj¥ bghUŸfŸ mid¤ijí« mfœªJvL¤J¢ br‹w Kidt® rhnfh® mt‰iw¥ bg®È‹ gH«bghU£fh£á¢rhiyÆš (Museum) ïl«bgw¢ brŒJŸsh®.ïªj¥ bghUŸfËš x‹W« br‹id¥ gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢rhiyÆš ïl« bgwÉšiy. ït‰iwbašyh« kht£lM£áahs® âU. ïR£Lt®£ muR¡F vGâa mªj klÈše‹F vL¤J¡ fh£oíŸsh® v‹gJ br‹id muá‹ bghJ¥gÂ¤Jiw elto¡iffŸ (27-3-1876 ï‹ 329 M« v©QŸsrh‹W) vL¤J¡ fh£L»‹wd.

m§F mfHhŒî eilbg‰wã‹d® Ãy« gŸsK«nkLkhŒ¡ »lªjJ. ruisfŸ m§F« ï§F« FÉªJ »lªjd.k© v§F« ájW©L »lªjJ. vY«òfŸ ml§»ÆUªj KJk¡fŸ jhÊfŸ v‹W Tw¥g£l k£fy§fŸ ï§bfh‹W«


m§bfh‹WkhŒ neuhfî«, rhŒªJ«, cilªJ« »lªjd.mfœtj‰F v‹W tªj ntiyah£fŸ FU£Le«ã¡ifbfh©L ngŒ ãrhR v‹W T¿ eL§» m§F¥ òFªJ gÂbrŒa mŠá Ã‹wd®. nk‰bfh©L mfœªJ Ma KoaÉšiy.nk‰ghf¤âš »l¡F« áy jhÊfis MŒî brŒanth, br®k‹m¿P® É£L¢br‹w gH«bghUŸfis vL¤J¡bfh©Ltunth btË¥gL¤jnth KoahâUªjJ. Vuhskhd giHaï‹¿aikahj bghUŸfŸ mâf ciH¥ã‹¿ vL¤J¡bfh©L tU« ÃiyÆš »lªJ« mt‰¿‹ mUnf vtU«JÂªJ bršyÉšiy. _le«ã¡ifÆš _œ»¡ »lªj ntiyah£fË‹ f©fËš vY«òfS« F¿¥ghf¤ jiynahLfS«bfhoa ngŒfshf¤ njh‹¿d.

ïWâ MŒîMâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ã‹ nkšjs¤âš »lªj mÇa

bghUŸfis vL¤j¡bfh©L tuî«, bjhl®ªJ mfœªJMŒî el¤jî«, muR v©ÂaJ. Mdhš, m‹WŸs NœÃiyÆš mªj v©z« ifÉl¥ g£lJ. m¥ghš mfœ MŒîbrŒant©lh v‹W muR MiztªjJ. gw«ò v›tif¡fiyí« mfœî« brŒa¥glhJ Él¥g£lJ. mfœ MŒîbrŒí« m¿P®fS¡F cjÉ vJî« »il¡fhj ÃiyÆš mªjv©z« ifÉl¥g£lJ. nkY« bjhl®ªJ MŒî brŒa¥glÉšiy. ïj‹ gadhŒ Vuhskhd Éiy ca®ªj gH«bghUŸfŸ njLthu‰w ÃiyÆš »lªJ mÊªbjhÊªjd.

1899 Kjš 1900 M©L tiu br‹id khÃy muá‹ gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢ rhiyÆ‹ kâ¥ò¡FÇa Jiz¡ f©fhÂ¥ghsuhf ïUªj âU.m.ïßah mt®fŸ Kj‹ Kjyhf¥gw«ã‹ nk‰ws¤ij¥ gh®itÆ£lh®. m¥bghGJm§FŸs áy gFâfŸ mfHhŒî brŒa¥g£oUªjd v‹gijcz®ªjh®. 1903 Kjš 1904 tiu x›nth® M©L« áy â§fŸmtuhš nk‰bfh©L mfHhŒîfŸ el¤j¥g£L tªjd.Mâ¤j ešÿÇš f©blL¡f¥g£l bghUŸfËš âu£l¥g£lit br‹id muá‹ gH« bghUŸ fh£á¢ rhiyÆštF¤J¤ bjhF¤J ïl«bgw¢ brŒa¥g£ld. ïßah mt®fË‹ bgU« Ka‰áahš »£l¤j£l mtU¡F K‹d® mfœMŒî brŒj m¿P®fŸ f©blL¤j bghUŸfS¡F x¥ghfVuhskhd bghUŸfË‹ kWgot« (duplicate) f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd. ïit Mâ¤j ešÿ® mfHhŒî¥ bghUŸfS¡F¤ju¥g£l g£oaÈš fhz¥gL»‹wd v‹W br‹id muá‹gH« bghUŸ fh£á¢ rhiyÆ‹ f©fhÂ¥ghs® âU.nr.M®.


v©l®r‹ 1914 M« M©L “Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ bgU«ghô®fËÅ‹W f©blL¡f¥g£l tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F Kªâa gH«bghUŸfË‹ g£oaš” v‹w üÈ‹ K‹DiuÆš vL¤J¡fh£oíŸsh®.

1899M« M©L Kjš 1905M« M©L tiu bj‰Ft£lhu¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw¡ f©fhÂ¥ghsuhfïUªJ XŒî bg‰wtU«, br‹id muá‹ gH«bghU£fh£á¢ rhiyÆ‹ kâ¥ò¡FÇa Jiz¡ f©fhÂ¥ghsUkhd âU. mby¡rhªj® ïßah v›.vÞ.V. (Þfh£) mt®fŸbr‹id khÃy¡ »H¡»ªâa¡F«ãÅ M£áÆ‹ Miz¥goM©LnjhW« XÇU â§fŸ Mâ¤j ešÿ®¥ gw«ig¢ á¿Já¿jhf mfHhŒî el¤â, Vuhskhd mÇa gH« bghUŸfis¡ f©blL¤J mt‰iw tF¤J¤ bjhF¤J, br‹id¥gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢ rhiyÆ‹ xU bgÇa k©lg¤âšïl«bgw¢ brŒjh®. 1913M« M©L m¡nlhg®¤ â§fËšmt® j« gÂÆÅ‹W XŒî bgWK‹ mfHhŒî¥ bghUŸfS¡F xU ešy g£oaY« cUth¡»¡ bfhL¤JŸsh®. m¥g£oaš mH»a 13 gl§fSlD« br‹id¥ gH«bghU£fh£á¢ rhiyÆ‹ f©fhÂ¥ghsuhf ïUªj âU.nr.M®v©l®r‹ mt®fË‹ K‹DiuílD« “Mâ¤j ešÿÇY«bgU«ghôÇYKŸs tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£lgH«bghUŸfË‹ g£oaš” (Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiqui-ties from Adichanallur and Perumbair) v‹w bgaUl‹ 1915 M« M©Lbr‹id muR gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢rhiy xUáW btËp£oid3 btËÆ£lJ. mj‰fhf ehD« jÄHfK« m¿P®m.ïßah mt®fS¡F« âU.nr.M®. v©l®r‹ mt®fS¡F«e‹¿iaí« tz¡f¤ijí« v‹W« brY¤j¡ flik¥g£LŸnsh«. mtuJ üÈ‹ go x‹W v‹Ål« »il¤âuhÉoš ï¥bghGJ c§fŸ ifÆÈU¡F« ïªüš btËtªâU¡f KoahJ.

cyf« Mâ¤ješÿ® mfœ MŒî¥ bghUŸfis¥g‰¿nah jÄH®fË‹ g¤jhÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹ mU«ãaïU«ò CÊÆš ÃyÉa ïU«ò¥ g©gh£oš vGªj ehfÇf¢áw¥ignah m¿ªâU¡f thŒ¥ò vHhkš nghÆU¡F«. m¿P®ïßah mË¤j Mâ¤j ešÿÇš mfœªJ f©l “tuyh‰W¡fhy¤â‰F K‰g£l gH« bghUŸfË‹ g£oaš” 1902-03, 1903-04 M©LfS¡FÇa ïªâa¤ bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤ JiwÆ‹M©l¿¡ifahfî« 1908-09 M©oš bgU«ghôÇš mfœªJf©l bghUŸfË‹ m¿¡ifahfî« btËtªJŸsJ. mWg¤ijªJ M©LfS¡F K‹ m¿¡ifahfî«, üš totkhfî«


M¡f¥ bg‰w ï›ntL 50 M©LfS¡F K‹ng É‰gidah»É£lJ.

k¡fŸ if¡F tªj üšfŸ gy, fhy btŸs¤jhšgiHadth» ï‰W¡bf£L kiwªJ nghŒÉ£ld. vdntï‹iwa tuyh‰wháÇa®fS¡F«, bjhš bghUŸ MŒî¤JiwÆdU¡F« kÅj ïdüš m¿P®fS¡F« (Anthropologists)Mâ¤j ešÿ® jÄH® ehfÇf¤ij m¿í« thŒ¥ò ïšyhJnghŒÉ£lJ.

jÄœeh£L tuyh‰wháÇa®fS¡F Mâ¤ješÿ® mfœMŒî«, áªJbtË mfHhŒî« ïªJkh¡ flÈ‹ mo¤js«tiu nrhÉa¤ kh¡flš MŒths®fŸ (Oceanographers) flÈš75,000,000 rJu¡ »nyh Û£l® gu¥ò mšyJ cyfkh¡ flšfËš Iªâš xU ghf§bfh©l ïªJkh¡fliy É¤ah®R(Vitiyarz) v‹w caÇa m¿Éaš gh§fhd mÇa flyhŒî¡ f¥gš_y« gšyh©L bjhl®ªJ gy ïy£r¡fz¡fhd fš bjhiyî1. R‰Wyh¢ br‹W bgU« bghUŸ bryÉ£L el¤âa R‰W¢bryÉ‹ (expedition) KoòfS«, jÄœk¡fS¡F ï‹¿aikahjdthF«.

nrhÉa¤ flyhŒî KoòfŸ ek¡F ï‹D« »il¡fÉšiy. Mâ¤ješÿ® mfHhŒÉ‹ áw¥ig m¿ªâuhj áy®thŒ¡ bfhG¥ò¡ bfh©L “jÄH®fS¡F 2000-« M©LfS¡FKªâa thœî ïšiy v‹W« MÇa Fy¥ãÇÉš ït®fŸ‘N¤âu®’ v‹W fUj¥gLt® v‹W«” T¿ tªjd®. jÄH®fŸ50 MÆu« M©LfS¡F K‹ÅUªJ mjhtJ gH§fšÿÊ¡FK‹ ïUªJ thœªJ, òâa fšÿÊ ïU«ò CÊ M»at‰iw¡flªJ, ï‹iwa tuyh‰W¡ fhy« tiu thœªJ tUgt®fŸv‹w c©ik, m¿Éaš KiwÆš Ãiyeh£l¥g£LŸsJ.jÄHf¤â‹ _jhija®fŸ ïby_Çah¡ f©l¤âš njh‹¿¤jÄHf«, ehtyªÔî xËehL, _ehL v‹bwšyh« TW«kiwªJ nghd ehLfËš thœªjt®fŸ v‹W fUâ mªehLfis¥ g‰¿í« nrhÉa¤ m¿P®fS«, ã‹yhªJ¥ ngu¿P®fS«, ãÇ£oR bkhÊÆaš tšYe®fS« ãwU« Kjš ïil,fil¢ r§f§fis¥ g‰¿í« mt‰¿š btË tªj üšfis¥g‰¿í« mªj Ãy¤ij¥ g‰¿í« ï‹W Ma K‰g£LŸsh®fŸ.

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òila k¡fŸ v‹w c©ikia Ãiyeh£oaJ. Mâ¤ješÿ® mfHhŒî kÅj ïd¤â‹ _jhija®fshd jÄH®fË‹ (âuhÉl®fË‹) Mâ K‹ndh®fË‹ bjh£ošbj‹Åªâah v‹gij cWâ¥gL¤J»wJ. áªJbtË ehfÇf«ïUsh®ªj ïªâa tuyh‰¿‰F xU ÉobtŸËahf¤âfœªjJ. Mdhš, ïªâa tuyh‰¿‰F Mâ¤ješÿ® ehfÇf«fUnkf§fŸ ml®ªj fh® ïUË‹ eLnt Mâ¤j‹ j‹bgh‰fâ®fis åá ïUËid mf‰¿ xËjU« ïs« PhÆWMf¤ âfœ»‹wJ v‹W ï‹W thG« E©kh© EiHòy«thŒªj m¿P®fshš Tw¥g£L tU»‹wJ.

gw«ò mik¥òï¥ gw«ãš mfœ MŒî brŒtj‰FÇa ïl«


oUªjJ. jhÊfËš cŸs vY«ò¡ TLfËš KG vY«òfS«ml§» ïU¥gJ áyt‰¿šjh‹ fhz¥bg‰wd. ïit»£l¤j£l _‹wo¡ FW¡fsîŸs bgÇa jhÊfËšjh«bgÇJ« fhz¥g£ld.

Kidt® j®R£l‹ (Dr. Thurston) Mâ¤ješÿ® jiynahLfËš br‹id¥ gH«bghUŸ fh£á¢rhiyÆ‹nrfÇ¥ãš cŸs, m~jhtJ ešy ÃiyÆš cŸs - MW jiynahLfË‹ msîfis ek¡F mË¤JŸsh®. mt‰¿‹msîfŸ moÆš tUtdthF« :

jiynah£o‹ Ús¤ jiynah£o‹ jiynah£o‹ â‰F« mfy¤â‰F« Ús« (br.Û.) mfy« (br.Û.) ïilnaíŸs ü‰W

ÉG¡fhL jfî msî1. 18.8 12.4 66

2. 19.1 12.7 66.5

3. 18.8 12.4 67.8

4. 18 12.2 67.8

5. 18 12.8 71.1

6. 16.8 13.1 78

ïªj¤ jiynahLfËš ïu©L jhil vY«òfŸÚ©ldthf ïU¥gJ bjËthf¤ bjÇ»wJ. gH«bghUŸfh£á¢ rhiyÆš cŸst‰¿š Mªâu® jiynahLfËY«jÄH® jiynahLfËY« mtut®fSila kuò¡ TWfŸe‹F òy¥gL»‹wd.

nkY« âU. j®R£l‹ ï‹iwa jÄHf¤âš thG« Ú©ljiynah£ilíilat®fËš (Dolichocephalic) tF¥ãšvŠáÆU¡F« Äf Ú©l jiynah£ilíilat®fŸ (Hyperdolichocephalic) tF¥ò ïd§fS¡F« ïilnaíŸs msînt‰WikfŸ moÆš tUkhW cŸsdbt‹W vL¤J¡fh£oíŸsh® :

jiynahLfË‹ Ús¤MŒî brŒa¥ â‰F« mfy¤â‰F«

tF¥ò g£l v© ïilnaíŸs ü‰WÉG¡fhL jfî msî70¡F¡ Ñœ cŸsm£ltiz

1. gŸË 40 64.4, 66.9, 67, 68.9, 69.62. giwa‹ 40 64.8, 69.2, 69.8, 69.53. ntshs‹ 40 67.9, 69.6


ïwªJnghd k¡fË‹ cl«ig¢ RLfh£oÈ£L¢R£lã‹ mªj vY«òfis¤ nj®ªbjL¡F« ïªâa Kiwiamo¥gilahf¡ bfh©L Mâ¤ješÿÇš rhî ÉidfŸga‹gL¤j¥g£oU¡fyh« v‹W fUjyh«. v‹whY«m§F¥ ãz§fŸ Rl¥g£ld v‹gj‰F¢ rh‹WfŸ ïšiy.všyh Éjkhd f©L ão¥òfS« m§F vY«òfŸ òij¡f¥g£ld v‹w c©ikia¤jh‹ cz®¤âíŸsd.*

áy vY«òfËš gŠrhilÆ‹ gâtilahs«fhz¥gL»wJ. jhJ¥bghUŸfË‹ JUnthL ïizªJÚ©l ehshf xU¥g£oUªjâ‹ rhaš e‹F bjÇ»wJ. gygh©l§fËš mÇá, âid, rhik ngh‹w Ty¥ bghUŸfŸjhÊfËš fhz¥gL»‹wd. áy JÂia¥ nghy‹¿ mj‰Fkhwhf X® m§Fy Ús¤âš J©LJ©lhf ‘m¥nuf¤â‹’cilªj J©Lfshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd.

áy bghUŸfŸ fšyhyhd j£LK£L¥ bghUŸfshf¡fhz¥gL»‹wd. áy k§»a brªÃw« thŒªj kÂ¥gháfS«bt©fy¥gháfS« fG¤J khiyfSkhf¡ fhz¥g£ld.òijFÊfS¡F btËna rªjd¡f£ilÆ‹ muit¡fšY«fhz¥g£ld. bgU«ghY« k£gh©l§fŸ e‹whf btªJcWâahfî« mHfhfî« fhz¥bg‰WŸsd. jhÊfSŸnsfšyhš brŒa¥bg‰w áy gh¤âu§fS« cŸsd. fËk©izbkšÈajhf¤ j£o mH»a k£gh©l§fshf tidªJNisÆš ï£L ntfit¡f¥ g£LŸsd. mit át¥ò, fW¥òt©z§fËš fÉDw¡ fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïu©L t©z§fS« x‹W nr®ªJ xUÄ¤J xË®»‹wd. xUáy vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ t©z« thŒªjdthí«, R©z« Ô£l¥g£ldthí« bghÈî‰¿Uªjd. ïit á¿a msÉš mHF brŒa¥g£oUªjd. mL¤jL¤JŸs áy òŸËfŸ r£l¤ij¢ R‰¿_iyÉ£l¤njhL Ãušgl¤ Ô£l¥g£oUªjd. jhÊfŸfd« thŒªjdthí« br›t©z« thŒªjdthí« fuLKulhfî« brŒa¥g£oUªjd.

Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ò bjhšbghUŸ MŒî¤Jiw¡FxU t‰whj fUñy C‰whf Ãyî»wJ. m~J vL¡f vL¡f¡Fiwahj Éiyía®ªj gH«bghUŸfis¤ j‹df¤nj ml¡»it¤J¡ bfh©oU¡F« fsŠáakhf¡ fUj¥gL »wJ. ï§F


ahd caÇa ïl§fËš it¡f¥bg‰WŸsd. ï§F¥ bgÇamsÉš _‹W mfHhŒîfŸ brŒa¥g£LŸsd. jÅ¥g£lKiwÆY« áy® mfHhŒî el¤â¥ gy mÇa bghUŸfisvL¤J¤ âu£o it¤JŸsh®fŸ. ï§F eilbg‰w x›nth®mfHhŒî« òâa xËÆid tH§» vitnaD« áy òâabghUŸfis mË¤J cŸsd. MŒî el¤âa m¿P®fËilnagy òâa fU¤J¡fis mU«g¢ brŒJŸsd. mnjhL ïij¥ngh‹w gaDŸs mfHhŒî ïJtiu njh‹wÉšiy. ïªâahÉš tuyh‰W¡ fhy¤â‰F K‰g£l á‹d§fis ml¡»ÆUªj gy gh§fhd ïl§fŸ MŒî brŒa¥g£LŸsd.Mdhš, vijí« Mâ¤ješÿ® mfœ MŒî¥ bghUŸfS¡Fx¥ò¡ Tw KoahJ. ï~j‹¿ Mâ¤ješÿ®¥ gw«ã‹ mf‹wbgÇa Ãy¥gu¥ò btËÆš ÄFâahd msî ï‹D« bjhl¥glhkny ïUªJ tU»wJ. »H¡»YŸs nk£LÃy« m~jhtJ Mâ¤ješÿ® »uhk všiy¡F£g£l ïl« bgÇamsÉš f‹Å Ãykhf ï‹D« ïU¥gjhf¢ brhšy¥gL»wJ.ïªj ïl¤ij X® mo MH« mfœªJ gh®¤jhš nk£LÃy¤âÈUªJ nk‰gu¥ãš kiH Úuhš mÇ¤J¡ bfh©Lnghf¥g£l ruŸ js« fhz¥gL »wJ. mj‹Ñœ MW moMH¤â‰F¢ rh«gš, vY«òfŸ, Éy§ »‹ bfh«òfŸ, cilªjX£L¤ J©LfŸ KjÈat‰nwhL fyªj k© fhz¥gL»wJ.RU¡fkhf¡ T¿dhš »uhk¤âš cŸs gH§fhy¡ fÊî¥bghUŸfŸ fhz¥gL»‹wd v‹W brhšyyh«.

mfHhŒÉ‰ f©l mÇa bghUŸfŸmfHhŒî¥ bghUŸfËš jhÊfËš cŸs vY«òfŸ

jiynahLfŸ k£gh©l§fŸ M»at‰iwÉl¢ áw¥ghdbghUŸfŸ jhJ¥ bghUŸfŸ vdyh«. jhJ¥ bghUŸfËšbgh‹, bt©fy«, ïU«ò KjÈait áw¥ghdit. bgh‹ïwªJnghd k¡fË‹ jiyÆš f£l¥gL« g£l¤â‰F¥ga‹g£lJ. bt©fy« gh¤âu§fŸ Éisah£L¥ bghUŸfŸngh‹wit brŒa¥ ga‹g£lJ. ïU«ò bgh‹dhyhdg£l§fisí« ntWtifahd mÂfy‹fisí« brŒtj‰FcÇa fUÉfis¢ brŒa¥ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ. j¢Rntiy,bfhšY ntiy, f‹dh® ntiy, fšntiy, bgh‰bfhšy®ntiy KjÈat‰W¡F ï‹¿aikahj cË, R¤âaš, g‰W¡bfhuL, ão¤J muhî« mu«, ïiH¥òË KjÈa fUÉfŸbrŒa¥ ga‹g£lJ. cHt®fS¡F¥ ga‹gL« bfhG,mÇthŸ, g‹dÇthŸ, fl¥ghiw, k©bt£o KjÈafUÉfŸ brŒaî«, å£L ntiy¡F cÇa mÇthŸkiznj§fhŒ¤ âU», f¤â, bt£lÇthŸ, fu©o, Ru©o, mf¥ig


ngh‹wit brŒaî« ga‹g£lJ. gšntW tifahd gil¡fy‹fS« ïU«ãdhš brŒa¥g£lit f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd.

ï§F¡ »il¡f¥bg‰w Vd§fS¡F« gyif _ofŸnghl¥g£LŸsd. ïU«ò¡ fUÉfS¡F ku¤âdhš brŒa¥g£l if¥ãofŸ bghU¤j¥g£LŸsd. jhÊfË‹ cŸnsí«, btËnaí« Vuhskhd v©Â¡ifíŸs bghUŸfŸïl« bg‰WŸsd. jÄœeh£oš br«ngh bt©fynkh»ilahJ. ntW ïl§fËÈUªJ br«ò«, bt©fyK«bfh©Ltu¥g£L ï§F¥ gh©l§fŸ brŒa¥g£oU¡fyh«v‹W fUj¥gL»wJ. bgh‹ mÂfy‹fis eh£o‹ ca®ªjïd¤jh®fŸ bgÇJ« ga‹gL¤â tªJŸsd®. mJ jÄœeh£oš »il¤j jhJ¥bghUshF«. jÄœ eh£oš Äf¤bjh‹ikahd fhy¤âny MÇa®fŸ ïªâahÉ‰FŸ fhyovL¤J it¥gj‰F K‹ng, bgh‹ brŒí« j£lh®fS«,kuntiy brŒí« j¢r®fS« k£gh©l§fŸ tidí«k£nfht®fS«, üyhilfŸ beŒí« if¡nfhs®fS«,É¤J¡fis¢ br¡»È£L M£o beŒ vL¡F« v©bzŒtÂf®fS«, k¡fSila clY¡F cW« ãÂfis mf‰W«kU¤Jt®fSkhf¥ gšntW bjhÊyhs®fŸ ïUªJ tªjd®.gšntW bjhÊyhs®fshš brŒa¥bg‰w bghUŸfŸ Mâ¤ješÿ® mfœ MŒÉš »il¡f¥ bg‰wikÆid¡ bfh©Lbjh‹ikahd fhy¤âny jÄœeh£oš gy bjhÊyhs®fŸïUªJ tªjd® v‹gij m¿ayh«.5


F¿¥òfŸ - NOTES

III

1. Proceedings of the Madras Government No. 329 of 27th March 1876.

2. Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities from Adichanallur by A. Rea(Madras) 1915. Preface p. iii-v.

(a) “We commenced excavation in the side of a hill consisting chiefly ofquarts gravel with holders of the same material and resting on gneiss rockand within a superficial area of twenty five or thirty square yards, wediscovered from twenty to thirty baked ear thern pots varying in size fromthree feet nine by three feet six down to ten inches either way, of veryvarious shapes and of shapes in most cases more elegant and of a bettermanufacture than any one sees at the present day in the bazaars.

“These pots when examined, were found to contain besides earth, graveland stones a variety of objects of great interest” to the antiquarian theethnologist and to Science generally.

“Upwards of fifty kind of baked earthernware utensil of all sizes andshapes, a considerable number of iron weapons and implements chieflyknives or short sword-blades and hatchets, and a great quantity of bonesand skulls were discovered. In one very interesting case two small potswere found within a large one, together with the bones as in most casesof a nearly complete skeleton, containing what it was impossible to mis-take for anything else but the outer coats of grains itself had disap-peared, but outer coating-probably of silica-had remained.

“Several places at considerable distances, one at least 300 or 400 yards afrom out principal excavation, were found to contain similar sepulchralurns, and the surface of the quarts hill above was strewn over with brokenpieces of pottery of a similar character. Our excavation in all probabilityonly touched one point of an extensive ancient cemetery or catacomb inwhich the dead of an age, the habits of which are probably quite unknownin India at the present day, are disposed of in this singular manner, that isto say, by placing the skeleton or the body inside a large earthenwarevase or pot together with two, three or four small pots together with two,three or four small pots apparently containing food for the dead andweapons and implements of iron ready for use when he reached anotherworld”.Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities from Adichanallur and Perumbair- by Alexander Rea F.S.A. (Scot) Madras. 1915 - Introduction.


3. Ibid. Preface 1.

4. Ibid. Introduction p. 1-5.

5. A History of India by James H. Gense S.J. (Madras) 1965.pp. 16-17.

“Aryans were the first invaders of India. They came originally from thetreeless grass lands or stepps of South Russia. They were peaceful farm-ers, the word” “Aryan” meaning “tiller of the earth”.(1) The Punjab. In the hymns of the Rig Veda the names of about twenty-five rivers are mentioned and these many rivers all belong to the systemof Indus. They include the five great eastern branches of the Indus anda number of its north-western tributaries. We may therefore concludethat the earliest Aryan invaders made their homes partly to the west andparttl to the east of the Indus.

(2) Hindustan Proper. As years went on the decendants of the firstimmigrants probably increased by fresh arrivals travelled gradually east-wards and occupied the basins of the Jamuna and the Ganges orHindustan proper ....

(3) TheVindhya Range line. In the Course of time the Aryans spreadboth southwards and eastwards conquered the whole country lying be-tween the Himalayas and the Vindhya Range and reduced the Dasyus toslavery.

The fresh advance is mentioned in the Laws of Manu. According tothese the wide territories contained between the Himalayas and theVindhyas Range are called Aryavarta or the country of the Aryans. In theland of Aryavarta there was one part spot or rather province, that wasprivileged above all the others. This was Brahmavarta, the Holy land,situated due north of modern Delhi and to the south of the upper courseof the Sutlej between the river Saraswathi and Drishadvati. It was in thisregion that the Rig Veda is believed to have been completed. Tehre is acouplet in the Mahabharata to the following effect : ‘Those who dwell inthe Kurukshetra to the south of the Saraswathi and the north of theDrishadvati dwell in Heaven!’(4) Aryan Penetration of the Deccan. The last stage in the Aryan con-quest was a movement southwards. To the south lay the country whichthey called Dakshina of which the English world Deccan is said to be acorruption. The Aryan penetration of the Deccan was chiefly confined tothe spread of Aryan ideas and institutions among the Dravidians of theSouth. But this peaceful penetration of theSouth, does not belong to theVedic Period, it took place many centuries afterwards.


ïªj¥ gFâ M¡f¤â‰F cjÉa üšfŸ(Bibliography)

1. Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities from Adichanallur andPerumbair - Alexander Rea F.S.A. (Scot) Madras 1915).

2. Proceedings of the Madras Government Public Department(No.329 of 27th March 1876).

3. Report of the Archaeological Survey Southern circle for 1899-1990 to 1903-04, and of the Archaeological Survey of India for1902-03 and 1903-04.

4. “Some Prehistorical Burial Places in Southern India”.5. Annual Report of the Madras Government Museum 1905-06.

6. The Adichanallur Skulls - Zuckerman M.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(London) 1930.

7. A History of India - James H. Gense - S.J. (Madras) 1965.

8. Origin and Spread of the Tamils - Prof. V.R. RamachandraDekshitar, M.A. (Madras) 1971.

9. Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. I - Thurston I Madras.1909.

10. Ancient History of the Near East - H.R. Hall - 5th ed. (London)1922.


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