MLA,PARENTHETICAL CITATION,& WORKS CITEDBy: Stephanie Morton

MLA VS. APA

So what’s the difference? MLA (Modern Language Association)

Format is used primarily by most English and Humanities courses.

APA (American Psychological Association) Format is used for mostly Psychology and Social Science courses.

The main difference between the two is how the references are cited at the end of the page with minor tweaks on where the title of the reference goes, date of publication, etc.; as well as how to cite sources within the work.

MLA FORMAT There are strict rules to follow when writing an MLA

style paper:

Margins Margins must leave 1 inch around perimeter of all text.

Spacing The MLA Guide says that "the research paper must be double-

spaced," including quotations, notes, and the list of works cited.

Heading and Title The heading must have the writer’s first and last name,

professor with his/her last name, course and number, and date with day of the month (that the paper is due), followed by the month, then the year with no comma or slash marks between– all must also be double spaced and on separate lines on the top left of the first page.

Title must be centered underneath writer’s name. The title should neither be underlined nor written in all capital

letters.

MLA FORMAT CONTINUED

Heading and Title Continued Capitalization of words in the title should only include the first and last

words and principal letters (of, in, the-- should never be capitalized in a title).

Titles may end in an exclamation mark or a question mark where appropriate, but never a period.

Page Numbers The writer’s last name followed by the number of the page must be

displayed at the top right of each page with ½ inch margin. “Page” should never be abbreviated;.

Example: All that should appear is “Morton 3” at the very top right of the third

page. Not “Morton # 3” or “Page 3”.

* The MLA Handbook suggests using a paperclip to keep pages together, but a staple in the upper left hand corner of the first page will suffice.** Recommendations here are notes from MLA Handbook, however professors may changes rules to fit their classes.

MLA FORMAT CONTINUED

MLA format first page example:

PARENTHETICAL CITATION

“In MLA style, in-text citations, called parenthetical citations, are used to document any external sources used within a document (unless the material cited is considered general knowledge). The parenthetical citations direct readers to the full bibliographic citations listed in the Works Cited, located at the end of the document. In most cases, the parenthetical citations include the author's last name and the specific page number for the information cited.”

Basically… it’s an outside quote that is sited a certain way!

BUT HOW DO I WRITE IT A CERTAIN WAY?

*Always mention the author’s name, whether it is in the text itself of in the parenthetical citation– unless no author is provided.

If the author’s name is mentioned in the text:Johnson concludes “In sum, Lincoln’s ideas about the immorality of slavery were constrained by his overriding faith in the morality of democracy” (179).

If the author’s name is mention in the parenthetical citation:

“In sum, Lincoln’s ideas about the immorality of slavery were constrained by his overriding faith in the morality of democracy” (Johnson 179).

WHERE TO PLACE THAT DARN PERIOD Remember: It is important to treat the quotation

and the parenthetical citation as one sentence in regards to the period mark.

- Periods go AFTER the parenthetical citation, not inside the quote mark too.

YES! “As he outlined in his speeches, [Lincoln] did not believe

whites and blacks were equal in all ways, but he insisted that they had equal claims to the fruits of their labor and to the basic human right of liberty” (Johnson 179).

NO! […] they had equal claims to the fruits of their labor and

to the basic human right of liberty.” (Johnson 179).

BUT WAIT! THERE’S MORE!

Of course, there are exceptions to all things English, so here’s another. The parenthetical citation just shown is a model of most quotes, but what happens when there are two author’s to one quote? What if two author’s have the same last name ? Or what if no author is listed?

TWO OR THREE AUTHORS FOR A SINGLE QUOTE If a source has two or three authors, place all of the

authors' last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:

A team can be defined as "a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable" (Katzenbach and Smith 45).

OR

Katzenbach and Smith explain “[…] approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable” (45).

ONE SENTENCE THAT USES TWO SOURCES

If one sentence uses two sources, alphabetize the parenthetical citations by last name of the author. If one of the citations has a page number and the other does not, place the citation with the page number before the citation without a page number. Period marks still go after the last parenthetical citation.

ONE SENTENCE THAT USES TWO SOURCES CONINUED DO NOT place parenthetical citations in the middle of the

sentence to note which quote is which author’s:

NO! The system by which America donates organs is not working (Christianity); only 66 patients receive transplants every day, while the waiting list number increases by 115, and nearly 10% of all the patients waiting for a transplant are children under the age of 18 (Hansen 155).

YES!The system by which America donates organs is not working; only 66 patients receive transplants every day, while the waiting list number increases by 115, and nearly 10% of all the patients waiting for a transplant are children under the age of 18 (Hansen 155)(Christianity).

TWO AUTHORS THAT HAVE THE SAME LAST NAME BUT ARE DIFFERENT SOURCES

If the document uses two sources by authors with the same last name, include the author's first name in the text or the parenthetical citation:

Tom Peters talks about a company that facilitates employees' renewal by shutting down its factory for several hours per week while teams work through readings on current business topics (57).

OR

[…] through reading on current business topics (Tom Peters 57).

EXCEPTIONS When material from one source and the same page numbers is

used throughout a paragraph, use one citation at the end of the paragraph rather than a citation at the end of each sentence.

In quotes of four or more lines: since these quotes are presented as block quotes: that is, they are indented and use no quotation marks. In such cases, the parenthetical citation goes after the period, as the following example shows:

Example:Bolles argues that the most effective job hunting method is what he calls the creative job hunting approach:

figuring out your best skills, and favorite knowledge, and then researching any employer that interests you, before approaching the organization and arranging, through your contacts, to see the person there who has the power to hire you for the position you are interested in. this method, faithfully followed, leads to a job for 86 out of every 100 job-hunters who try it. (57)

NO AUTHOR IS LISTED FOR THE SOURCE

If a source does not include an author's name, substitute for the author's name the title or an abbreviated title in the text or parenthetical citation. Underline the title if the source is a book; if the source is an article, use quotation marks:

The use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems has grown substantially over the past five years as companies attempt to adapt to customer needs and to improve their profitability ("Making CRM Work").

IT HAS A CORPORATE AUTHOR

If a source has a corporate author, include the author's name and the page(s). If the corporate author's name is long, it should be included in the text rather than the parentheses:

According to the Centre for Development and Population Activities, interest in gender roles and responsibilities over the past decade has been "driven by the realization that women often do not benefit from development activities and in some cases become even poorer and more marginalized" (3).

WORKS CITED There are many ways to find sources now a days, here are a few most

frequently used types of sources: REMEMBER:

“Works Cited” page should be centered on its own page (with writer’s last name and page number)

Works Cited is Alphabetized by Author’s last name (if there is no last name, then by the name of the title)

If the citation is longer than one line, the second line is indented. Removed all hyperlinks (automatic underline the computer puts on URLs after typing)

List of Works Cited From Print Materials: Book by one author:

Rattenbury, Ken. Duke Ellington, Jazz Composer. New Haven: Yale UP, 1990.

Book by two or more authors:Jakobson, Roman, and Linda R. Waugh. The Sound Shape of Language. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1975.

Article from a magazine:Bazell, Robert. "Science and Society: Growth Industry." New Republic 15  Mar. 1993: 13-14.

WORKS CITED FROM ELECTRONIC SOURCES General Guidelines—Articles From An Online Periodical:

Author’s name (if given) “Title of work" (if any) in quotation marks Name of periodical (underlined or italicized) Web. (identifies where source came from) Date of publication (if given) Date website was accessed (DD month. YYYY) <URL>

*Periods are used after each guideline to show the beginning of the next:

Example: Adam, Mufti Muhammad. "The First and Foremost Is That Allah Almighty

Has Honoured The Human." Is Organ Donation Permissible? Web. 5 Dec. 2009. <http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/hh/organ- transplant.html>.

WORKS CITED FROM ELECTRONIC SOURCES CONTINUED If a source does not include an author's name, substitute for the

author's name the title or an abbreviated title on the Works Cited page.

Example:"25 Facts About Organ Donation and Transplantation.“Congressional

Kidney Caucus. Feb. 2002. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. <http://www.house.gov/mcdermott/kidneycaucus/25facts.html>.

If a source has two authors, alphabetize authors by last name comma then first followed by “and” then the second author with last name then first name on the Works Cited page.

Example:Cohen, Eric and Crowe, Sam. “Organ Transplant Policies and Policy Reforms.” Discussion Aid for the September 2006 President’s Council on Bioethics Meeting, Sept. 2006. Web. 8 Nov. 2009. <www.bioethics.gov>.

WORKS CITED FROM ELECTRONIC SOURCES CONTINUED

If a source has a corporate author, include the corporate name in place of the author’s name.

Example: The Church of England. “Organ Donation a Christian

Duty.” Church of England. 8 October 2007. Web. 8 Nov. 2009. <www.cofe.anglican.org>.

OTHER TYPES OF WORKS CITED TOOLS

www.easybib.com Allows users to put in website they used and it

find most of the information needed like the author and when it was published.

http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/index.html Provides links to lists of works cited that are not

as commonly used.

*These website are up to date with MLA’s ever changing

MY WORKS CITED "25 Facts About Organ Donation and

Transplantation.“Congressional Kidney Caucus. Feb. 2002. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. <http://www.house.gov/mcdermott/kidneycaucus/25facts.html>.

Adam, Mufti Muhammad. "The First and Foremost Is That Allah Almighty Has Honoured The Human." Is Organ Donation Permissible? Web. 5 Dec. 2009. <http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/hh/organ-transplant.html>.

Austin, Elizabeth. "MLA Vs. APA Works Cited | EHow.com." EHow | How To Do Just About Everything! | How To Videos & Articles. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. <http://www.ehow.com/about_5435492_mla-vs-apa-works-cited.html>.

Capital Community College. "Guide to Writing Research Papers: MLA- Style." Capital Community College - Hartford CT - Home Page. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. <http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/mla/format.shtml>.

MY WORKS CITED CONTINUED The Church of England. “Organ Donation a Christian Duty.”

Church of England. 8 October 2007. Web. 8 Nov. 2009. <www.cofe.anglican.org>.

Cohen, Eric and Crowe, Sam. “Organ Transplant Policies and Policy Reforms.” Discussion Aid for the September 2006 President’s Council on Bioethics Meeting, Sept. 2006. Web. 8 Nov. 2009. <www.bioethics.gov>.

Duke University. "Assembling a List of Works Cited in Your Paper." Duke University Libraries - Home. 17 Dec. 2009. Web. 07 Mar. 2011. <http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/index.ht ml>.

"EasyBib: Your Bibliography / Works Cited List." EasyBib: Free Bibliography Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago Citation Styles. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. <http://www.easybib.com/cite/view>.

MY WORKS CITED CONTINUED

Johnson, Michael P. Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War. Selected Writings and Speeches.

Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2001.

Kilborn, Judith. "MLA Parenthetical Documentation." Welcome to LEO: Literacy Education Online. 16 Mar. 2004. Web. 04 Mar. 2011.<http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/research/mlapare

n.html>.

University of California. "Use MLA Citation Style." University Library. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. <http://library.ucsc.edu/help/howto/use-mla-citation-style>.