mnittx if ^l)ilo«opl)p · 2018-01-04 · plant leaves and human lungs. in fact the clean air,...

Behaviour of Hydro-Meteorological Parameters and Their Impact on Ci^oundwater Hydrology

Around Harduagani Thermal Powerhouse Catchment Area.

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAt FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Mnittx if ^l)ilo«opl)p I N

BY

S. M. HAMID RIZVI (M. Sc, Allg.)

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY A U G A R H M U S L I M UNIVERSITY

AL1GARH ( IND IA)

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Dr. SHADAB KHURSHID Principal Invest igator / R e a d e r

[ Office : 5615 Res. . 597P

HINDON RIVER BASIN PROJECT

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM I N'lVERSITY AUGARH-202001 (INDIA)

Ref.No IHRP-GEOLI Dated., 1-X . (-2. °lO

CI:R"I'I I'ICA'I'K

'HI i r. in lo corliry bhol \\\o d i s.sorto t j on

onbitled 'liKIIAVIOUR OF llYUROMI-ITICOROI.OCrCAI. PARAMETERS

AND THEIR IMPACT ON ^GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY AROUND

IIARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER HOUSE-CATCHMENT AREA' is an

original contribution of Mr. S.M. HAMID RIZVI in the

Ilya rogool ociy/Envi rf>nttion In 1 cjoolociy wh i rli wns nnrriod

out under my supervision. It has not been published

in parts or full anywhere else.

Mr. Kizvi is allowed to submit this work for

the award of M.Pliil. dogrc^o oT Alicjarh Muslim

University, AJiyarh.

(DR. SHADAB KHURSHID)

Supervisor

Dedicated T o The Sweet Memory of My

Beloved Father Late S. Mustafa Rizvi

Who was A Great Social Worker

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T

I f ee l irmiense p l easu re in tak ing the oppor tun i ty

of acknowledging my s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e and thankfulness to

Prof . S.H, I s r a i l i , Chairman, Department of Geology, a l i g a r h

Muslim U n i v e r s i t y for h i s encouragement and providing

r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s for ca r ry ing t h i s r e sea rch work.

I am h i g h l y g r a t e fu l to Dr. Shadab Khurshid, Reader,

Department of Geology, Al igarh Muslim Un ive r s i t y , Aligarh

for h i s most va luab le Supervis ion , devot ion of h i s most

p rec ious time a t a l l s t ages of research and in the p repa ra t ion

of t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n .

I am p a r t i c u l a r l y thankful to Mr. Shaida Khan,

Mr. A.Z. Rub, Mr. Zuba i r Ahmad, Mr. Mujahid Ali Khan, Choudhry

Sun i l Kumar, Mr. Mohd, wayyum for p rovid ing va luable d a t a .

I am very thankful , to Mr, Firoz Jawaid, STA, Department of

Geology for h i s he lp in ca r ry ing out the a n a l y t i c a l work.

I f ee l indebted to my co l l eagues . Dr. Nas i r Rizvi ,

K.R. Frahim Khan, Mr. Mohd. Arif K.a . , Mr. Nurul Hassan and

Miss Rehana Yusuf. My well wishers Mr. Ruhul Kabir,

S.M. Tanveer Ahuud, Mr. Abdullah Khan and Mr. Najamul Hassan

ro r t h e i r he lp a t d i f f e r e n t s t ages in completion of t h i s work

and I am thankful for t h e i r Cherished c o - o p e r a t i o n .

I would l i k e t o express my sense of deep g r a t i t u d e

to my mother, Syed Shaki l Ahmad (maternal u n c l e ) , Mr. Syed

Khalid Rizv i ( e l d e s t b ro the r ) ^Bhabhi, Mr. Mohd. Khurshid

(Bro the r - in - l aw) < my s i s t e r s Nahid, Arshi , Sufia , Reshma and

youngest b r o t h e r , S.M. Majid Rizv i , for t h e i r cons tan t

encouragement and f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e to ca r ryou t the

p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

Thanks are a l so due to Mr. Ali Hasan Khan (Typis t ) ,

Mr. Vinod Kumar (Cartographer) for taking more than p ro fe s s iona l

i n t e r e s t .

(S.M. HAi-ilD RI^VI)

C O H T B N T S

P a g e No,

List of tables

List of Plates

i

i i i

C h a p t e r - I INTRODUCTION

C h a p t e r - I I PHYSIOGRAPHY AND LANDUoE PATTERN

Chapter - III POINT SOURCE CATEGORY-HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER PLANT COMPLEX

18

C h a p t e r - IV HYDRO-METEOROLOGY 30

C h a p t e r - V GEOLOGY M-ID HYDROGEOLOGY 75

C h a p t e r - VI GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT AND BALANCE

94

C h a p t e r - V I I HYDRO-CHEMISTRY AND WATER POLLUTION

102

Summary and C o n c l u s i o n

R e f e r e n c e s

A p p e n d i x

i 3 8

147

161

LIST OF TABLES

Table - 1

Table - 2

Table - 3

Table - 4

Table - 5

Table - 7 (A)

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and t r a i t s of the Kasimpur S o i l

Chemical a n a l y s i s of Coal c o l l e c t e d from some impor tan t c o l l i e r i e s of I n d i a

Coal Consumption figixre during d i f f e r e n t seasons

Annual Coal Consumption & e l e c t r i c i t y genera t ion

Amount of noxious gases r e l e a s e d from the Chimney of Harduaganj Thermal Power P l a n t Complex

Table - 6 Mean Wind Veoloci ty a t Kasimpur s i t e

Annual r a i n f a l l in nun a t Aligarh Ralngauge s t a t i o n

7 Resu l t of S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of ra in-(B) f a l l da t a

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

7 (c)

- 8

- 9

- 10

- 11

- 12

- 13

P o t e n t i a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n

Chemical q u a l i t y of water of dugwells

Sodium Adsorption Rat io and sodium pe rcen t i n obse rva t ion wel ls

sodium Adsorption Rat io and Sodium Perc e n t of S o i l s , Leachates and Hsh

Resu l t of Chemical a n a l y s i s of t r a c e elements in Surface water body

Resu l t of Chemical ana lys i s of t r ace elements in water of dugs we l l s

Resu l t of chemical a n a l y s i s of t r a c e elements in shallow and deep tubwel ls water

ii

Table - 14 Result of Chemical analysis of .• 158 trace elements in Soil, leachates and ash

Table - 15 Guidelines for water quality .. 159 Criteria, Neimanis et.al.

Table - 16 Ouality Classification of water ,. 13 2 for irrigation (after wilcox)

Table - 17 Quality Classification of water .. 134 for irrigation (after U.S.S.B.)

Table - 18 Rainfall in ram, recorded at Part time .. 160 observatory (A.M.U. Aligarh)

i i i

LIST OF PLATES

P l a t e - I Locat ion map of Kasinr^jur town

P l a t e - I I Photograph of m u l t i s t a c k power

P l a n t s

P l a t e - H I Kol Tehsi l S o i l s

P l a t e -IV Tr iangu la r diagram for So i l t e x t u r e

P l a t e -V Annual Coal Consumption and e l e c t r i c i t y genera t ion

P l a t e -VI Hydrotneteoroiogical network

of Kasirapur town

P l a t e -VII Temperature Va r i a t i on in year 1986

P l a t e -VI I I Temperature " ' " " 1987

P l a t e - IX " " " " 1988

P l a t e -X " " " " 1989

P l a t e -XI R e l a t i v e Humidity and r a i n f a l l

v a r i a t i o n in year 1986

P l a t e -XII " " " 1987

Plate -XIII " " " 1988

Plate -XIV " " " 1989

P l a t e -XV Wind f requencies in d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s in winter season

P l a t e -XVI Wind f requencies in d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s in Summer season

P l a t e -XVII Wind f requencies i n d i f f e r e n t

d i r e c t i o n s in monsoon season

P l a t e -XVIII I s o h y e t a l map of Aligarh d i s t r i c t

P l a t e -XIX Departure of annual r a i n f a l l from mean annual r a i n f a l l

P l a t e -XX Index map

i v

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

Plate

-XXI

-XXII

-XXIII

-XXIV

-XXV

-XXVI

-XXVII

-XXVIII

-XXIX

-XXX

-XXXI

-XXXII

Sub-surface geo log ica l . . 8 2 c r o s s s e c t i o n

Depth to water l e v e l , Pre-monsoon . . 85 Per iod 1989

Depth to water l e v e l , Post-roonsoon . , 8 5 pe r iod 1989

Water l e v e l f l u c t u a t i o n for the . , 88 year 1989

Water t a b l e Contaur map, Pre-monsoon. . 90 for the year 1989

Water t ab l e Contaur map. Post-monsoon- 91 for the year 1989

Hydrograph s t a t i o n a t Jawan , , 93

D i s t r i b u t i o n of t o t a l hardness . . 109 in shallow groundwater bodies

Common Cat ions concen t ra t ion in , , 116 surface groundwater & s o i l s

Trace elements concen t ra t ion in . . 1 2 7 sur face sub-sur face water b o d i e s . S o i l s Leachates and Ash

Diagram showing p l o t s of Sodium . . 136 p e r c e n t B.C. va lues ( a f t e r Wilcox)

Diagram showing p l o t s of 3.A.R. ; . 137 va lues a g a i n s t E.G. va lues (U.S. S a l i n i t y diagranO .

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C H A P T E R - I

INTRODUCTION

Ecologically, the environment i s the sura of a l l external

condit ions and influences affecting the l i f e and development

of organisms. Two main aspects of the environment are usually

considered, the ab io t ic (a i r , minerals, so i l s , water, e tc . )

and b i o t i c (animal, human and p l a n t s ) . All environmental

aspects and the i r influence on l iv ing organisms and the nature

of the action of the environment per ta ins to those factors

which e x i s t as a vast complex. The whole system of in terac t ion

between a par t icu la r organism and i t s physical and b i o t i c

environment i s the niche of that organism. Environmental

pol lu t ion i s generally referred to man made and d i r e c t l y or

i n d i r e c t l y introduction through man's ac t iv i ty in to atmosphere,

hydrosphere, biosphere and l i thosphere (Livingstone and

boykin, 1962; Whiteside, 1965; Frink, 1967; Wentz and Lee,

1969, e tc . )

The contined r i s ing r a t e of human a c t i v i t i e s on the

ground and in the atmosphere i s posing unprecedented p e r i l s

which led to a disturbing ioibalance in the chemical contents

responsible for sustaining l i f e on tne ea r th .

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Orgainic fuel burned at thermal power stations contains

harmful impurities which are ejected into the environment as

gaseous and solid components of contoustion products and

adversely affect the atmosphere and water and the whole biosphere

The thermal power stations use thousands of tons of low

quality (high ash content) coal per day and other industries

have completely changed the nature and socio-economic order of

the region. Tall chimneys and Gigantic machines emit a cloud

of dust with fly ash and smoke containing high level of acid

forming oxides of sulphur and toxic fluorides and huge quantity

of highly toxic cement particles -^ich find easy foothold on

plant leaves and human lungs. In fact the clean air, clean

water, abundant fuel wood, fruit and timber trees, grazing

lands have been deteriorated.

A fact Finding Committee, constituted by Ministry of

Energy, Government of India, in its report of 1987 clearly

mentioned that the activities of the thermal power station,

and other industries are involved in concurrent environmental

degradation by bellowing thick smoke from the chimneys and

generation of dust. These industries are causing air, soil

and water pollution significantly.

In India, by the turn of the century, about 70, 000 MrV of

thermal power will be generated using high ash content coal.

District Mirzapur CU.P.) and its contiguous parts of

Madhya Pradesh are among the biggest po . er generating and

industrial rurual stations is being set up at Singrauli,

Vindhachal, Rihand^ Anpara and Renusagar. Besides other major

industrial units in the area are Hindalco and Kanoria chemicals

at Renukut, Vikas Industrial Gases and Obra Power Station.

Developed nations really cooperating with the developing

countries and giving top priority to power projects, is the

Soviet Union and India began to cooperate in the field of

energy in 1957. This year is important for India in the field

of energy because during the year 600,000 Kilowatt Nayveli

Thermal Power Plant was put into operation in Tamil Nadu, whicli

incidently, continues to be one of the most economical plants

of this kind into this day. In all, during the 1960s and 1970s,

the U.S.S.R. assisted India in building 16 power projects having

a total capacity of about 3,500/000 kilowatts.

It is good that India is busy in irrplementiny a large

scale programme for the electrification of the country. Suffice

it is to say that the total capacity of independent India's

power plants has increased by more tnan 25 times, approximating

50,000 megawatts today. But development is accompanied by some

form of pollution which threatens not only animal and plant life

but very existence of human race. There have been disasters of

great dimensions such as leakage or inject ion of l e tna l gases

l ike carbondioxides, water molecules, nitrogen, sulphurdioxide

and SO-, anhydride (Sulphur tr ioxide) ana ash (leachetes) which

led to the a i r , so i l and water po l lu t ion , rh - Thermal power

p lan t of Kasinpur town s i tuated of Aligarh d i s t r i c t i s selected

as a source of pol lut ion in the present work.

LocatJion and Access ib i l i ty of the area;

The area under study i s one of the most agr icu l tura l b e l t

of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab and forms a par t of Central Ganga-basin

around Kasimpur town, l i e s in the Morthal Pargana of the Koil

Tehsii in the Aligarh d i s t r i c t of Uttar Pradesh. The area i s

located 16 kms. in the nor th-eas t of the Aligarh c i ty between

27»51' N and 28''3'N l a t i t u d e IS^S'E and 78°93'£ longitude.

The study area l i e s in the Jawan Sikandarpur block in Koil

Tehsii of d i s t r i c t Aligarh cover an area of about 312 sq.km.

The Harduaganj Thermal Power House cons is t s of three s t a t ions

'A', ' B ' , and 'C {C^ and C ) having an e l e c t r i c i t y geri^ration

capacity of about 530 MW.

Previous work;

Human activities are driving many natural systems beyond

critical threshold of stability, posing serious economic

coasequences and direct threats to the earth's future habitability,

It is now evident that the atmospheric pollution causes a

s e r i o u s se t -back i n the normal funct ion and s t r u c t u r e of the

given world invo lv ing most of the i n d i v i d u a l s (Rao, 1971;

LeBlanc and Rao, 1975; Tourangeau, e t a l , , 1977; Furguson and

Lee, 1980; Lai and Arab asht, 1980, 1981; Johnson, 1981; Raza

and Bano, 1981; Vollmer e t a l . , 1982; Carlson, 1983; Murthy

and Anuradha, 1984) .

Recent ly , i t i s noted t h a t the e f f l u e n t s of t h i s Thermal

power complex r e l ea sed i n t o the atmosphere have been found to

a f f e c t some of the t imber t r e e s (Khan, 1982; Ghouse, e t a l . ,

1984 a/ b ) , vegetable c rops (Amani and Ghouse, 1978; Gupta;

1981) and var ious weeds of the l o c a l i t y (ajnani e t a l . , l9J9j;

amani, 1982; Ghouse and Khan, 1983, 1984) have a lso been oted

in c e r t a i n weeds t h r i v i n g in the v i c i n i t y of the power p l a n t .

In the l a t e s i x t e e s , the study area has been s tudied by G . J . I ,

and C.G.W.B. The hydrogeology and water - logging c o n d i t i o n s

i n the area and viewed the seepage from upper-Ganga cana l led

the water - logging c o n d i t i o n s in the study a r ea .

Alms and o b j e c t i v e s ;

The Harduaganj Thermal i^ower P lan t Complex, one of t h r e e

major thermal power p l a n t s of Ut ta r Pradesh, i s loca ted in

Kasin^ur town of a l i g a r h d i s t r i c t along the bank of the upper

Ganga canal running in the nort i i -west to s o u t h - e a s t d i r e c t i o n .

The main ob j ec t i ve of the p r e s e n t study area to know how

and up to what extent, the power house deteriorating the

environment of Kasimpur town and its catchment area. For this,

the present study deals with quality of soil characteristics,

irrigation water, drinking water standard, sodium absorption

ratio.i (S.A.R.) , quality of coal burning in thermal power

plant and chemical constituents of duttped wastes in the study

area.

The present study therefore includes:

1, Survey of the total annual coal consumption and electricity

generation of the thermal power plants during last twelve

years, /amount of gases released from the chimneys of the

Thermal Power Plant Complex in different months.

2, Hydrometeorological data during the last Five years and

their graphical representation.

3, Hydrogeological data e.g. establishment of hydrograph

monitoring stations, observation wells, mapping of the

major aquifer system, observation and analysis of water

levels.

4, Surface hydrological data include water balance studies.

5, Hydrochemistry and water quality - The work connected with

the hydrochemistry and quality have oeen carried out with

the following objectives:

(a) To study the distribution of various chemical constitutents of rainfall at different stations of the study area.

(b) To study the d i s t r ibu t ion and chemistry of nainor chemical const i tuents of upper-Ganga canal .

(c) To carry out the c r i t i c a l evaluation of the groundwater for domestic supplies, i r r i g a t i o n and other indus t r i a l uses .

(d) To study the water and soi l pol lut ion as a r e su l t of Thermal Power Plant ,

C H A P T E R - I I

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND LAND USE PATTERN

The s t u d y a r e a by and l a r g e i s f l a t and forms a p a r t of

Ganga-Yamuna p l a n t . The ave rage e l e v a t i o n of t h e a r e a i s a b o u t

187 m e t e r s . The g e n e r a l s l o p e of t h e l a n d s u r f a c e i s

s o u t h w a r d s . The a r e a i s a l m o s t f l a t w i t h pronounced u n d u l a t i o n s

i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e r i v e r c o u r s e s o r n e a r the sand b a r s

s c a t t e r e d i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t s c r e a t e d wa te r l o g g i n g c o n d i t i o n s

a t some p l a c e s , P h y s i o g r a p h i c a l l y , t h e s t u d y area i s d i v i d e d

i n t o t h r e e d i s t r i c t u n i t s , v i z . . K a l i iChadlr, E a s t e r n u p l a n d s

and C e n t r a l d e p r e s s i o n .

Kal i Khadir;

Along t h e r i g h t bank of t he K a l i r i v e r on t n e e a s t e r n

p a r t of t h e i=tudy a r e , a na r row s t r i p of Khad i r , c o m p r i s i n g

loams t o sandy l o a m s .

Eastern Upland;

High sand d e p o s i t i o n on t h e bank of Ka l i r i v e r above the

K a l i Khadi r , merges i n t o a r i c h t r a c t of loam, f u l l y i r r i g a t e d

e x t e n d e d up t o t h e westward towards upper Ganga C i n a l . P a t c h e

of sandy s o i l a r e common i n the t r a c t of e a s t e r n u p l a n d l o c a l l y

known as 'BHUR'. Eastern upland having the general slope

0.28 meter/kilometer due south.

Central D»prcsi>ion:

A broad depression towards the western side of the upper

Ganga-canal continuing from WW to 6E roughly boundeo by upper

Ganga canal on one side and Grand Trunk Road on the other . The

Central depression in the north, cross the upper Ganga canal

covers the Brauli and i t s surrounding areas.

The study area having a poor drainage system cnaracterised

by heavy clay s o i l . The most important r ivers of the study

area aure Kali and 5engar flow from north to south and further

change the i r course towards south-east .

The Kali r iver along the border jf the area or Perennial

nature ana dae to surplus .-jater irom the Ganga canals, i t s

volume i s increased.

rne Jenyar, a t r ibutary of Yamuna r iver , flows due south

througnthe study area and then a t ta ins a south-easter ly tlow

afterward. The Sengar springs from tne great / wadhan lake m

Bulandshahr d i s t r i c r . .- s far as nature of tne Sengar i s

concerned, the Sengar during summer season become dry, out

during monsoon season i t a t t a ins great dimensions.

10

Being agr icu l tu ra l ly ricti, the study?-area covers the to ta l

area of 31,118 nactares nearly 69;i of the area i s ased for

cu l t iva t ion purpose ot wnich nearly 71^ of the area i s sown

more than once. On the basis of the area has a vast i r r i g a t i o n

system through canals, s t a t e tube-wells, p r iva te tubewells,

ponds, raha ts , e t c . AS to ta l i r r iga ted area of 20370 ha. ,

64.52/ii of the area is i r r i g a t e d through groundwater sources

and remaining throughthe cana ls . Usar and barren lauids covers

9,25;4 fores t 277 resources of the stuay area.

The l a t e s t land use pattern of the study area around

Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant of Koil r ens i l , D i s t r i c t

Aligarh (in hactares) (1988-39).

In nactares Area 31118

Cultivable wasteland 574

Forest 277

Present fallow land 1056

Other fallow land 1468

Barren uncultivable land 3488

Land upder non-cultivated use 27 20

Pastures 282

Land under miscellaneous trace and grooves 156

Net area sown 21097

Area sown more than once • 146 59

11

Soil Characteristics;

Soil type of Kasimpur and around;

The term 'soil' is derived from Latin 'solum' whica

refers to uncemented granular material naturally occuring

loose or soft deposits overlying the solid bedrocks which is

produced by physical and Chemical distintegration of rocK which

may contain Organic matter.

The Soil Survey of the Kasimpur and around was Carried

out by Department of Agriculture of Uttar Pradesh Government

in 1953, Agrawala and Malhotra, 1953, reported tnree types

of Soil in the district aligarh.

Soil types physiographic unit;

1. oand loam to clayey loam

2. Loam to clayey loam

3. Loam to sany loam

Central Depression

Eastern upland

Kali Knadir

Loam to clayey loam;

All the soil samples location stations of the present study

area for the study have loam to clayey loam type of soil, lying

west to sandy tract along the right bank of Kali river which

extends westward to upper Ganga Canal.

Texture of Soil is important to study because it is

KOL TAftS/L SOILS

II

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nil fyfe 1/ USAR

KHAAAR

• I SITES / ^ CANAL

13

T A B L E - 1

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and t r a i t s of tne Kasimpur So i l (Aligarh type I I I S o i l ;

Class i f i c a t i o n s o i l type So i l phase

T r a i t s Kasimpur oo i l

M.igarh loam Aligarh loam P r o f i l e deve lo - Mature (Halomorphic) pment

Aligarh. c l ayey loam

Colour Ash grey-dark grey to Black

Al igarh c l a y Concret ion Sequoxides (Ca+Mg:Al)

Lime

Soluble s a l t s Magnesia pH

Clay

Kankar High more , i l l u v i a t i o n

High more a t bottom High

Less than lime 7.6 to 8.6

Ho migra t ion , maximum a t the Surface

Drainage Very poor

Source; A g r i c u l t u r a l D i r e c t o r a t e ( s o i l Survey and Research) , Al igarh

14

important in geohydrology and sub surface drainage problem,

i t i s a so i l Charac ter i s t ic which has general re la t ionsh ip

with hydraulic Conductivity and water r e t en t ion . Sticky

Soil and loam in nature l i e s to the depth of 2.0 to 6.0

metres from the Surface with a very high pH value and very

poor drainage system. The Soil of th i s region i s ash grey in

colour, becoming blaCK when moist (Table-1). The t r ac t i s

underlain by a thick band of Kankar, occuring, in most cases

in the form of nodules which at places cement together forming

a s t i f f impenetrable layer a t the bottom.

The semi-previous nature of loam soi l allows seepage from

the Ganga Canal bed in to shallow aquifers. Causing so i l

SalinizatLon and water logging. The sodium s a l t gets

deposited on the surface in the form of reh, which i s reported

in the area west of the upper Ganga Canal. Tne Soi ls here are

a lkal ine in nature Comprising the well known Jsar t r a c t s of the

d i s t r i c t Aligarh.

The texture of Soil in the study area (Plate-1) Shows tne

various percentages of sand, s i l t ana c lay .

S a n d

S i l t

C l a y

s

=

=

50/o

30/ ,

20/o

15

pLATe"~i2:

Percent sand

Triangle of soil textures for describing various combinations of sand, silt, and clay (after Soil Survey StafT *).

16

Ttie above machanical analysis show that the Soi ls of the

study area are iaara in tex ture .

Vegetations;

Almost en t i r e study area i s having the a l luv ia l deposits

with r ich so i l nut r ien ts and yielding annual harvest of crops

l ike r i ce , wheat, paddy, sugarcane, maize, r i ce , Ja.>/dr, Bajra,

Mil let e t c . on the banks of upper Ganga Canal grassland

Vegetation are abundant in the study area.

C H A P T E R - I I I

POINT SOURCE CATEGORY-HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER PLANT

COMPLEX

The Co-operat ion between the Ind i a and Sovie t Union

begun i n the f i e l d of energy in 1957. During the 1960*s and

the 1970*3, the U.S.3.R. a s s i s t e d Ind ia in b u i l d i n g 16 power

P r o j e c t s having a t o t a l c a p a c i t y of about 3,500,000 K i l o w a t t s .

Among them Harduaganj thermal power p l a n t p r o j e c t i s chosen

for the p r e s e n t s tudy .

Harduaganj Thermal power p l a n t P ro jec t , one of the

t h r e e major thermal power p l a n t s of U t t a r Pradesh, i s loca ted

i n the Kasimpur town of d i s t r i c t rtligarh, on the bank of the

Upper Ganges Canal which i s running in tne North-West to •>

South-Eas t d i r e c t i o n . Tla Complex c o n s i s t s of t h r e e Power

S t a t i o n s namely "A" , "B" and "C" ( "C^ and "C^ ) having a

Capac i ty of 90 MW, 210 MW and 230 MW e l e c t r i c i t y gene ra t ion

r e s p e c t i v e l y ( P l a t e - 1 ) .

The whole Thermal Power P l an t Complex runs on

bi tuminous Coal t r a n s p o r t e d from Various C o l l i e r i e s of North

I n d i a . Chemically the Coal having 2.93^ mois ture , 22.17X ash,

31,86;Ji V o l a t i l e mat te rs i nc lud ing 0.48X Sulpher , 5 .61^ hydrogen.

20

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Below : f^otograph shows the s i n g l e s tack power pjlant

•B' ( l e f t s tack) and ' C ( r i g h t s tack)

22

5.23/i n i t r o g e n , 20,3^ oxygen and 42,47^ f ixed Carbon (Table-2)

(Table - 3) shows the d a t a on the average annual Coal

consumption i . e . comes to about 3,16,067 met r ic tons for P l an t

"A", P l a n t "B" consumes 5,20,981 me t r i c tons and P l a n t "C['

consumes 1,19,721 met r i c tons , and 2,08,308 met r i c tons of

coa l consumption for P l a n t "C'l * ^^H the t h r ee power p l a n t s

having t o t a l annual Coal Consumption to be about 1,165,077

m e t r i c t o n s . (Table-3) shows t h a t the maximum Coal i s

Consumed i n win te r , which i s followed by summer and monsoon

s e a s o n s . ,

The twelve years da t a on annual Coal Consumption and

e l e c t r i c i t y genera t ion (Tab l e -4 ) . Among twelve years da t a on

Coal Consumption, the 1986-87 shows the maximum Consumption

of Coal i . e . 664557 met r i c tons i n p l a n t "B" while P l a n t "C"

consumes maximum in 1987-88 i . e . 945512 met r i c t o n s . P l a n t

"B" shows the maximum e l e c t r i c i t y genera t ion dur ing the year

1977-78 of about b71.372 MU while P l an t "C" having maximum

e l e c t r i c i t y genera t ion of about 1056.156 MU during the year

1988-89 (P l a t e -5 ) .

When such a huge amount of bi tuminous Coal i s suojected

t o very high temperature (1200'C - 1400°C) for i t s Combustion,

produces noxious gases , p a r t i c u l a t e s ma t t e r s and ash, which are

23

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25

PLATf-lZ'

Annual Coal Consumption in (MT) and Electricity gneragtion (MU).

2000

1S00

1000

500

Coa Conaurnption (in Metnc Tonnes)

80 ei e i 63 84 85

Year 197-^-76 to 1938-89 3 Thermal owee Hou. E 2 C Thermai PC'- ir -IOJ3

ee

26

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27

released through the Chinuiays into the atmosphere of the

study area. (Table-5) shows the amount of C02, So^ and No^

in kg hour" and ppm hour" released from the Point source

i.e. Thermal power plant project in different months and

source of the present study area.

The Thermal Power Plant Complex of Kasimpur is selected

as a source of pollution in the present work. From the table-3,

reveals tiat a huge amount of Coal burned in the Thermal Power

i?lant daily average about 3,191,97 metric tons result releasing

a huge amount of smoke and other poisonous gases i.e. 3o_ ,

NO2 and CO2 to the atmosphere.

A large amount of liquid wastes also discnarged in the upper

Ganga Canal after cooling and recycling process. The liquid

waste also cary very fine grained of Coal ash and other inorganic

substances*

The ash remaining after Combustion of Coal in thermal

power house in the study area which is composed of inorganic

solids, mostly clays which were washed into the Surface water

bodies of the area. Coal ash contains numerous chemical impu

rities, including water and toxic heavy raatals (lead. Cadmium,

mercury, arsenic etc). Many of these elements go up the stack

and into the air when Coal is burned and contribute air

pollution.

28

T A B L E - 5

Ammount of noxious gases r e l eased from the Chimneys of the Kasimpur Thermal Power P lan t Complex in d i f f e r e n t seasons.(Average of f ive years)

S e a s o n s

WINTER S e a s o n s

•Winter

M o n t h s

November

D e c e m b e r

J a n u a r y

F e b r u a r y

March

a v e r a g e (Mov-March)

SUMMER S e a s o n s

Summer

A p r i l

May

J u n e

a v e r a g e ( A p r . - J u n e )

Monsoon s e a s o n s

Monsoon ( J u l y - u c

J u l y

A u g u s t

S e p t e m b e r

O c t o b e r

a v e r a g e : t o b e r )

A n n u a l A v e r a g e

Amount

XlO k g / h o u r

0 . 1 3 5

0 . 1 2 7

0 . 1 5 8

0 . 1 6 4

0 . 1 3 8

0 . 1 4 4 4

0 . 1 1 1

0 . 0 9 8

0 . 1 2 8

0 . 1 1 2 3

0 . 1 2 6

0 . 1 2 2

0 . 1 1 5

0 . 1 1 4 ,

0 . 1 1 9 2

0 . 1 2 7 9

o f S02

p p m / h o u r

0 . 0 1 3

0 . 0 1 3

0 . 0 1 6

0 . 0 1 6

0 . 0 1 4

0 . 0 1 4 4

0 . 1 1 1

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 0 1 3

0 . 0 1 1 2

0 . 0 1 3

J . 01 2

0 . 0 1 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 1 1 9

0 . 0 1 2 8

Amount

X l O ^ / h o u r

2 . 4 1 2

2 . 2 6 8

2 . 8 2 8

2 . 9 4 2

2 . 4 6 3

2 . 5 8 26

1 .994

1 . 7 6 6

2 . 2 9 0

2 . 0 1 6 7 "

2 . 2 6 4

2 . 1 8 4

2 . 0 5 7

.^.038

2 . 1 3 57

2 . 2 9 2 2

o f No2

p p m / h o u r

0 . 2 4 1

0 . 2 2 7

0 . 2 8 3

0 . 2 9 4

0 . 2 4 6

0 . 2 5 8 3

0 . 1 9 9

0 . 1 7 7

0 . 2 2 9

0 . 2 0 1 7

0 . 225

0 . 2 1 8

0 . 2 0 6

0 . 2 0 4

0 . ^ 1 3 6

0 . 2 29 2

Amount

X l O ^ k g / h o u r

2 1 . 8 4 3

2 0 . 5 3 6

2 5 . 6 0 4

2b . 0 36

2 2 . 2 9 9

2 3 . 3 8 3 D

1 0 . 8 4 5

1 5 . 9 8 5

2 0 . 7 3 8

1 5 . 8 5 6 0

2 0 . 5 0 2

1 9 . 7 7 7

1 8 . 6 2 9

1 8 . 4 5 9

2 0 . 1 8 7 B

2 0 . 4 3 6 4

of Co^

p p m / h o u r

2 . 1 8 4

2 . 0 5 4

2 . 5 6 0

2 , 6 6 4

2 . 2 3 0

2 . 3 3 8 4

1 . 0 8 4

1 . 5 9 8

2 . 0 7 4

1 , 5 8 56

2 . 0 5 0

1 . 9 7 8

1 . 8 6 3

1 . d 4 6

2 . 0 1 8 8

2 . 0 4 3 6

Source : Courtsey of .-u E Harduaganj Thermal Power P lan t Complex, Kasimpur.

29

The total amount of Goal burned in the thermal Power

Plant discharged a huge amount of noxious gases into the

atmosphere like So^ / No^ Si CO2 among them Sulphur dioxide

being at first warm tends to rise and quickly diffuse through

the atmosphere possibly ascending to the case of the stratosphere,

Sooner or later it dissolves in water to form Sulphurous acid

which by oxidation turns to Sulphuric acid, this is then washed

out of the air in rain i.e. "acid rain". Rainfall (PH, o.O to 6,5)

recorded in May, 1989, in present study area, shows slight

acidic in nature. Coal ash dumping in the area, exposed Sulpher

containing minerals to the atmosphere and to bacterial action,

causing chemical reactions that released Sulphuric acids into

local water bodies which is extremely lethal to fish and other

aquatic life.

The acidic water contain many Carbonic and Sulphuric

contents infiltrate into the ground and by the leaching it

reaches to the shallow aquifer and affect the water quality

and soil conditions of the study area.

C H A P T E R - IV

HYDRO-METEOROLOGY

Hydromete ro log ica . l P a r a m e t e r s a r e e s s e n t i a l i n

u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e a t m o s p h e r i c p r o c e s s e s wnich a f f e c t t he w a t e r

r e s o u r c e s of t h e e a r t h , AS Hydromete ro logy , i s a c o m b i n a t i o n

of s p e c i a l i s e d m e t e o r o l o g y ( d e r i v e d from the words m e t e o r s =

( l o f t y ) and l o g o s = ( d i s c o u r s e ) and h y d r o l o g y ( t h e s c i e n c e

which d e a l s w i t h t h e movement of t h e wa te r on t he ground, unde r

t h e ground , e v a p o r a t i o n from t h e l a n d and w a t e r s u r f a c e s and

t r a n s p i r a t i o n from t h e v e g e t a t i o n ) .

Hydrometeo ro logy i s l a r g e l y c o n c e r n e d wi th t he p r o j e c t s

t h a t i n some way i n v o l v e t h e C o n t r o l , C o n s e r v a t i o n and t h e

u s e of wa te r e s p e c i a l l y f o r i r r i g a t i o n pu rpose and p r o j e c t s

l i k e f l o o d c o n t r o l , h y d r o - e l e c t r i c power deve lopment ,

n a v i g a t i o n , d r a i n a g e , d o m e s t i c and i n d u s t r i a l wa te r ana

r e c r e a t i o n , d e t e r m i n a t i o n of raaximura Storms t h a t can occu r in

t h e a r e a . (WMO, f o u r t h C o n g r e s s , 1963) i n s t a t i n g t h a t

h y d r o - m e t e o r o l o g y i s conce rned wi tn t n e a t m o s p h e r i c ana l a n d

p h a s e of h y d r o l o g i c C y c l e ( i . e . wa te r i s t r a n s p o r t e d i n a i r ,

o v e r t h e l a n d , and be low t h e e a r t h s s u r f a c e ) wi th t h e emphas i s

on i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n v o l v e d .

The c o u r s e of h y d r o l o g i c c y c l e i n a p a r t i c u l a r g e o g r a p h i c a l

3(

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL NETWORK OF KASIMPUR AROUND DISTT. ALIGARHUNDIA)

PIATF-V/

32

region i s primarily governed by the prevai l ing climatic

s i t u a t i o n . The to ta l a v a i l a b i l i t y of water i s d i rec t ly

dependent on the amount of p rec ip i ta t ion received through

•the atmosphere. The p rec ip i t a t ion i s thus an independent

var iable which governs the only hydrologic processes, s imi la r ly

the amount of losses from a region to the atraosf*^ere through

evaporation and t ranspi ra t ion , i s again subject to the various

prevai l ing Climatic conditions l ike temperature, humidity, wind

veloci ty . Sunshine e t c .

The study area covers an area of about 312 sq.km where

the thermal power plant complex of Kasirapur i s selected

as a source of Pollution in the present work, riydroraeteorological

data have been col lected during previous years from th is

catchment area to find out the effect of these parameters

an groundwater qua l i t y . These parameters also coatr ibuted to

increase the pol lu t ional level in the canal as well as in

Surface water i r r i g a t i o n system.

Temperature ;

The sun i s the single noteworthy source of heat for ear ths

atmosphere, and temperature i s a fundamental weather element.

The i r r egu l a r disposal of the sun's energy responses the a i r

temperatures to show wide var ia t ions , and these var ia t ions in

turn cause other weather cnanges.

33

B t

Q

ID

o (X < 2 O < a: < >

111 a. 3 < cC LU y^

2 Q UJ 7

O

CO

CC

<

<

LA

S S UJ 3 Z) 9 3: :? ^ — _ o: X 2 ^ < - > S 2 < e K •

Q

0 0 v j

^ VJ

o v j

to ro

<N ro

<» fN

v j Cv|

o fN _ ^ CD

( 3 . ) 3 d n i v a 3 d N 3 i

2 O o

o

ct UJ

Z)

CC. UJ

00 cr>

Ct: < LU >

O CO X f -z o

3 ^

PLATE-^gZZy SHOWING TEMPERATURE VARIATION AROUND DISTT ALIGARHCINDfA)

( J

48

40

36

32

28

(IJ

D

< cc OL

2 LJJ

t—

24

'20

16

72

D J F M

^WINTER A M J J A S 0

• * SUMMEFT^^^" MONSOON t

MONTHS OF YEAR |987 e MAXIMUM

)'< MINIMUM AVERAGE

35"

PLATg-rZ„ ( SHOWING TEMPERATURE VARIATION AROUND DISTRICT

ALIGARH(INDIA)

f ^8

36

32

28

2U\ UJ

o: ^ 20 < tn Z 1 )2

N D J

»—Wl NTER-

M A M. J

-•SUMMER -

J A S 0

•MONSOO N —

MONTHS OF YEAR 1988. « MAXIMUM )< MINIMUM • AVERAGE

3^

PLATE-X SHOWING TEMPERATURE VARIATION AROUND DISTRICT ALI6ARH (INDIA)

N D J F

•\ WINTER

M A M J J A S 0

*=-SUMMER — ^ MONSOON — *

MONTHS OF YEAR 1989.

® MAXIMUM X MINI MUM •AVERAGE

37

The s tudy area exper iences extreme weather cond i t ions

i e . very could in winter and very ho t in the summer due to i t s

geographical l o c a t i o n . The d i s t r i b u t i o n Of temperature in

d i f f e r e n t season in the study area i s as fo l lows:

Winter Season (Mid October to Mid March);

The begning of winter season i s oarked oy a cons ide rab le

f a l l in t empera tu re . The mean maximum temperature f a l l s from

a i . l ^ C in November to 24°C in December^ and 22.5''C in January,

while the average minimum temperature f a l l s from 13.2°C in

November to 10.7''C in December and 9,1°C in January as shown

i n (P l a t e -9 ) .

As the mean annual temperatures for d i f f e r e n t years

( P l a t e - 7 , 8 , 9 & 10) show t h a t the d i u r n a l r a ige of temperature

v a r i e s from 13"C to 16"C. However, the h i g h e s t temperature

during the season reaches up to 38.8°C in October i n year 1987

(P l a t e -8 ) while a t t imes the lowes t temperature reach to 3*C

i n the month of January i n year 1986 (P la te -7) .

Summer Season (Mid March to Hid June) ;

The Summer season i s marked by an apprec iab le r i s e i n

t empera tu re . Itie temperature s t a r t s r i s i n g g radua l ly from

March r eaches high in June . Due to wide range of temperature

dur ing the months of sumer season, the days are warm to ho t

and n igh t a re p l e a s a n t in the study a rea , AS the mean annual

38

temperature for the d i f fe ren t years are shown in (Plate-7,8^

9 & 10) . Monthwise var ia t ion in temperature i s small . The

average diurnal range of temperature i s 28"C.

The maximum and minimum temperature in March are 43*C

and 16"*C respec t ive ly . The temperature continues to r i s e in

April and the maximum and minimum temperature in study area

touches 47.CC and 22.1''C respect ively (Plate-9) . In the month

of May and June* the mean maximum temperature continues as

high as 44.7'C and 45.3"C (P la t e -9 ) .

Monso<» Season (Mid June t o Mid Oct<A>er) ;

With the a r r iva l of the humid oceanic currents the

atmospheric temperature f a l l s . The var ia t ion in dai ly range

of temperature during July to Mid October i s small, but in

the f i r s t week of June, i t i s qui te appreciable. The average

maximum and minimum temperature f a l l s to 39.8°C and 26.8°C

in July IP la te -9 ) .

Relative Humidity:

Relative humidity i s an important determinant of

the amount and ra te of eveporation, and hence i s a c r i t i c a l

c l imat ic factor in the ra te of moisture and tert^jerature loss •>

by p lants and animals, including human beings.

As r e l a t i ve humidity i s always expressed in the form

39

of r a t i o , f ract ion, or percentage. I t represents the arnount

of water vapour actual ly present in the airC-^solute humidity)

compared with the maximum tha t could be contained under

conditions of sa turat ion at the given temperature and pressure

When r e l a t i v e humidity reaches iOOX, the a i r i s said to be

sa tura ted.

The seasonal d i s t r i bu t i on of r e l a t i v e humidity var ies

with l a t i t u d e . The study area l i e s 28°N l a t i t u d e , here average

r e l a t i ve humidity i s higher in summer than in winter . The

diurnal var ia t ion in r e l a t i v e humidity i s generally the reverse

of that of temperature, with a maximum occuring in the

ear ly morning and a minimum in mid afternoon.

Study area, e^qperiences several time saturated a i r in

the month of February, June and August and reached 100^ in year

1986 and in month of August 1987 (Plate-11 & I 2 j . The months

of January and July of year 1988 also marked lOO^ r e l a t i v e humidity

(P la te -13) . The year 1989 having only two months viz September

and December, where 100% re l a t i ve humidity i s recorded (P la te -4 ) .

Due to the geographical location of the study area, the

r e l a t i ve humidity i s very low but the summer season experience

qui te higher r e l a t i v e humidity and shows a declining trend in the

month of May (31,45>4). During monsoon season the re la t ive

humidity increases from 45% to 71% in the month of June to July .

The years 1986-89 show the average r e l a t i ve humidity (morning time)

in monsoon season are 83% , 97% , 98% and 95% respect ively

' (Plate-11 to 14) .

^0

I U i f— < J CL 2

2 < Q:

^ < Q Q

2 —

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CO 2 h- 3 2 Q CO <

a o a. i^ X <

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7

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K A I N F A L L ( MM. ) — j

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42

PLATF-M , GRAPH REPRESENTS THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY &RAINFALL

VARIATION AROUND DISTT. A L I S A R H UNDfA)

NOV. pEC.JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG.SEP OCT.

H WINTER ?K-SUMMER -:>*< MONSOON ^

MONTHS OF YEAR Oee 9 MAXIMUM

X MINIMUM

43

PLATE- XCT GRAPH REPRESENTS THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY t RAINFALL VARIATION AROUND DISTTALI6ARH(INDIAj

NOV DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEPOCT.

WINTER •^K SUMMER-74<- M0N500h>-

MONTHS OF YEAR 1989.

9 MAXfMUM

X MINIMUM

44

Atanospheric Pressore;

All forms of life, including man, are little affected

directly by the slight pressure changes which occur at the

surface of the earth. The changes in pressure has important

physiological Consequences. A minor change in pressure acts to

change the velocity and direction of wind, and this in turn

brings about changes in temperature and precipitation, which

together largely determine the character of weather and

climate.

Wlad;

Wind is an extremely important regulator of the

atmosphere. Winds of high velocity may be destructive and

winds directly affect the rate of evaporation and are an imp

ortant element in controlling sensible temperatures.

Wind direction and velocity:

Winds are always named by the direction from which

they come. Wind velocity varies greatly with distance above

the ground, and the change is particularly rapid at low

elevations. Wind is not a steady current but is made up of

a succession of gusts and lulls of variable direction. Close

-Ixj PLATF -.Kg

WIND FREQUENCIES IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS IN WINTER SEASON

MARCH

2.6

AVERAGE/MONTH

nrft

fLATE-ZW FREQUENCIES OF WIND IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS

fN SUMMER SEASON.

DIRECTIONS

N

~\93

AVERAGE/MONTH

HLATt -2im

WIND FREQUENCIES (N DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS IN MONSOON SEASON.

2.7 5

AVERAGE/MONTH (MONSOON)

1 92

MONTHLY AVERAGE IN A YEAR

<

vO

I

M

vA

(0

<

•P -H O O H 0) 0) +> > - H

0) Tt a M

*§• (Q

0) fO S b4

s

48

c o w (d a) W)

d 0 0 to fl 0 S

^ JQ 0 •P 0 o * •p

a <D CO 4 a d <:

> 3 tig

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(0

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in CN VO

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49

to the earth the gust is caused by irregularities of the

surface whicn create eddies. Large irregularities in the

wind are caused by conventional currents, a.11 forms of

turbulance are important in the process of transporting heat,

moisture and dust ( Ash ) into the upper air. Winds serve

two very fundamental climatic functions.

(a) Through the transportation of heat from the lower

to the higher latitudes they are tne principal agent

in maintaining the latitudinal heat balance of the

earth in-spite of an unbalanced conditions of radiation

between low and high latitudes.

(b) Winds serve the provide the land masses with the

necessary moisture supply for precipitation. It winds

which transport the water vapour evaporated over

Kasimpur and the surrounding areas have a dry and tropical

monsoon type of climate with seasonal rhythm marked by the

north east to south west monsoon. The prevailing winds during

SW monsoon easterly to south easterlies while in winters they

are westerly to north westerlies. The prevailing wind in the

study during different seasons are as under:

Winter Season (December to February) ;

The winter season is characterised by the dry winds. The

maximum blow of wind is from west and north west to south and

50

s o u t h - e a s t ( P l a t e - 1 5 ) . The winds dur ing t h i s season are

l i g h t , and blow a t an average speed of about 7 km/hour~

{Table-6) . The winds are dry and of c o n t i n e n t a l o r i g i n .

Summer Season (Mid March t o Mid June) ;

The ho t day winds blowing p a r t i c u l a r l y in tne month a

of May with high v e l o c i t y i s / r e g u l a r phenomenon in tne s tudy

a r e a . The v e l o c i t y of winds begins to increaoe s t e a d i l y from

March/ when the average wind speed i s about 6.8 )SiT\ hour and

r eaches maximum (8.7 km hour* ) i n June (Table - 4 ) . The wind

speed r a p i d l y i n c r e a s e s from 8 a.m. to 1-00 p.m. causing the

wind to blow almost with the force of gale during next 2-3

h o u r s . I t then f a l l s very r a p i d l y by 6-00 p.ia. and remains

' u s u a l l y Calm during the n i g h t .

The study a rea a l so exper iences the frequent dus t and

thunders torm in the af ternoon of summer days . The wind -1

v e l o c i t y reaches 50-80 km hour and with the advancement

of t he season the frequency and s t r e n g t h of such storms

i n c r e a s e s .

I h e Monsoon/feainy Season (Mid June to Mid October) ;

The monsoon advances i n t o the study area by the end

of the l a s t week of June and withdraws by the 3rd week of

September. Heat wave i s a f requent occurance dur ing the month of

51

June in present study area. The prevailing surface winds

generally from easterly to south easterly direction (Plate-17).

Occasional dust storm also affect the area during the month

of June. The average speed during the season is 6 km/hour/

(Table-6).

Rainfall;

It is possible for ascending air to reach and pass

somewhat beyond the condensation level, with a resulting

formation of clouds, and still yield no precipitation. Cloudy

condensation probably does not occur without atleast a slight

degree of supersaturation. As relative humidity exceeds 100

percent, condensation occurs first on the largest hygrosco ic

nuclei!, and if condensation remains slow, only tne lairgest

nuclei! vd.ll be activated. But if condensation is increased,

then additional and smaller nuclei will collect condensation.

Thus condensation takes place around almost innumerable

hygroscopic nuclei so that the individual cloud particles are

too small to fall to earth as rain. When droplets have a

tendency to coalesce and thereby become so heavy that they

cannot be kept afloat, the cloud is unstable and precipitation

occurs.

The Kasimpur and the surrounding area of Aligarh district

falls under the general climatic classification normally

http://vd.ll

52

refer red as Tropical ra in ly cl imate. The easteih P'^irt of the

present study area, receives about 900 mm r a i n f a l l . (Plate-18)

shows the r a in f a l l decrease from eas t to west i . e . 600 ram in

the west par t of the area, AS data for the l a s t 38 years

recorded at Aligarh observatory shows that tne study area

having the mean average annual r a in f a l l i s 752.56 mm (Plate-19) .

About 82ji of the annual r a in fa l l over the study area occurs

during the south-west monsoon while 8^ i s rea l i sed in winters

during the passage of western disturbances across the north

l a t i t u d e s .

Important r a in fa l l data that are deal t here for study

viz (i) Total average annual amount of r a i n f a l l , ( i i ) I t s

seasonal per iod ic i ty and ( i i i ) i t s dependability both annual

and seasonal. Occurance of seasonal r a in fa l l d i s t r i bu t ion

in study area as follows:

Winter Season (Decent>er t o February) ;

The ra in fa l l during the season in the study area i s

associated with the passage of low pressure systems cal led

western disturbances acrosses the north l a t i t udes , and i s

general ly more in months of January and February. Clouds

and p rec ip i t a t ion b e l t s are seen to move from west to eas t .

The average r a i n f a l l contribution to annual r a in fa l l during tne

perioa i s Q%, The ra in fa l l occurance daring the season shows

53

sporadic and i r r egu la r (Plate 11 to 14) .

Summer season (Mid March t o Mid J u n e ) t

This season sometinves cal led pre-monsoon period. The

r a i n f a l l during the season i s e s sen t i a l ly in the form of

thunderstorm and sometimes accompanied by h a i l . However,

as the season advances, the thunderstorm ac t iv i ty increases

but haid Strom frequently decreases. The to ta l r a in fa l l daring

the season i s 37.85 mm ( P l a t e - i 3 ) . The ra ins are ra re , sporadic,

short l ived and highly var iable in amounts in the study area.

Monsoon Season (Mid June t o Mid O c t o b e r ) ;

The sky i s generally overcast in the season. The time

of the onset and r e t r e a t of the monsoon var ies from year to

year. But generally, the monsoon advances in to iha study area by

the end of the l a s t week of June and withdraws oy the tni rd

week of September. About 82^ of the to ta l annual r a in fa l l in

the area occurs during th i s season, of the four months, July

and August are the r a i n i e s t and contribute 69^ to the to ta l

monsoon r a i n f a l l .

I t i s understand that , p rec ip i ta t ion i s the primary

source of fresh water availaole for u t l i z a t i on by mankind in

the form of r ivers , lakes and storage underground e t c . The

area i s e s sen t i a l ly an agr icul tura l t r a c t so that , r a i n f a l l i s

s^

a en I -

a: <

o Q. <

<

UJ >-X O tn

55

the most important of weather elements. Even though the

area generally receives good raiinfall its spatial and seasonal

distribution is quite uneven. Further year to year variation

in the total amount of rainfall is very significant. In many

years the rainfall is prrecariously low while during other

years it is appreciably above normal (Piate-19).

Annual Rainfall;

To Study the nature and behaviour of the rainfall over

the area (Plate-19). Annual data in respect of the raingauge

station in the study area from the period 1952 to 1989 are

analysed.

56

T A B L E - 7 (A)

Annual R a i n f a l l i n iAi^ a t A l i g a r h Raingauge s t a t i o n

Year Average r a i n f a l l i n mm

R a i n f a l l s e r i e s arranged i n ascending o rder

69.8 371.6

409.2 409.4 412.0 417.0 459.4 467.8 479.0 502.9 503.0 523.4 533.5 544.1 560.4 684.0 697.9

697.9

712.2

736.7 7 56 .6 774.5 778.4 841.3 857.7

895.8

Annual r a i n f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n more (M) or l e s s (L) from median

L

L

L

M

-A

M

M

M

L

M

M

M

M

i-l

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

196 2

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

197 3

1974

1975

1976

5 0 3 . 0

684 ,0

479 .0

7 7 4 . 5

972 .0

8 4 1 . 3

948 .9

1178.6

7 1 2 . 2

895.8

1025 .2

1153 .9

1004.9

1123 .0

467 .8

523.4

697 .6

409 ,4

544 .1

417 .0

560.4

6 9 . 8

371 .6

412 .3

6 9 7 . 9

502.9

57

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1288

1989

857 .7

1359 .8

533 .5

778 .4

736 .7

9 3 5 . 2

1 1 2 3 . 2

7 5 6 . 6

9 3 3 . 1

9 7 0 . 2

459 .4

1 4 3 1 . 8

4 0 9 . 2

933 .1

9 3 5 . 2

9 4 8 . 9

9 7 0 . 2

9 7 2 . 0

1004 .9

1 0 2 5 . 2

1 1 2 3 . 2

1123 .2

1153 ,9

1178 .6

1359 .3

1 4 3 1 . 3

M

M

L

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

L

M

L

58

'"•^ H %

a o

•p w to o

o 1)

W It)

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CM I

X

CM

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to

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ro \o

in u-i

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Tf f"

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<* ii<

r c •<#

• • *

r> C3\ i n

•># <* r-a\ vO

o o o o o o o o o o o i n o O ' ^ ' J ^ o i n i n i n i n o o o i n

r o , - H r n o N r - i n r ~ r - i v o <~^

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o i n i n i n i ^ v ^ v n i n i n i n i n i n m i n m

^ c M ^ ^ t J < l n ^ o r ~ c o c ^ O r - ^ o ^ n

vo CO in • CO in CM O

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o rH cNj ro <* in vD r~

o i n • *

rH

o i n •*

o i n ro CT> CM

1 H '

^ c M a \ i n Q 0 r o i O r - ( ^ o r * c ^ l c D c ^

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r H C M r O ' t t / l v O r - C O C T i O r H C M r O ' t J ' i n

O O O O O O O o o o o o o o CO <y O r ^ CM r o •»}«

c^

n 44

Dy

Mean r a i n f a l l + = X = ^ f x

^-f-

29350 39 752 .56 ram

Median =» M L + n / 2 -C

700 + 39 /2 - 1

X 2

8 X 100

700 + 1 9 . 5 ^ . 18 ^ 100

= 700 •>- 1.5 X 100

700 + 30

730 MM

S .D . / ^' f ( x - x ) " ^ N

/ 3449743 .5

39

= /^ 88454 .962

297.41379

S .D. = 297.41379

C o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n X Me 331

297 752

3 9 .

.41379

.56

520%

lOU

— X 100

60

c CO

C C

o a?

Q.

o

Q)

E

•Tri o

o o o o o o o O f « i o O o o o O O O O O O O O l o 5 . ® O O P «rt ^ m «4 o ot a>t^ r- NO tn *

o o o o fO ^4 ^

(uiui ui)nwBy

61

The (Plate 19) showing yearly var ia t ion in average

r a in f a l l about the mean i s qui te appreciable. Based on the

above data the mean annual r a in fa l l and i t s standard Deviation

(S.D.) worked out to be 752,55 ram and 297,41 ran respec t ive ly .

The main r a i n f a l l season i s June to September^ and about 82Ji

of annual r a in f a l l i s r ea l i sed during t h i s period. Contribution

of winter r a i n f a l l (December-February) only 10% of the annual

r a in fa l l (Plate 11 to 14) .

Rainfall Variation;

Rainfall i s well known very much Variable both in space

and time. No two years have exact the same amount of r a i n f a l l .

The year to year sequence of to ta l annual r a in fa l l show

considerable f luctuation as shown in (Pla te-19) , I t i s seen

tha t highest r a in fa l l i s recorded as 14 31.8 mm, whereas £he

lowest r a i n f a l l i s only 69.8 mm. The mean annual r a in f a l l

over the area i s estimated as 7 52.56 mm while lowest r a i n f a l l

during 197 2 was 48,6% below normal and in the year 1988 of

highest r a i n f a l l i t was about 9C^ above normal. Coefficient

of Variation i s

^ - Standard Deviation , ^^ cv = zrrr^ x 100

Mean

as a measure of var ia t ion , the v a r i a b i l i t y of r a in f a l l in the

study area i s depicted as above i s 3a52% of the area.

Mean of Rainfall = 752,56 mm Median = 730 ram Standard Deviation = 297.41379 Coefficient of = 39.52% Variat ion(in %)

62

Evaporation & Evapotranspiratlon;

Evaporation is the process of covers ion of water or ice

into aquous vapour. The main natural Surface from which

evaporation occurs are seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, orchard,

forests, perennial vegetation and the soil surfaces bare and

Cropped, The evaporation loss through the plants etc, is called

transpiration while the Combined loss from the plants and

surrounding Soil surface between them is jointly called

evapotranspiration. If supply of water is unliraitedj loss''of

water ,in the form of evaporation axid transpiration is termed

as potential evapotranspiratlon (ETP) and depends on the

atmospheric Conditions,

The Concept of evapo-transpiration, first fortaulated by

Thomthwalte, is widely used in various fields of study like

water balance and irrigation assessments etc. In present study

regression equation developed by Murthy et.al. is used for the

estimation of daily Potential Evapo-transpiration rate in the

area.

The process of evapration from the soil is not a continuous

phenomenon but depends upon the availability of moisutre in the

Soil. After the moisutre content in a soil reduces to wilting

point (near zero field capacity) the rate of evaporation becomes

negligible. In study area soil is usually completely wet and

63

water i s freely avai lable , the r a t e of evaporation i s termed

as po ten t i a l evapo- t ranspira t ion.

The concept of evapo-transpirat ion, f i r s t forrctulated

by thomthwaite , i s widely used in various f i e lds of study

l i k e Water-balance and i r r i g a t i o n assessments e t c .

To meet the requirement, the empirical r e l a t i ons developed

by Murthy e t . a l . # which require only screen temperature and

radia t ion data seemed to be very sui table and was employed

for estimating daily— Potent ia l Evapo-transpiration r a t e s .

This method envisages two regression equations, one appropriate

for the period June to September and the other for the pe riod

October to May. The equations respect ively are as follows;

Y = -5.22 + 0.1626 X;; + 0.2476 X^ + 0.0028 Q

Y = -5.45 + 0.1649 X^ - 0.0054 X2 + 0.0061 j

Where

Y = Potential Evapotranspiration in mm/day

X.^" Daily Maximum temperature of a i r in 0

X2 "Daily range of temperature in 0^

andQ "Daily solar radia t ion received at the top of the atmosphere in Ly/day.

These equations were employed to work out dai ly Potent ia l

evapotranspiration by using average monthly maximum and minimum

64

t empera tu res and s o l a r r a d i a t i o n d a t a i n r e s p e c t of observatory/

of the s tudy a r e a . Dai ly P o t e n t i a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n ( P E T )

va lue s were got c a l c u l a t e d with the he lp of eraperical r e l a t i o n s

i . e . Regress ion equa t ion , developed by Murthy e t , a l . , the

Q va lue s r equ i r ed for computation of PET were obta ined from

the Table -3 , (Total d a i l y so l a r Radia t ion a t top of the 2

Atmosphere cal/Cm /day , PP. 337, Hydrology by Dr. P .Jaya Rami

Reddy 1986), f o r app rop r i a t e l a t i t u d e i n r e s p e c t of obse rva to ry .

Year 1986

The r e g r e s s i o n equat ion (Developed by Murthy e t a l . ) for

t he per iod June t o September, has been f o l i a , ed for C a l c u l a t i o n .

Y = - 5 . 2 2 + 0,1626 Xj + 0.2476 ^^ + 0.0028 Q

June Y = - 6 . 2 2 + 0.1626 x 45 + 0.2476 x 33 + 0.0028 x 1004

» - 5 . 2 2 +. 7.317 + 8.17 + 2.812 = - 5 . 2 2 + 18.29=13.07cm

=» 13.07 X 10 = 130 MM

J u l y Y = -5.22+0.1626x39+0.2476x31+0.0028x989

= -5.22+6.J4+7.67+2.7692 = -5.22+16.77 = 11.55 cm

= 11.55x10 115 MM

6 5

August, Y » -5 .22+0 .1626x39+0 .237x30+0 .0028x949

= -5 .22+6.34+7.42&<-2.65 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 6 . 4 2 = 11 .205 cm

= 1 1 . 2 0 5 X 10 = 112 MM

September / Y = - 5 , 22+0.1626x4CH-0. 2476x30+30+0.0028x788

= - 5 . 2 2 + 6 . 5 0 4 + 4 . 4 2 8 + 2 , 2 0 6 4 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 6 . 1 3 8 = 10 .91 cm.

= 10 .91x10 = 109 MM

For th« p e r i o d O c t o b e r t o May t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n (Murthy e t . a l )

Oc tober ,

Y

Y

= - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 XjL -0«0054 X^ +0 .0061 j

» - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9x36-0 .0054x25+0.0061x683

= - 5 . 5 8 + 5 . 9 3 + 4 . 1 6 = - 5 . 5 8 + 1 0 . 0 9 = 4 .51 cm

a 4 .51x10 = 45 MM

November, Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 3 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 2 2 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 5 8 1

= - 5 . 5 6 + 5 . 4 4 + 3 . 5 4 = - 5 . 5 6 + 8 . 9 8 = 3 .42 cm

= 3 .42x10 = 34 MM

December, Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 2 6 - 0 . 0 0 5 x 1 5 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 4 8 0 0

« - 5 . 5 3 + 4 . 2 8 + 2 . 9 2 = - 5 . 5 3 + 7 . 2 0 = 1,67 cm

= 1.67x10 = 16 Mi-1

J a n u a r y , Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 2 6 - 0 . 0 0 . 6 4 x 1 4 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 5 0 9

= - 5 . 4 5 + 4 . 2 & f 3 . 1 0 » - 5 . 5 2 + 7 .38 = 1.86 cm

a 1.86x10 » 18 MM

66

F e b r u a r y , Y = -5 .4S^0 .1649x 2 8 -0 ,0054x17+ 0 .0061x690

= - 5 . 5 4 + 4 . 6 1 + 4 . 2 0 » - 5 . 5 4 + 8 . 8 1 = 3.27 cm.

= 3 .27x10 = 32 MM

March, Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 3 8 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 1 9 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 7 9 8

= - 5 . 5 5 + 6 . 2 6 + 4 . 8 6 = - 5 . 5 5 + 1 1 . 1 2 = 5.57 cm.

= 5.57x10 = 55 MM

A p r i l , Y « -5 .45+0 .1649x43-0 .0054x29+0 .0061x891

= - 5 . 6 0 + 7 . 0 9 + 5 . 4 3 = - 5 . 6 0 + 1 2 . 5 2 = 0 . 9 2 cm,

» 6 .92x10 « 69 MM

May, Y = -5 .45+0 .1649x44-0 .0054x31+0 .0061x996

» - 5 . 6 1 + 7 2 5 + 6 . 0 7 = - 6 . 6 1 + 1 3 . 3 2 = 7 .71 cm.

= 7 .71x10 = 77 MM

Year 1987

The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n (deve loped by Murthy e t . a l . , ) f o r t h e

p e r i o d June t o September h a s been fo l l owed f o r C a l c u l a t i o n .

J u n e ,

Y

Y

- 5 . 2 2 + 0 . 1 6 2 6 Xj_ -i- 0 .2476 )i^ + 0 .0028 Q

- 5 , 2 2 + 0 . 1 6 26x47+0.2476x3 5+0.0028x1004

» - 5 . 2 2 + 7 . 6 4 + 8 . 6 6 6 + 2 . 8 1 1 2 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 9 . 1 1 = 13 .89 Cm,

- 13 ,89x10 * 138 MM

67

J u l y , Y= -5 .22+0 .1626x45+0 .2476x34+0 .0028x989

= - 5 . 2 2 + 7 . J 1 7 + 8 . 4 1 8 4 + 2 . 7 6 9 2 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 8 . 5 0 = 1 3 . 2 8 cm.

» 13 .28x10 = 132 MM

August* Y« - 5 . 22f0 .16 26x4 3+0. 2476x3 3+0.00 28x949

- 5 . 2 2 + 6 . 9 9 1 8 + 8 . 1 7 + 2 . 6 5 7 2 = - 5 . ^ 2 + 1 7 . 8 9 1 = 12 .59 Cm.

» 12 .59x10 » i 2 5 MM

September / Y» -5 .22+0 .1626x40+0 .2476x31+0 .0028x7a8

a - 5 . 2 2 + 6 . 5 0 4 + 7 . 6 7 + 2 . 2 0 6 4 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 6 . 3 8 = 1 1 . i o cm.

= 11 .16x10 = 111 MM

For t h e p e r i o d Oc tobe r May, we f o i l o w the r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n

(Murthy e t . a l . )

Y» -5. ' ! t5+0,1649 Xj_ - 0 .0054 X2 + 0.0061 U

O c t o b e r , Y= -5 .4&+0.1649x39-0 .0054x27+0 .0061x683

= - 5 . 5 9 + 6 , 4 3 + 4 . 1 6 = - 5 . 5 9 + 1 0 . 5 9 = 5.00 cm

= 5.00x10 = 50 MM

November, Y» -5 .45+0 .1649x34-0 .0054x21+0 .0061x581

» - 5 . 5 6 + 5 . 6 0 + 3 . 5 4 » - 5 . 5 6 + 9 , 1 4 = 3 , 5 8 cm.

» 3 .58x10 «= 3 5 MM

68

December, Y = -5 .45+0 .1649x30-0 .0054x17+0 .0061x480

= - 5 . 5 4 + 4 . 9 4 + 2 . 9 2 = _ 5 .54+7 .86=2 .3 2 cm.

»2 .32x10 = 23 MM

January, Y - - 5 . 45+0 .1649x26-0 .0054x15+0 .0061x509

= - 5 . 5 3 + 4 . 2 8 + 3 . 1 0 4 » - 5 , 5 3 + 7 . 3 8 = 1.85 cm

e 1.35x10 = 18 MM

F e b r u a r y , Y = - 5 , 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 3 1 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 2 0 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 6 9 0

= -5 .5&+4 .11+4 .20 =» - 5 . 5 & f 9 . 3 l = 3 .76 cm.

» 3,76x10 = 37 MM

March, Y = - 5 , 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 3 8 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 2 4 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 7 9 8

= - 5 . 5 7 + 6 . 2 6 + 4 . 8 6 * - 5 . 5 7 + 1 1 . 1 2 = 5 .55 cm.

= 5.55x10 »= 55 MM

A p r i l , Y = -5 .45+0 ,1649x44-0 .0054x26+0 .0061x891

» - 5 . 5 9 + 7 , 2 5 + 5 . 4 3 « - 5 . 5 9 + 1 2 . 6 8 » 7 .09 cm

= 7 .09x10 e 70 MM

May, Y a -5 .45+0 ,1649x44-0 .0054x31+0 .0061x996

» - 5 . 6 1 + 7 . 2 5 + 6 . 0 7 = - 5 . 6 1 + 1 3 . 3 2 = 7 . 7 1 . c m .

=. 7 .71x10 = 77 f-lM

69

Year 1988

June, Y = -5 .22+0 .1626x47+0 .2476x34+0 .0028x1004

= - 5 . 2 2 + 7 . o 4 + 8 . 4 1 + 2 . 8 1 1 2 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 8 . 8 6 = 13 .64 cm,

= 13 .64x10 = 136 MM

July* Y « -5 .22+0 .1626x37+0 .2476x30+0 .0028x989

- -5 .22+6.0162-* '7 .438+2.7692 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 6 . 2 1 = 10 .99 cm

= 10 .99x10 « 109 MM

August , Y « -5 .22+0 .1626x37+0 .2476x22+0 .0028x949

» - 5 . 2 2 + 6 . 0 1 6 2 + 5 . 4 4 + 2 . 6 5 7 2 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 4 . 1 5 = 8.y3 cm.

= 8 .93x10 = 89 MM

September , Y « - 5 . 2 2 + 0 . l 6 2 6 z 4 0 + 0 . 2 4 7 6 x 3 6 + 0 . 0 0 2 8 x 7 8 8

» - 5 . 2 2 + 6 . 5 0 4 + 8 . 9 1 3 6 + 2 . 2 0 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 7 . 6 2 = 1 2 . 4 0 cm.

= 12 .40x10 ="124 MM

For Oc tobe r t o May, we f o l l o w ;

Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 Xj_ - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x , + O.OObl u

October, Y « -5 /45+0 .1649x3 8 - 0 .0054x26+ 0 .0061x683

» - 5 , 5 9 + 6 . 2 6 + 4 . 1 6 6 » - 5 . 5 9 + 1 0 . 4 8 = 4 .83 cm,

« 4 .83x10 » 48 MM

70

Noverrber, Y = -5 ,45+0 .1649x36-0 .0054x22+0 .0061x581

= - 5 . 5 6 + 5 . 9 3 + 3 . 5 4 = - 5 . 5 6 + 9 . 7 4 » 3 .91 cm.

= 3 .91x10 = 39 MM

December, Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 3 0 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 1 8 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 4 8 0

= - 5 . 5 4 + 4 . 9 4 + 2 . 9 2 8 = - 5 . 5 4 + 7 . 9 8 9 = 2.328 cm.

» 2.328x10 = 23 MM

J a n u a r y , Y = -5 .45+0 .1649x26-0 .0054x14+0 .0061x509

= - 5 . 5 2 + 4 . 2 8 + 3 . 1 0 = - 5 . b 2 + 7 . 3 8 = 1.36 cm.

= 1,86x10 = 18 Ml

F e b r u a r y , Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 3 0 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 1 7 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 6 9 0

» - 5 . 5 4 + 4 . 9 7 + 4 . 2 0 9 « - 5 . 5 4 + 9 , 1 7 9 « 3 ,63 cm. ,

= 3 .63x10 = 36 MM

March, Y = -5 .45+0 .1649x38-0 .0054x23+0 .0061x798

« - 5 . 5 7 + 6 . 2 6 + 4 . 8 6 = - 5 . 5 7 + 1 1 . 1 2 = 5.55 cm.

« 5 .55 X 10 = 55 MM

A p r i l , Y - - 5 .45+0 .1649x44-0 .0054x28+0 .0061x891

= - 5 , 6 0 f 7 . 2 5 + 5 . 4 3 = - 5 , 6 0 + 12 .6b = 7 .08 cm.

= 7 ,08x10 = 70 MM

May, Y = -5 ,45+0 ,1649x48-0 .0054x35+0 .0061x996

= - 5 . 6 3 9 + 7 . ^ 1 + 6 . 0 7 5 = - 5 . 6 3 9 + 1 3 , 9 8 = 8 .3466 cm,

« 8 .3466x10 » 83 MM

71

Year 1989

We f o l l o w t h e Murthy e t . a l r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n f o r t h e

p e r i o d June t o S e p t e m b e r .

J u n e , = - 5 . 2 2 + 0 . 1 6 2 6 X| + 0 .2476 X^ + 0 ,0028 Q

= - 5 . 22+0,1626x4S+0.2476x40+0.0028x1004

= - 5 . 2 2 + 7 . 3 1 7 + 9 . 9 0 4 + 2 . 3 1 1 2 = 2 0 . 0 3 2 - 5 . 2 2 = 14 .8122 cm,

= 14 .8122x10 = 148 MM

J u l y , » - 5 . 2 2 + 0 . 1 6 2 6 Xj +0 .2476 A^ +0 .0028 Q

= -5 .22+0 .1626x44+0 .2476x3 2+0.0028x989

» - 5 . 2 2 + 7 . 1 5 4 4 + 7 . 9 2 3 2 + 2 . 7 6 9 2 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 7 . 8 4 6 8 = l26 .6268cn

= 12,6268x10 = 126 MM

August, =» - 5 . 2 2 t 0 . 1 6 2 6 Xj_ +0 .2476 X2 + 0 . 0 0 2 8 U

» -5 .22+0 .1626x39+0 .2476x30+0 .0028x949

« - 5 . 2 2 + 6 . 3 4 + 7 . 4 ^ 8 + 2 . 6 5 7 2 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 6 . 4 2 5 2 = 11 .20 cm.

= 11 .20x10 = 112 MM

Sep tember , = - 5 . 2 2 x 0 . 1 6 2 6 Xj_ +0 .2476 X^ +0 .0028 0

« -5 .22x0 .1626x38+0 .2476x29+0 .0028x788

" - 5 . 2 2 x 6 . 1 7 8 8 x 7 . 1 8 0 4 + 2 . 2 0 6 = - 5 . 2 2 + 1 5 . 5 6 = 10 .34 cm

= 10 .34x10 » 103 MM

72

For t h e p e r i o d of Oc tobe r t o May, we f o l l o w t h i s e q u a t i o n ;

O c t o b e r ,

Y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 X.-^ - 0 . 0 054X2 +0 .0061

= - 5 . 4 5+0 .1649x38-0 .0054x27+0.0061x683

= - 5 . 5 9 + 6 . 2 6 + 4 . 1 6 6 = - 5 . 5 9 + 1 0 . 4 2 = 4 . 8 3 cm.

= 4 .83x10 « 48 MM

Noveiriber, Y = - 6 . 4 6 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 3 6 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 2 2 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 5 9 1

« - 5 . 4 6 + 5 . 9 3 + 3 . 5 4 = - 5 . 4 6 + 9 . 4 7 = 4 . 0 1 cm

= 4 .01x10 a 40 MM

December, Y = -5 .46+0 ,1649x26-0 .0054x14+0 .0061x480

= - 5 . 6 2 + 4 . 2 8 + 2 . 9 2 8 = - 5 . 5 2 + 7 . 2 0 8 = 1.68 cm

»= 1.68x10 « 16 MM

J a n u a r y , Y = -5 .45+0 .1649x22-0 .0054x12+0 .0061x509

= - 5 . 5 1 + 3 . 6 2 + 3 . 1 0 = - 5 . 5 1 + 6 . 7 2 = 1.21 cm,

= 1.21x10 » 12 MM

F e b r u a r y , Y =-5 .45+0 .1649x34-0 .0054x20+0 .0061x690

=> - 5 . 5 5 + 5 . 6 0 + 4 . 2 0 = - 5 .56+9 .80 = 4 . 2 5 cm.

= 4 .25x10 » 42 MM

March, Y = -5 .45+0 .1649x34-0 .0054x21+0 .0061x798

= -5 .56+5 .60+.4 .86 = - 5 . 5 6 + 1 0 . 4 6 » 4 . 9 0 cm.

= 4 .90x10 = 49 MM

73

A p r i l , y = - 5 . 4 5 + 0 . 1 6 4 9 x 4 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 4 x 2 7 + 0 . 0 0 6 1 x 8 9 1

= - 5 . 5 9 + 7 . 0 9 + 5 . 4 3 = - 5 . 5 9 + 1 2 . 5 2 = 6 .9351 cm.

= 6 ,9351x10 = 69 MM

May, Y = -5 .45+0.1649x46-r0 .0054x33+0.0061x996

» - 5 . 6 282+7.58+6.07 = - 5 . 6 2 8 2 + 1 3 . 6 5 «• 8 .02 cm.

» 8 .02x10 = 80 MM

74

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75-

MAP SHOWING WELLS LOCATION AROUND HARDUAGANJ P L A T E - X T

THERMAL POWER P L A N T KASIMPUR DISTT. ALIGARH •

28"

28"

78" S' 7^ 10'

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'HARDUAGANJ DY.

LEGEND BLOCK BOUNDARY RIVER CANAL _ WELLS INVENTORIED • STATE TUSEWELL -<^ DUMPING WASTES D.W-

SCALE

2 3

KILOMETERS

78-' 5' 78' 10

C H A P T E R - V

GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

G«ologx'

The study area forms a pa r t of Kali-Sengar of the

Central Ganga a l luv ia l p l a in . I t i s underlain by the recent

alluviiim cons is t s chiefly of beds of clay^ s i l t , sand and

gravels of Quarternary age. The sediments of the area, derived

from the newly r isen Himalayas and also from the northern

fringe of the Peninsula got deposited on the eroded surface

of the upper Vindhyan by the r iver Ganges and i t s variovxs

t r i b u t a r i e s . The Ganga and i t s d i s t r i b u t o r i e s follow an

average gradient of 0,26 mt/kilometer from north-west.

Geologists believe tha t below the alluviums, there i s

an appreciable d ive r s i ty in the const i tuent of the rock formation,

The Ganga alluvium a t t a in a thickness of about 4.5 kras. (Oldham,

R.D., 1917) to 20 km (Pascoe, 1964).

I t i s generally accepted that the Ganga basin was

found as a r e s u l t of buckling down of the northern fringe of

the Peninsular Shield thrus t over the Asiat ic Plate (Krishnan,

M.S. 1968).

Indo-gangetic plain i s considered a per ipheral , foreland

77

basin (Dickenson, 1974) formed due to continental collision

between Indiein and Asian Plates.

According to Valdiya K.S. (1982) that due to resultant

effect of sagging of the northern flank of the platform around

the Bundelkhan shield. The depressed platform became the site

of sedimentation by vigorous fluvial agencies predominantly

from the newly risen Himalayas.

The sub-surface topography of the Ganga basin comprising

alternate ridges and depressions (Shastri, et, al., 1971;

Rao, K.V. 1973) are as follows:

1. A r a v a l l i Hors t

2. Hardwar-Rishikesh Spur

3 . Aligarh-Kasganj-Tanakpur Spur

4 . Ramganga Depression

5 . Faizabad Ridge

6. Sarda Depression

The s tudy area l i e s on the western f lank of Al iga rh-

Kasganj-Tanakpur spur and to the south of Ramganga d e p r e s s i o n .

Aliqartt-KasgaAj-Tanakpmr Spur;

'StiQ e a s t e r n l i m i t of the A r a v a l l i h o r s t i s marked by the

78

s p u r , and a l o n g t h i s s p u r S a r d a r i v e r f l o w s . The e a s t e r n

edge of t h i s s p u r c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e G r e a t Boundary F a u l t by

which A r a v a l l i r o c k s e p a r a t e d from t h a t of t h e uppe r Vindhyans .

The g e o l o g i c a l sequence b a s e d on deep w e l l s d r i l l e d

d a t a by C.G.W.B. i s a s f o l l o w s :

A l l u v i u m - A l t e r n a t e b e d s of c l a y and sand wi th k a n k a r

•Unconforraity-

S 340 M

Upper Vindhyan Upper Bhander r e d s h a l e ( S i r b u Sha le )

-Unconformity-

Archean Bundelkhand G r a n i t e Basement

79

Hydrpqeology:

Hydrogeology emphasizing hydrologic aspect and plays an

important ro le in determining the water-bearing, s toring and

t ransmit t ing capacity of geological formations. Groundwater

occurs in large reservoir beneath the water table i t sa tura tes

the earth material through which i t move and i s s tored.

Groundwater move due to g rav i ta t iona l force from areas of greater

to lesser hydros ta t ic head, systematic well inventories of

66 dug wells and tube-wells (shallow and deep) were carr ied out

per ta ining to the hydro-geological condition as well as

groundwater po ten t ia l of the study area.

For tne estimation of resource po ten t ia l and a d e t a i l

analysis of various hydrologic parameters, a nvulti-disciplinary

s tud ies in Ganga-Yamuna doab region of the study area has been

carr ied out . The col lec ted relevant data have been u t i l i s e d in

the preparation of dep^ to water-level maps (pre-and post-monsoon)

Water level f luctuat ion map, pre-suid post-monsoon water-table

contour maps, v*iich u t i l i zed to know, for further groundwater

development, and resource potent ia l in the study area.

The l i tho log ica l logs data of the bore-holes of the deep

and shallow tubewells in the area were col lected and the data

80

p l o t t e d t o prepare the c r o s s - s e c t i o n in o rde r to determine the

sub- su r face geology and v a r i o u s aqu i f e r s d i s p o s i t i o n i n the

s tudy a r e a . Locat ions of va r ious dug we l l s and tube -we l l s

i n v e n t o r i e s are shown i n the P l a t e - XX,

Groundwater Hydjroloqy of the Area;

The area under s tudy covers a major p a r t of the Ganga

Bas in , t he most f e r t i l e p a r t of U t t a r Pradesh, and cons idered

as one of the b e s t Groundwater r e s e r v e of the world, accupies

a p a r t of the Cen t r a l Ganga P l a i n s . Based on Physiography and

the hydro-geo log ica l cond i t ions eva lua ted on the b a s i s of

s y s t e m a t i c survey and groundwater e x p l o r a t i o n , the S t a t e of

U.P. can be devided i n t o f ive hydrogeologica l zones (Pathak

B.D. , 1976).

Zoos Sub-2oae Approximate area in Sq. km.

1 . Himalayas

4,

5,

i ) Lesser and Cen t ra l Hiraalyans

i i ) Sub-Himalyas or Siwal ik

In termontane Val ley

A l l u v i a l Trac t i ) Bhabar

i i ) Tara i •*^iii) Cen t r a l Ganga P l a i n

iv ) Marginal A l l u v i a l P l a in

Vindhyan Ter ra in

Bundelkhand Gran i t e Ter ra in

59,257

3,000

1,020

2,460

11,200 176,000 119,728

10,468

11,280

81

C e n t r a l Ganqa P l a i n ;

The p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e a a c c u p i e s a p a r t of t h e C e n t r a l

Ganga P l a i n . Groundwate r o c c u r s u n d e r b o t h u n c o n f i n e d and

c o n f i n e d c o n d i t i o n s . Unconf ined c o n d i t i o n s i n s u r f a c e o r n e a r

s u r f a c e a q u i f e r s and u n d e r c o n f i n e d c o n d i t i o n s i n d e e p w a t e r

a q u i f e r s . Bed rock i s Vindhyan S a n d s t o n e i . e . e n c o u n t e r e d a t

a d e p t h of 279 m e t e r s i n t h e b o r e - h o l e s of A l i g a r h Ra i lway

S t a t i o n , "ttie S t a t i c Water l e v e l i n t h e s e t u b e w e l l s r anged

from 2.89 m e t r e s t o 8 .84 m e t r e s be low g r o u n d - l e v e l d i s c h a r g i n g

be tween 86 m / h o u r and 185 m Aiour f o r drawdowns v a r y i n g from

4 . 8 3 t o 6 . 5 5 m e t r e s .

Groundwate r i n t h e s t u d y a r e a o c c u r s b o t h u n d e r p h r e a t i c

and s e m i - c o n f i n e d t o c o n f i n e d c o n d i t i o n s d e p e n d i n g upon t h e

a b s e n c e o r p r e s e n c e of a q u i t a r d a s c o n f i n e d b e d s . The s h a l l o w

a q u i f e r s and d e e p e r a q u i f e r s a r e p h r e a t i c and s e m i - c o n f i n e d t o

c o n f i n e d i n n a t u r e r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The main s o u r c e of g r o u n d w a t e r r e c h a r g e i n t h e s t u d y a r e a

i s r a i n f a l l . The r e c h a r g e a l s o o c c u r s t h rough s e e p a g e from t h e

u p p e r Ganga Canal which r u n s due s o u t h a long the K a l i - S e n g a r

w a t e r - s h e d which c o m p r i s e s p a r t of t h e e a s t e ^ u p l a n d . No d o u b t ,

t h e r e c h a r g e a l s o o c c u r s t h r o ugh i r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n f low, and

v a r i o u s d i s t r i b u t o r i e s i n t h e s t u d y a r e a .

AQUIFER SYSTEM

The s u b - s u r f a c e g e o l o g i c a l c o r s s - s e c t i o n shows t h a t i n t h e

92

»—

a. CO • • • •

Q o: UJ LL

5 a <

o z ^

o X CO

z o F o Ixl 03

CO CO

_J <

o o o - J

o X

f h-

IJ

a: 3 CL

5 ^ ^ v

CO < ^^

• t

1-z < _1 a. Q: UJ

^ O

• CL

_J

a UJ X f-

- 3 z <

< 3 Q Qc: < X

o z D o Q: <

83

study area/ there occurs three to four-tier aquifer system dovm

to 157 metres depth below ground-level. (Plate XXI) shows that

these aquifers appear to merge with each other and behave as a

single bodied aquifer system. About 62 4 of the total formation

mainly comprised of medium to fine grained micaceous sand,

occasionally mixed with coarse sand and gravel in the central

part. Eastern and south west portions of the formation comprised

of thick clay beds.

Grey sand with micaceous in nature are common. On the

basis of the study of the bore holes data and hydro-geological

properties, the aquifers of the area can be described as follows:

(a) Shallow Aquifers:

The Shallow aquifers consists of find to medium grained

micaceous sand occur within a depth of 50 metres from land surface.

The aquifer is generally separated locally by semi-consolidated

to consolidated depending upon the thickness and composition

of overlying Clay beds and tapped by hand pumps, open wells and

shallow tubewells are in use mainly for domestic and minor

irrigation purposes. Due to this heavy withdrawl of groundwater

for the purposes resulted declining trend of water level in the

area.

These shallow tubewells showing 25 to 50 m /hour discharge

at a nominal drawdown of 3,2 to 45 metres. The general depth

of the tubewells ranges between 30 to 40 metres b.g.l.

84

(b) Deeper Aquifers;

The deeper aquifers consis t mainly of medium to coarse

sand often mixed vdth kankar occurs within a depth of 50 to 157

metres below ground level are most permeable zone. (Plate XXI)

shows t h a t the l a t e r a l and ve r t i ca l extent of the deeper aquifers,

vriiicn f i na l ly merge with each other and behave as a s ingle

bodied aquifer system. The average discharge of these wells

var ies from 50 to 200 m /hour with a drawdown varying from 2 to

11,7 metres . The deep tubewolls generally tap aquifers lying

In the depth range of 65 to 150 metres below ground l e v e l .

(Dutta D.K., 1969), the bore hole data show tha t these

aquifers are semi-confined to confined in nature .

Depti> to water leve l ;

TUxe e levation of atmospheric pressure on the aquifer

and hyraulic gradient of the area i s indicated by a groundwater

level of an unconfined aquifer or the Piezometric surface of a

confined aquifer . The depth to water level map depicts the

regional va r ia t ion of water level a l l over the study area.

• The water level maps have been prepared on the bas is of

the f i e ld observations of s t a t i c water leve ls in the shallow

wells (dug wel l s ) . P la tes XXII & XXIII shows the depth of water

leve l for the pre-raonsoon (June, 1989) and post-monsoon (November,

1989) period respect ive ly . In the pre-monsoon period depth to

QS

u I

in h-< -J a.

a z I <

a. <

cc

P Z o o -J ui > - J

a: UI

o f-ac h-a UJ a

e - J <

5 a: UI X h-

z o o z o 5 ilj cc a.

5'0

X

I

LU

< Z)

o QC <

ct 3

2 O O - J Ixl

S - J a: l i j

a.

z o o to

2

co

o

87

water ranges between 2.23 meter b . g . l . to 11,54 meters b . g . l .

and in post-monsoon period, i t ranges between 2.18 to 10.30

meters b . g . l . The area has been divided into following water

zone varying from (1) less than 2 meters (2) 2 to 4 meters (3)

4 to ^ meters (4) 6 to 8 meters (5) 8 to 10 meters (6) more than

10 meters b . g . l . The deepest water level was recorded 11.54

meters b . g . l . in Eastern upland close to r igh t bank of Kali

r i v e r , vrtiile the shallov/est (2.23 meters b . g . l . ) was observed

a t the Eastern upland and Central Depression Junction very close

to upper Ganga Canal. The western flank of the upper Ganga Canal,

forms a par t of cent ra l depression shows the general depth to

water level var ia t ion from 6 ' to 8 meters b . g . l . The area adjacent

to the upper Ganga feeder canal shows the water l eve ls ranges

between 2 to 4 meters b . g . l . I t c l ea r ly shows the ef fect of

excessive seepage from unlined upper Ganga canal in to shallow

aquifer of the study area.

Water leve l fluctuation;

The groundwater level f luctuat ion i s a function of time

and space in response to p rec ip i t a t ion changes in groundwater

storage, r e su l t ing from differences between supply and withdrawal

of water, var ia t ion of stream stages and evapotranspiration cause

leve l to change. Alternative aer ies of wet and dry periods in

which the r a in f a l l i s above or below the mean will produce long

period of f luctuat ions of groundwater l e v e l s ,

Plate XXIV shows the difference in pre-monsoon and

"PTATE -xzr0 WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION MAP AROUND HARDUAGANJ THERMAL

POWER P L A N T , KASIMRUR. (,\9B9)

78 7^ 10

T E H S I L

BULAND SHA^

y K o H A N I P U R

INDEX

^ 5 '

< 0. 20 0 M.

0 - 2 0 0 TO O.^OOM.

0-^0 0 TO 0-6 00M.

CONTOURS IN METERS

2j\ 5

\28 0/

KILOMETERS.

89

post-monsoon water level so cal led water level f luctuat ion of

the study area. In general, the water level f luctuat ion i s

recorded between 0.2 to 0.4 meters.

AS year 1987, was the severe drought year due to very

scanty r a in f a l l showed small changed in water l e v e l . But the

year 1989, very good monsoon year shows a l i t t l e more changed

water l e v e l . I t i s very much common observation tha t deep water

table in high topography and shallow towards the low topography.

The magnitude of f luctuat ions , of course, depends upon the

q u a n t i t i e s of water recharged and discharged, A ful ly developed

aquifer have a grea ter range than one only p a r t i a l l y developed.

The beginning and the end of the i r r i g a t i o n session v i z . , September

shows highest water level and June shows lowest ground water

l e v ^ l .

Groundwater moyemeat:

Groundwater moves very slowly in the aquifer under

d i f f e r e n t i a l head. A groundwater basin i s f i l l e d and the excess

amount of water i s discharged by several ways un t i l a quasi -

equilibrium i s reached. All the perrennial streams are general ly

ef f luent through at l e a s t a portion of t h e i r length gathering

contr ibut ions from groundwater.

For the pre- and post-monsoon periods, water-table contour

map i s prepared at one meter contour in te rva l by taking the

^0

I < _

Q o CC 00

< Q. <

I-z o o UJ -J

<

Q:

I O. o CO z o LIJ Q: a

3 -3

a.

CO <

a:

2 -J <

a: Ul I

z < CD

9/

I LU <

3 Q PC < X

3

<

<

Q :

O

z 8

<

o: UJ

2 O o CO 2 O

CD

> O

a: a

CO <

2 <

a: UJ

o a - J

<

UJ X

92

a l t i t u d e s of the water l eve ls with respect to mean sea level tha t

are used in deciphering the groundwater flow d i rec t ion , hydraulic

gradient , the area of recharge ana discharge the groundwater and

r i v e r r e l a t i o n . Todd, D.K. (1980), seated tha t in water table

contour maps convex contours indicaT;e tne area of groundwater

recharge and the concave contours indicate the area of groundwater

discharge.

•tt e general d i rec t ion of the groundwater flow i s from

northwest to southeast but due to local factors a t some places

with var ia t ion in groundwater flow d i r ec t i on . (Plates XXV U

XXVI)• Two major d i rec t ion of groundwater flow in the area

in marked. In the western pa r t of the area, the nature of

groundwater flow i s from north to south virile the eastern par t

shows the nature of flow of groundwater i s from west to eas t

towards the Kali r ive r with steep hydraulic gradient as 3 m/km,

the r ive r and characterised eff luents in na ture .

At the bank of upper Ganga Canal, in the north-western pa r t

of the study are, there i s a groundwater mound and another mound

i s also found in the sutheast p a r t of the area very adjacent to

upper Ganga Canal. Though the unlined beds of the Canal and the

d i s t r i b u t a r i e s , excessive seepage of surface water in to snallow

aquifers of the area. There i s a groundwater trough in the south

west pa r t of the area, i t might be due to the thick population of

shallow and deep tubewells for large scale groundwater development

in tne study area.

(sajjaujuijaiqp) ja;PM 93

o o o 2 o ? ? S S s (uimuDupjuiBy

C H A P T E R - VI

GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT AND BALANCE

S y s t e m a t i c s t u d y of wa te r r e s o u r c e s i s e s s e n t i a l

f o r e n a b l i n g e x p e d i t i o u s deve lopment and e x p l o i t a t i o n of

a v a i l a b l e g roundwa te r r e s o u r c e s .

I n o r d e r t o a s c e r t a i n t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of S u r p l u s

S u r f a c e and g r o u n d w a t e r r e s o u r c e s of a b a s i n , w a t e r b a l a n c e

s t u d i e s a r e of immense i m p o r t a n c e . Water b a l a n c e i s a

q u a n t i t i t a t i v e s t a t e m e n t of t h e b a l a n c e be tween t h e t o t a l

w a t e r g a i n s and l o s s e s of a b a s i n , fo r a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d

of t i m e .

Water i n t h e p h r e a t i c zone which moves f r e e l y u n a e r

t h e f o r c e of g r a v i t y i s c a l l e d G r o u n d w a t e r , rhe q u a n t i t a t i v e

c h a n g e s may be e x p r e s s e d a s a w a t e r b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n i n which

t h e i n f l o w , o u t f l o w and change i n s t o r a g e i n a p e r i o d of t ime

a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by i n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s .

The r e c h a r g e and d r a f t e f f e c t i n g t h e g r o u n d w a t e r r e s e r v o i r

have been worked o u t as u n d e r :

I - 0 » + / _ S

Where I = i n f l o w

95

0 = outflow

A S =» change in storage

ground inflow - groundwater outflow

= change in groundwater storage (Karanth, K.R. 1987)

For drawing up plana for groundwater u t i l i z a t i o n ,

management and conservation, the water balance equation i s

used to measure the t o t a l estimate of groundwater storage in

the study area. Almost two th i rd area of the study are i s

water-logged due to excessive seepage through the cainal whereas

one th i rd are lying on south-western and shows declining water

t a b l e .

There are various source of groundwater rectiarge in the

study area but the major source of groundwater recharge are

as follows:

a) Recharge through ra in fa l l b) Recharge through i r r i ga t i on return flow c) Recharge through canal seepage

As there are various methods to estimate groundwater

recharge but here water level f luctuation - specif ic yield

method i s adopted for the evaluation of groundwater recharge.

96

Water l e v e l f luc tuat ion - g p e c i f i c y i e l d methodt

Groundwater recharge toy s p e c i f i c y ie ld method

Tota l s tudy a rea =* 312 sq . km.

Average f l u c t u a t i o n » 0,74 m i n water l e v e l over 5 years pe r iod (1984-89)

Average s p e c i f i c =• l5?i y i e ld

i ) Groundwater Recharge;

Groundwater Recharge = Area x s p . y i e l d x water l e v e l f l u c t u a t i o n

» 312 X 0,15 X 0.74 » 34.63 MCM

i i ) Recharge through Canal Seepage;

According t o Sa t i sh Chandra (1983), t h a t the fol lowing

equa t ion i s to determine the canal seepage in a l l u v i a l reg ions

of U t t a r Pradesh .

W = C 0.005 (B + 0)° ' ^ "^

Where, W » Recharge from canals in m /s/km length of unlined channels

B = Bed width, in meters

D " Depth of water, in meters

C = A constant, 1.0 for intermittently running and 0.75 for constant running canals.

97

(a) Recha rge t h rough s e e p a g e from uppe r Ganga C a n a l :

W = C 0 .005 (B + 0)°*^"^

« 0 .75 X 0 .005 (44 .16 + 1 . 5 6 ) ° ' ^ ' ^

- 0 . 75 X 0 .005 (45 .7 /2)°*^ ' '

a 0 .75 X 0 .005 X 12 .950

» 0.04856 ra"^/sAm

T o t a l l e n g t h of c a n a l = 26 km

G r o s s annual r e c h a r g e = 0.04856 x 3 1 . 1 0 x i o " x 2 6

= 37 .75 MCM.

(b) Recha rge th rough s e e p a g e from t h e d i s t r i b u t a r i e s ;

W = C 0 .005 (B + D)°*^'^

= 1.0 X 0 .005 ( 6 . 5 0 + 0 .98)°*^ '^

= 1.0 X 0 .005 ( 7 . 4 8 ) ° ' ^ " ^

« 1.0 X 0 .005 X 3 .850

» 1.0 X 0 .01925

- 0 .01925 m"^/S/km

T o t a l l e n g t h of d i s t r i b u t a r i e s = 59 kms

G r o s s annua l r e c a r g e due t o = 0 .019 25 x 1 5 . 5 5 x iO" x 59 s e e p a g e from d i s t r i b u t a r i e s i n t h e t o t a l a r e a

» 1 7 . 6 6 MCM

T o t a l g roundwa te r r e c h a r g e » 37 .75 + 1 7 . 6 6 t h r o u g h c a n a l s e e p a g e

= 55.41 MCM

98

i i i ) Recharge through I r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n flow;

Tota l d r a f t by tubewel ls = 18.41 MCM

I n f i l t r a t i o n f a c t o r = iS/o

Groundwater recharge = Tota l d r a f t x I n f i l t r a t i o n f a c t o r through i r r i g a t i o a r e t u r n flow = 18.41 x 0.15

= 2.761 r-iCM

Groundwater recharge » 10,50 x 0.15 through i r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n flow sur face water (upper Ganga canal) , 1^575 ^^

Tota l recharge through = 2.74 + 1.575 i r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n flow

» 4.315 MCM

Gross groundwater » I + I I + I I I recharge

= 34.63 + 55.41 + 4.315

= 94.3 55 MCM

Net Recharget

70^ of the g ross recharge has been taken as n e t recharge

= 94.355 X 0.70

= 66.04 MCM

QrottPdwater p r a f t ;

For the c a l c u l a t i o n of groundwater d r a f t , groundwater

withdrawal from the s t a t e tube -we l l s and shal low t u b e - w e l l s .

The u n i t d r a f t for both deep as well as shallow tub-wel l

99

has been taken as e s t ima ted by U.P. S t a t e Groundwater

Department for the e v a u l a t i o n of t o t a l groundwater d r a f t

(Hasan, e i . a l . , 1982) .

i ) Dra f t by s t a t e tubewel l s i

Unit draft of s t a t e •= 0.175 MCM tube wel l s

Tota l number of s t a t e =» 19

tubewel l s

Tota l d r a f t = Unit d r a f t x No, of tubewel l s

=» 0.175 X 19

» 3.3 2 MCM

i i ) Draf t by shallow tubewe l l s :

Un i t d r a f t of shal low = 0.0105 iCM

tubewel ls

Total number of tubewel ls = 1438

Total d r a f t » Unit d r a f t x No. of tubewel ls

= 0.0105 X 1438

» 15.09 MCM

Total d r a f t - ( i ) + ( i i )

» 3.32 -k- 15.09

» 18,41 MCM

Water Balance;

Net recharge - Tota l d r a f t » U t i l i z a b l e resource p o t e n t i a l 66.04 - 18,41 - 47.63

U t i l i z a b l e resource p o t e n t i a l = 46.53 MCM

100

Groundwate r b a l a n c e e s t i m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e f o r f u t u r e

d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e s t u d y a r e a around Harduagan j Thermal Power

House of Kasimpur of Koi l T e h s i l , D i s t r i c t n l i g a r h .

1 . G r o s s Recharge - 9 4 . 3 55 MCM

2 . Ne t Groundwater r e c h a r g e - 66 .04 MCM

3 . 20^ p r o v i s i o n f o r d o m e s t i c - 1 2 . 0 0 8 MCM and i n d u s t r i a l u s e s

4 . Ne t r e s o u r c e a v a i l a b l e f o r - 52 .81 MCM i r r i g a t i o n

5 . Groundwater d r a f t as i n t h e - 18 .41 MCM y e a r 1989

6 . A v a i l a b l e g r o u n d w a t e r r e s o u r c e - 34 ,40 MCM f o r f u t u r e deve lopmen t

S t a t u s of g r o u n d w a t e r deve lopmen t of t h e a r e a ;

As t h e s t u d y a r e a i s one of t h e i m p o r t a n t p a r t of Ganga

Yamuna Doab p l a i n h a s v e r y r i c h i n w a t e r r e s o u r c e s and h a v i n g

a g r e a t s cope f o r t he l a r g e s c a l e g r o u n d w a t e r deve lopmen t i n

f u t u r e •

We u s e d t h e NABARD'S norms i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s t a t u s of

g r o u n d w a t e r deve lopmen t i n t h e s t u d y a r e a which a r e as f o l l o w s -

Groundwater Development C a t e g o r y

65/. White

65;; - ' 85^ Grey

85;4 Dark

101

s t a t u s of the groundwater- Net Y^^\Y ^ff^^ x 100 J I J. • j.i_ ^ J Net r ecove rab le development m the s tudy r echa rae area

18.41 _ ^ ,00 66.04

» 27.87^

As only 27,87?i Of the groundwater r esource in the

s tudy a r ea has been developed so f a r , and f a l l s under th^

white c a t ego ry of NABARD'S norm, so, t he re i s a g r e a t scope

for the l a r g e s c a l e groundwater development through medium to

deep tubewel l s i n e a s t e r n flanK and recha rg ing in western p a r t

of the s tudy through upper Ganga canal and t r i b u t a r i e s .

C H A P T E R - VII

HYDROGHEMISTRY AND WATER POLLUTION

Analytical Techniques;

The main source of surface water is upper Ganga Canal

originated from Haridwar passing through the study area

supplying the water for cooling purpose for Harduaganj Thermal

Power Plant •<:lOwing in the direction of north west to south

east 16 water samples were collected from and around the mid

stream of the Canal and adjacent dumping canal of power

plant through which water after cooling process discharge into

the main canal. In order to study the quality in all 45

surface water groundwater and Soils (Leachates 4 nsh) samples

ware collected during June 1989 from upper Ganga Canal open wells,

shallow well deep tubewells farmers field spread over entire

present study area.

Preservation cx£ water samples;

Preservation of water sample is necessary, preservation

techniques retard the chemical and biological changes that

invitably continue after the Sample is removed from the parent

source. Preservation methods are generally limited to pH

control, chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing and

recommended choice of the preservatives for various important

103

constituents is given as under:

Parameter Preservative Maxiraum holding period

Acid i ty -a lka l in i ty

Biological Oxygen demand

Colour

Sulphate »

Threshold odour

Turbidi ty

so l id s Calcium Chemical Oxygen demand

Chloride

Dissolved Oxygen

PH

Specific conductance

Hardness

Metal dissolved

Total metal

Refrigeration a t 4"'C

None available

2 ml. H^SO. per l i t r e ^ ^

None required

Determined on site

None required

filtrate-3 ml-1 HNO-j/per litre 5 ml HNOr, per litre

24 hours

6 hours

24 hours

7 hours

24 hours

7 days

7 days

7 days

7 days

7 days

No holding

No holding

7 days

7 days

o months

6 months

104

yater Sample Procedure;

The water samples for determination the various impurities

present in it were collected in Polythene bottle of one litre

capa::ity, soaked in acid and rinsed with distilled water. By

using a clean stainless steel water sampler which was introduced

into the wells and with the help of rope water was taicen out.

The water samples were collected from upper Gange Canal 40 to

50 cm below surface and from txibewells after pumping sufficient

quantity of water, prior to transferring the water samples

the bottle was rinsed thoroughly withthe water to De sampled.

A portion of sample was treated at site immediately with 6 N

nitric acid (8 ml/1), these samples were used for trace element

studies the second portion of water was utilized for physioo-

Chemical analysis without adding any preservative.

Procedure of Soil Sampling;

The s o i l san^Ies were c o l l e c t e d in canvas bags of one

kilogram c a p a c i t y . A round nose t rending spade was used for

sampling sur face s o i l . All samples were a i r d r i e d before

s t o r age i n t o the c o n t a i n e r .

Methods of Ana lys i s ;

Water samples;

All water samples were f i r s t analysed for major elements

l i k e Na, K, Ca, Mg and CI and r a d i c a l s l i k e s u l p h a t e ; ca rbona te ,

and for t r a c e elements l i k e Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Co,

105

Sr etc. Anions were determined by Volumetric techniques.

Sulphate Was determined by gravimetric method and Wa, K, Ca

and Mg and trace elements were determined by Atomic Absorption

spectrophotometer. For the determination of Na, K Ca & Mg and

trace elements the water samples were filtered and acidified

with 10 ml concentrated HNo^ (analytical grade HNo^) before the

concentration using evaporation.

Soil Samples!

All Soil Samples for Comon Cations and trace metals

contents were air dried for 24 years, grinded to powdered, and

0.1 graim of sample was digested with 1 to 2 ml of Aqua Regia

and 5-6 ml of HF, then kept in oven at 110°C for one hour. The

sample was then cooled brought to 50 ml volume with 2/i HNO,

and the filtered solution analysed by atomic absorption

spec trophotometer.

The greatest threat to humanity, short of a natural

Calamity, is from environmental Contamination, wnich also

includes inadequate, unreliable and unsafe water supply systems.

The chemical quality of water is a factor of great importance

for various uses.

People in general, think that groundwater is relatively

free of pollution and is very useful for domestic use, but

groundwater is found not chemically pure. Long distance travel

of water through rocks formation keeps water and mineral in

106

contac t r e su l t s mineral so lu t ion . The type and Concentration

of Sa l t depends on the environment, movement and oource of

groundwater. Soluble Soil mater ia ls , f e r t i l i s e r s and

s e l ec t i ve absorption of Sa l t by Plant modify Sal t Concentration

of percolat ing water.

Cooling water of thermal Power p lant carvy an enormous

of heat in to warer basins to have d i rec t ef fec t on the r a t e

of Chemical react ions and the ra te of r es to ra t ion of def ic ien t

oxygen. The temperature recorded as 24"C in upper Ganga Canal

i . e . in take water, ef f luent water of Power Plant af ter Cooling

process have temperature 46''C^ where mixed water i . e .

Cooling water af ter meeting with upper Ganga Canal water has

3 2''C. The temperature of effluent water and naixed water i s

higher thein normal water. This much aunount of temperature

have d i r e c t effect on ra te of Chemical reaction thereby

ind ica t ing pol lut ion in the water in the present study area.

At higher temperatures, the r a t e of production and growth of

hydrobionts increases . Waste water of the Plant Complex

contain various neutral S a l t s , acids and a lka l ies which change

pH index. The waste water also Carry unburned fuel . Shine,

Coarse-disperse p a r t i c l e s , t race elements and Carbonates. /

The ash formed on the combustion of Coal at thermal

Power Plant i s transported to ash dumps through dry and wet or

hydraulic system at places viz Satha and Jawan 3ara respect ively

107

of the present study area. In wet or hydraulic systems, the

ash is mixed with water to form pulp which is disposed to ash duirv-

ps at Jawan Bara of Study area. The ash contains a large

number of inorganic compounds and minor quantities of toxic

compounds, that got inf1]trated into shallow groundwaters.

High Concentration of the toxic substances may cause the death

ot hydrobionts, where lower concentration change their

metabolism, rate of growth, mutagenesis, reproductive capacity.

Zoo-Planktons are extremely sensitive to toxic substances and

perish even at low concentrations of contaminants, this has

a definite effect on the whole biocenosis. ..

Phygtcal & Chemical Parameters;

Electrical Conductivity (EC micromhos/Cm at 25°C)

AS Electrical conductivity is the measure of the

mineralisation and indicate the Salinity of shallow as well as

deep groundwater, AS data shows that the specific conductivity

of ground water a study area varies between 440 and 73 2

micromhos/Cm at 25°C. Highest value was obtained as 73 2

micromhos/Cm in dug well at Rampur Village. The value of

EC in upper Ganga Canal varies between 210 to 220 micromhos/Cm

but Dumped water show the value of 500 micromhos/Cra while

rainwater during monsoon shows EC as 200 micromhos/cm which

indicates a high value.

108

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS);

The Solids usuadly present in water in Suspension,

Colloidal and dissolved form. The dissolved solids in natural

water consists mainly of bicarbonates. Chlorides, Sulphates

and flourides and nitrates of Ca, Mg, Na and K, ana potassium

with traces of fe, Mn and other substances. The total

dissolved Solids are directly depends on electrical conductivity

or Salinity of water. Indian council of Medical Research

while recommending 500 ppm TDS in Potable water, maximum

limits are 1500 ppm in Potable water, maximum limits i.e.

1500 ppm TDS may be acceptable where no alternate source is

available. The study area having the TDS values ranges

between 313 ppm to 518 ppm in water. The observation well

at Rampur village show the highest value of TDS as 518 ppm.

The concentration of TDS is slightly higher than permissible

limit of WHO, ICMR may suggest that the water at this catchment

area may be used for domestic and irrigation purpose.

Total hardness;

AS Hardness is tne property of water which prevents the

lathering of the Soap. It is caused due to Carbonates and

Sulphates of Calcium and magnesium in water. It is measured

as Ca Co^ ranges from 180 to 3 24 ppm as shown in Table 8. It

is found that in most places of study area the Groundwater is

very hard water in nature or if we match witft the (Balawin and

Mc Guinnes, 1970) Classes of water, we find that more thcin 50^

110

of water / the area f a l l s under the category of very hard water .

The h i g h e s t value was recorded in Kherpur v i l l a g e as 3 24 ppm.

The upper Ganga Canal, main Canal pass ing through the study

a rea show t h a t the Total hardness in Canal water ranges between

88 ppm to 148 ppm bu t the Dumped waste (waste water) a f t e r

coo l ing , d ischarged in upper Ganga Canal have 204 ppm.

Hydrogen - Ion - Concentration (pH);

The pH value of water i n d i c a t e s Hydrogen-ion-Concentrdt ion

in water and i s logr i thm of r e c i p r o c a l s of t h e i r weight measured

in gram per l i t r e in wa te r . Depending upon the na tu re of

d i s so lved S a l t s and minera l s , the water found in n a t u r a l sources

may be a c i d i c or a l k a l i n e . The Surface water (upper Ganga Cdnal)

and dug wel l s i n s tudy area , pH value 7,50 and 8.4 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

which shows moderately a l k a l i n e in n a t u r e . The h ighes t value

(8,42) of pH was recorded in the well of AMR.-IUUI v i l l a g e .

Rainwater shows pH value 6.56 to 6.7 5 during pre-monsoon

r a i n f a l l per iod, which i s l i g h t l y a c i d i c in na tu re , i t may be

due to the combination of ra inwater H2O + Co^ gas emi t ted by

Thermal Power P lan t of the area, produced weak Carbonic acid

HCo-j and f a l l e n as acid r a i n .

The Soi l Sample of ti^e study area shows t h a t S o i l s in

and around the thermal power P lan t area are a l k a l i n e in n a t u r e .

The s o i l of Kasimpur shows the value 7.6 to 8 . 6 .

Ill

Major Anions

Carbonates;

The corcentration of Carbonates in Groundwater ranges

from 9 ppm to 37 ppm. The highest value of Carbonate was

recorded at Barauli, as 37 ppm.

Bicarbonates;

The Concentration of Bicarbonates in groundwater

depends upon tht partial pressure of tne Carbondioxide in

Soil it is quite independent of the aquifer characteristics.

The Concentration of Bicarbonates in groundwater varies from

248 ppm to 446 ppm. The highest concentration of Bicarbonates

Was recorded at SUMER was 446 ppm. The concentration of

Bicarbonates in Surface as well as Sub-surface water is found

within the permissible limit, below 600 ppm is quite safe for

domestic as well as irrigation purposes.

Chlorides;

Chlorides in drinking water are generally not harmful

for human being until a high concentration is reachea, although

the Chlorides may oe injurious to some people suffering from

diseases of heart or kidney. Sodium Chloride is tne main

substances in Chloride water. The presence of Chloride due

to mixing of Saline water and sewage in water. Indian Council

of Medical Research (ICMR, 1974) recommended 200 ppm as desirable

limits of Chloride in potable waters and 1000 ppm as maximum

112

permissible limit where no other alternate source is available.

The Chloride Concentration in shallow groundwater ranges

from 14.2 to 133 ppm SATHA has shown>the highest value as

138.4 5 ppm of Chlorides.

The surface water body (upper Ganga Janal) shows 17.75

ppm whereas dumped waste water (show 31.95 ppm) the Concentration

of Chloride at the meeting point (Dumped waste water and upper

Ganga Canal) is recorded as 28.4 ppm. But overall, it is very

suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes.

Major Cations;

The present study area lies in upper Ganga-Yamuna aoau,

the most fertile part^of Uttar Pradesh. The Harduaganj

Thermal Power Plant at Kasimpur town in district Aligarh,

which releases various types of wastes on soil and Surface

water bodies, animal wastes, dradn to Surface Channels, further

aggravate the pollution problem in this region. For the

augmenting the Crop production, tlia excessive inputs of

fertilisers and Pesticides, a portion of which usually leaches

through the Soil and to the underground water. Lime, gypsum

and Sulpher are widely used for altering the physical and

chemical properties of the Soils, substantial amount of these

soil amendments leach to the groundwater and ultimately

increasing its Salinity. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and

magnesium are Commonly known Cations in Groundwater and associated

113

S o i l s of s tudy a r e a .

The Concent ra t ion of major Cat ions in oub-surface water

and a s s o c i a t e d . S o i l s i n Study area a t d i f f e r e n t Sampling

S t a t i o n s (Table 8 & 10) shows Var ia t ion , average Concent ra t ion

C o r r e l a t i o n s of major Cat ions in Ground water and a s soc i a t ed

S o i l s Samples.

Sodium;

The most impor tant water q u a l i t y aspec t of Sodium i s

the p o s s i b i l i t y of changing the So i l p e r m e a b i l i t y . Maximum

Concen t ra t ion of Sodium in Groundwater (183 ppm), and a s s o c i a t e d

s o i l s samples (822 ppm), Na Content i n So i l ranges between

12.48 t o 822 ppm Groundwater 70 to 183 ppm. .average Concent ra t ion

of Sodium (Pla te-29) Groundwater and S o i l s samples are recorded

as f o l l o w s :

1. Groundwater 126 ppm

2. Soil 417 ppm

3 . Leachetes 7.181 p m

4 . Ash 20.76 ppm

The overall concentration of Sodium in groundwater at

different Stations of the Study area are witting jermissiole

limit but the Soil Sediments have Na Concentration above the

limit* As we know that the Sodium Concentration in drinking

water of about 200 ppm may be harmful to person suffering from

114

Cardiac renal and diseases pertaining to Circal-itory System.

The Groundwater of under study area do not have tne jodium

Concentration more than the desire limit.

Potassium;

The Concentration of Potassium in groundwater Samples

and Soil Sediments Samples ranges from 16 to 124 ppm and

26.62 to 319.8 ppm respectively. Maximum Concentration of

Potassium in groundwater(124 ppm), recordea at village Cherrat

and in Soil Sediments Sample (319.8 ppm) is recorded. The

extreme limit for potassium ion is generally 1000-2000 ppm

for drinking purpose indicate within the range of permisslole

limit

Calcium;

Calcium content in groundwater and So i l samples v a r i e s from

30 to 121 ppm and 2 to 213 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . Average

Concen t ra t ion of Sodium (Pla te -19) in groundwater and s o i l

Sediments samples are found as fo l lows-

1 . Groundwater - 76 ppm

2. So i l - 107.29 ppm

3 . Leachetes - 0.601 ppm

Ash (dry) - 0.876 ppm

I n f a c t , an adu l t r e q u i r e s 10 mg/kg as an average d a i l y body

115

weight while Schuol going children 40.6 mg/kg of body light

weight. The highest desirable limit of calcium in drinking

water is 75 ppm and maximum permissible limit is 200 ppm

(W.H.O., 1984 and I.C.M.R., 1975), The highest value 121 ppm

recorded at Cherrat village. It is found that the Concentration

of Calcium in study area is within the limit.

Kaqneslxinn

Magnesium is one of the most important Constituent which

is directly responsible for hardness of water. .>4dximum

concentration in Study area is ranges from 87 ppm in groundwater,

at village AMRAULI and 26 ppm at Kasi mpur, and 201.6 ppm in

Soil. The Mg content a soil ranges oetween 3.23 5 to Oi.6 ppm.

Average Concentration of magnesium i,Plate-l9} in water

bodies and Soil Sediments Samples is given as toliows-

1. Groundwater - 56.5 ppm

2. soil - 10/.4i ppm

3. Leachetes - 4 ppm

4. Ash - 3 ppm

The Concentration of Magaesium in groundwater varies

from 26 to 87 ppm which is as per norm of I.C.M.x . (1975), falls

within the Permissible limits in the study area.

ir

PLATE-ZZK

SOILS fiROUN£>WK"rCK

117

The higher values of Na, K, Ca and Mg in Joil Samples,

may be attributed to the increasing consumption of K-fertilizers,

thick reh deposits and Kankar at shallow depth in study area.

Heavy Metal Pollatloa;

The intake of certain metals in very low Concentration

by human and animals through their diets which play an important

role for their growth. But the concentration of heavy met^

if at higher levels proves injurious or even toxic. The intake

of heavy metals by human beings and animals through the medium

of drinking water and beverages. Deficiencies of 20 to z4

elements in animals and man (Friedin, 197 2) and 13 to 17 elements

in plants have been recognised (Epstein, 1955).

The present study deals with the causes and extent of

heavy metal pollution in water bodies and associated soil, in

order to suggest the prevention of the pollutional hazards and

to make tne better use of the water of the study area for human

and agricultural purposes. rhe concentration of various heavy

metals, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Pb, :^n, Cr and Cadmium in upper

Ganga Canal, Soils, leachetes, ash (dry) and Groundwaters oainple

and different Stations is given in (Tdble-ll to 15).

Iron;(Fe)

Iron i s an essent ia l nut r ien ts for humans, animals and

Plants (Faribanks e t a l , 1971). The concentration of Fe in upper

118

Ganga Canal r a n g e s from 1.057 t o 1096 ppm. I n Groundwate r ,

t h e Fe c o n t e n t i s v a r i e s from 0,289 t o 0 .489 ppm. Maximum

C o n c e n t r a t i o n of Fe i n g r o u n d w a t e r i s r e p o r t e d a t S u r a j p u r

V i l l a g e i . e . 0 .489 ppm. The Fe c o n t e n t i n l e a c h e t e s and ash

sampler r a n g e between 59 .01 and 54 .83 ppm. Fe c o n t e n t i n S o i l

found be tween 46 .41 t o 8 2 . 6 3 ppm.

Average C o n c e n t r a t i o n of Fe P l a t e - i X X ) i n upper Ganga

Cana l (Table - 1 5 ) . S o i l , l e a c h e t e s and a s h ( d r y ) i n ( T a b l e - 3 ) ,

Groundwate r of s h a l l o w as we l l a s w e l l s d e e p e r w a t e r a q u i f e r s i s

g i v e n i n (Tab l e -15 )

1 . Upper Ganga Canal - 1.06d ppm

2 . Dumping Canal - 1.150 ppm

3 . s o i l - 6 9 . 5 2 ppm

4 . L e a c h e t e s - 59 .01 ppm

5 . Ash - 54 .83 ppm

6 . Groundwate r (Sha l low) - 0 .371 ppm

7 . Groundwater ( d e e p e r ) - 0 .399 ppm

The C o n c e n t r a t i o n of Fe i n upper Ganga C a n a l , S o i l ,

l e a c h e t e s , a s h ( d r y ) and g r o u n d w a t e r s i s h i g h e r than t n e

p e r m i s s i b l e l i m i t , i t may be due t o e f f l u e n t s d i s c h a r g e d from

Thermal Power P l a n t of t h e s t u d y a r e a .

119

Copper ; (Cu)

rhe Concentra t ion of Copper in upper Ganga Canal ranges

from 0.178 to 0.215 ppm. The s o i l , l e a c h e t e s and ash(clry) of

the p r e s e n t study area having the concen t r a t i on of Cu u . l24 to

0,559 ppm, 0.118 ppm, and 0.174 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . The ground

wa te r s show the Cu c o n t e n t in Shallow and deep tubewel ls ranges

from 0,195 to 0,315 ppm and 0,169 to 0.235 ppm. The maximum

Concen t ra t ion of Cu i n groundwater recorded Kasimpur v i l l a g e

(0 .235 ppm).

Average Concentra t ion of Cu (P la t e XXX) in upper Ganga

Canal (Table - 15), S o i l , l e a c h e t e s and ash(dry) in Groundwater

i n Shallow as well as deep v/ells are as under :

1 . Upper Ganga Canal - 0 . i95 ppm

2. Dumping Canal - U.19 2 ppm

3 . s o i l - 0.34i ppm

4 . Lachetes - 0.118 ppm

5. Ash(dry) - 0.174 ppm

6 . Groundwater (Shallow wel l s ; ^ - 0.205 ppm

7 . Groundwater (Deep wells j - 0.189 ppm

The concen t ra t ion of Cu in waters oodles are below

the p e r m i s s i b l e l i m i t for the d r ink ing purpose of wa te r .

Zinc ; (Zn)

The Concent ra t ion of Zn in upper Ganga Canal v a r i e s from

120

0 .349 t o 0 .437 ppm. The Zn c o n t e n t i n S o i l , L e a c h e t e s and

ash ranges from 1.053 t o 3 0 . 6 8 ppm, 0 .3 21 ppm and 0.86 5 ppm

r e s p e c t i v e l y . The maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Zn i n g r o u n d w a t e r

i s found i n s h a l l o w we l l ( 0 . 8 9 8 ppW/ of N/ ^LA CHAMAN v i l l a g e .

Average c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 2n ( P l a t e XvvX) i n up^^er Ganga

Cana l (Tab le 1 6 ) , s o i l , L e a c h e t e s and ash (dry) Groundwater

of Sha l l ow as w e l l as deep w e l l s a r e as u n d e r :

1 . Upper Ganga Canal - 0 .393 ppm

2 . Dumping Canal - 0 .3 51 ppm

3 . s o i l - 15 .86 ppm

4 . L e a c h e t e s - 0 .3 2i ppm

5 . Ash - 0 .8b5 ppm

6 . G r o u n d w a t e r s (Sna l low w e l l s ) - 1.63 ppm

7 . G r o u n d w a t e r s (deep w e l l s ) - 0 .279 ppm

The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of on i s w i t h i n tne p e r m i s s i b l e l i n a i t

a s p e r W.H.O. (1984) and I . C M . A . (1975>, s t a n d a r d s .

Manganese t (Mn)

Manganese i s h i g h l y t o x i c t o humans o u t n o t a t . J o n c e n t r a t i o n

n o r m a l l y found i n a c h e m i c a l s e n s e i s v e r y S i m i l i a r t o I r o n .

The C o n c e n t r a t i o n of i-ln i n upper Ganga Canal r a n g e s be tween

0 .036 t o 0 .097 ppm. The Hn c o n t e n t i n s o i l , L e a c h e t e s and ash

r a n g e s from 0,527 to 2 .00 2 from ppm, 0 .3 54 ppm and 0 .4 29 ppm

121

r e s p e c t i v e l y . Maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n of I'in i s founa i n >^round-

w a t e r a t K^simpur V i l l a g e (0 .183 ppmj .

The a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Mn i n d i f f e r e n t b o d i e s

v i z . ^ u p p e r Ganga C a n a l , S o i l s , l e a c h e t e s as and i n g r o u n d

w a t e r (Sha l l ow as we l l a s deep w e l l s ) ( P l a t e XXX) Sc (Tab l e -15 )

i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e a . a s u n d e r :


2 . Dumping Canal - 0.096 ppm

3 . S o i l - 1.3 3 ppm

4 . L e a c h e t e s - 0 .3 54 ppm

5 . Ash - 0.4 29 ppm

6 . Groundwate r (Sha l low w e l l s / - 0 .143 ppm

7 . Ground w a t e r (Deep w e l l s ) - 0 .135 ppm

The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Ito i s h i g h e r than p e r m i s s i o l e l i m i t s

a t some p l a c e s . I t may be due to r e l e a s e of (Mn; manganese

e f f l u e n t s by the rma l power p l a n t .

N i c l c e l ; ( N i )

N i c k e l i s m o d e r a t e l y t o x i c t o a q u a t i c o rgan i sm and can be

v e r y t o x i c t o p l a n t l i f e d e p e n d i n g upon i t s c h e m i c a l form. The

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of N i c k e l i n uppe r Ganga Canal r a n g e s from 0.209

t o 0 ,214 ppm. The Ni c o n t e n t i n S o i l s L e a c h e t e s ana ash v a r i e s

from 0 ,279 t o 0 ,681 ppm, 1.018 ppm and 1.023 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y .

122

The concen t r a t i on of Ni in Groundwater ranges between 0.163

to 0.3 29 ppm. The maximum concen t r a t i on of Ni in groundwater

i s recorded in Kasimpur v i l l a g e (0 .3 29 ppm}.

The t o t a l average concen t r a t ion of Ni in va r ious bodies

v i z . upper Ganga Canal, S o i l , Leachetes , ash and in groundwater

(Shallow as well as deep wells) (Plate-XXX)&(TaDle-15) are

as under ;

1 . Upper Ganga Canal - 0,212 ppm

2. Dumping Canal - 0.213 ppm

3 . s o i l - 0.480 ppm

4 . Leachetes - 1.018 ppm

5. Ash - 1.0 23 ppm

6 . Groundwater (Shallow wel ls) - 0.297 ppm

7 . Groundwater (deep wel ls) - 0.180 ppm

Cobalt; (Co)

The concen t ra t ion of Cobalt in upper Ganga Canal i s ranges

from 0.170 to 0.254 ppm. The Cobal t con ten t in S o i l , Leacnetes

and ash ranges from 0.217 to 0.317 ppm, 1.195 ppm and 1.285 ppm

r e s p e c t i v e l y . The groundwater having Cobalt con ten t v a r i e s from

0.148 to 0.205 ppm. The n ighes t concen t r a t ion of Cooalt i s

'ifcund in groundwater a t v i l l a g e Wanzoor Garhi ( j . ^ 0 5 ppm)

The t o t a l average concen t ra t ion of Cobalt in d i f f e r e n t bod ies

123

of s t u d y a r e a ( P l a t e XXX) St CTable-15) a r e as u n d e r :

1 . Upper Ganga Canal - 0 .212 pprn

2 . Dumping Cana l - 0 .190 ppm

3 . S o i l - 0.267 ppm

4 . L e a c h e t e s - 1 .195 ppm

5 . Ash - 1.28 5 ppm

6 . Groundwate r ( S h a l l o w w e l l s ) - 0 .187 ppm

7 . GroundWc-ter (deep w e l l s ) - 0 .150 ppm

L e a d ; ( p b )

Lead b e i n g ons of t he hazardous^ and ha rmfu l p o l l u t i n g

a g e n t . Kopp e t a l . (1967) h a s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h a t n a t u r a l w a t e r s

may c o n t a i n l e a d u p t o 0 .8 m g / 1 .

The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of l e a d i n u p p e r Ganga Canal r a n g e s

be tween 0 .408 t o 0 .508 ppm. The Pb c o n t e n t i n S o i l , l e a c n e t e s

and ash v a r i e s from 0 . D 5 9 t o 4 ,416 ppm, 0 .530 ppm and 0 .664 ppm

r e s p e c t i v e l y . The g r o u n d w a t e r s of cha p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e a snows

t h a t t h e Pb c o n t e n t i n s h a l l o w w e l l o and deep w e l l s wa te r

s amples i n t h e r a n g e of 0.548 t o 0 ,695 ppm and 0 .498 t o 0 .582 ppm

r e s p e c t i v e l y . Maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Pb i s found i n g round

w a t e r i n Kasimpur r e s i d e n t i a l Colony ( 0 . 6 9 5 ppm;.

The a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Pb i n d i f f e r e n t b o d i e s of tne

124

study a rea (P l a t e XXX) & (Table- i5) are as under:

1 . Upper Ganga Canal - 0.480 ppm

2. Dumping Canal - 0.507 ppm

3 . s o i l - 2.487 ppm

4. Leachetes - 0.53 0 ppm

5. Ash - 0,664 ppm

6 . Groundwater (Shallow wel ls) - 0,628 ppm

7 . Groundwater (Deep wells) - 0.540 ppm

The most alarming concen t r a t i on of Lead in groundwater

which i s much h igher than the W,H.O. maximum permiss ib le l i m i t .

Cadmium : (Cd)

Cadmium has h igh ly toxic e f f e c t on maniCadmium

commonly found a s s o c i a t e d with z inc opes, 3 o i l s and m i n e r a l s .

The Cadmium to the Zinc r a t i o vary from 1:1000 in So i l and

1»120 00 in m i n e r a l s .

The concen t r a t i on of Cadmium in upper Ganga Canal ranges

between 0,018 to 0,028 ppm. The Gd con ten t in S o i l , l e a c h e t e s

and ash ranges from 0.034 to 0,09 5 ppm, 0.03b ppm, and 0.048

ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Cadmium in grounawaters

v i z . shal low wel l s as well as in deep wells v a r i e s from 0,023

t o 0,029 ppm and 0.022 t o 0.026 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . The maximum

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Cd in groundwater i s recorded from the Shallow

125

t u b e w e l l of Jawan B a r a ( 0 . 0 2 9 ppmj .

The a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Cadmium i n upper Gang a Cana l

S o i l , l e a c h e t e s , ash and g roundwa te r (Plate-XXX) and ( T a D l e - i 5 )

a r e a s u n d e r :


2 . Dumping Canal - 0 .019 ppm

3 . S o i l - 0 .0645 ppm

4 . L e a c h e t e s - 0 .038 ppm

5 . Ash - 0 .048 ppm

6 . Ground w a t e r (Sha l l ow w e l l s ) - 0.026 ppm

7 . Groundwater (Deep w e l l s ) - 0 .024 ppm

The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Cadmium a t p l a c e s i n wa te r i n p r e s e n t

s t u d y a r e a a r e much h i g h e r t h a n t h e s t a n d a r d of .7.H . 0 . (1984) ;

Chromium » (Cr)

The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Chromium i s r e c o r d e d n i l excep t

a t few p l a c e s . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Chromium i n iipper Ganga

Cana l r a n g e s be tween 0 .100 t o 0 .130 ppm. The Cr c o n t e n t i n

S o i l , l e a c h e t e s and ash v a r i e s from 0.184 t o l .OoB ppm,

0 .257 ppm and 0 .331 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . The Cr c o n t e n t i n s n a l l o w

and d e e p w e l l s r a n g e s be tween 0.029 t o 0 .040 ppm and 0 .031 t o

0 .041 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . Tne maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Chromium

i n groundv^ater i s found a t S u r a j p u r V i l l a g e ( o . J 4 l ppm) .

126

The ave rage c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Chromium i n Upper Ganga

C a n a l , S o i l , L e a c h e t e s , aah and g r o u n d w a t e r s of t h e p r e s e n t

s t u d y a r e a (Plate-XXX) Sc ( T a b l e - l S ) a r e as u n d e r :

1 . Upper Gai'iga Canal - 0 .026 ppm

2 . Dumping Canal - 0 .012 ppm

3 . S o i l s -r 0 .341 ppm

4 . L e a c h e t e s - 0 .257 ppm

5 . ASh - 0 .3 31 ppm

6 . Groundwate r ( S h a l l o w w e l l s j - 0 .034 ppm

7 . Groundwate r (Deep w e l l s ) - 0.036 ppm

Tiie c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Cnromium a t few p l a c e s of p r e s e n t

s t u d y a r e a slio« h i g h e r v a l u e s than tne p e r m i s s i b l e l i m i t .

Q u a l i t y of water f o r dooaestic and m u n i c i p a l u s e s ;

On t h e b a s i s of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o l v a r i o u s i o n s d i s t

r i b u t i o n i n w a t e r , v a r i o u s wor ld o r g a n i s a t i o n s v i z . MO (1975,

1984 ) , USPHA (1962) and I .C .M.R. (1975) , have l a i d down

i m p o r t a n t g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e wa te r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d .

Table 15 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n wa te r

e s p e c i a l l y i n d r i n k i n g w a t e r , a r e found more t h a n t h e s t a n d a r d

l i m i t f i x e d by WHO, I .C .M.R. & N T A C . The h i g h e r l e v e l c o n c e n t r a -

i o n of t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n w a t e r , e s p e c i a j - l y Cd, c r and Po, whicn

i ^ /

^ f^

o

(/I

r

r w ^ ^ ; N0/_Lv^J.N/^5)s;O^

<^^<^c/) ^^(^/Jli'^c^^A/^i^NO ^

128

humans and animals take i n t o t h e i r body through d i e t ,

medium of d r ink ing water and toevarages, which i s i n j u r i o u s

for human h e a l t h or even tox ic to animals and P lan t s ( P l a n t s

growth) , which are d i scussed as under :

Now-a-days the Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds have been

used i n c r e a s i n g l y by i n d u s t r i e s causing sharp i n c r e a s e in

environmental contaminat ion . Being a h ighly t o x i c metal

Cadmium with no known b i o l o g i c a l funct ion and i t s widely

d i s t r i b u t e d na tu re in environment, much a t t e n t i o n i s given to

Cadmium.

Through d i e t Cadmium accumulates and r e t a i n s mainly

in l i v e r and Kidney, Causing Pa tho log i ca l changes of tne

hepa tocy t e s of the l i v e r as well as Kidney, tubules and

glomerule changes (Itokawa e t a l . , 1974, Colucci e t a l . 1975) .

High Concent ra t ion of Cadmium in take i s h ign ly poisonous c in

cause dea th , butcadmium in small amounts taken over a long

per iod of t ime, bioaccumulates in tne body ana causes severe

i l l n e s s {Man Mohan Verma, 1987). AS the re are many d i s t u r o a n c e s

i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of human body but tne most Comirton abnormali ty

from Chronic Cadmium exposure invo lves rene l t o x i c i t y

c h a r a c t e r i s e d by P r o t e i n u r e a .

CHROMIUM i s not known to oe cumulat ive poison to numans»

The t o x i c i t y of Chromium i s mainly dependent upon i t s chemical

129

form* The metal form Cr° i s extremely common but v i r t u a l l y

i n e r t whereas the hexavalent ion Cr i s extremely t o x i c . DrJ nking

water s tandard l i m i t of Cr " to O.OSppm (U3PH3)but no l i m i t

for t r i v a l e n t chromium. Cnromiura has tox ic e f f e c t s on lower for

B i o l o g i c a l form e . g . / f i s h , the l i m i t i s 100 ppm. The t r i v a l e n t

Chromium i s e s s e n t i a l for e f f i c i e n t l i p i d ; glucose and P r o t e i n

metabolism while the Cr i s h igh ly t o x i c (U.S. Environmental

P r o t e c t i o n Agency, P a r t I I , 1983). Lung Cancer i . e Bronchogenic

Carcinoma are the r e s u l t of Chromate S a l t s and main e f f e c t of

chromates are u l c e r a t i o n of nasal septum ana d e r m a t i t i s .

LEAD i s h igh ly tox ic to human. The most s i g n i f i c a n t

c o n t r i b u t i o n of lead t o the atmosphere i s from tne comoustion

of leached gaso l ine conta in ing ant iknock f lu id Pb3r2/ PbarCl,

Pb(OH)Br, (PBO) 2 Pb Br^ and (PBO) 2 PbBrCi and f ly ash which

o r i g i n a t e s mainly from the burning of Coal in thermal power

p l a n t s and o ther i n d u s t r i e s .

Lead being one of the hazardous and harmful p o l l u t i n g

agent , has i t s impact as poisoning Symptoms which usua l ly

develope slowly on both man and animal. Lead i s a metdoolic

poison i n h i b i t i n g the formation ot hemoglobin oy r eac t i on with

SH group, and i n t e r f e r i n g witn enzymatic po i son ing . Lead i s

a cumulat ive poison and has been Known to cause a a i s e a s e c a l l e d

Plumbism. Main source of lead poisoning in under p rev i laged

c h i l d r e n i s "Pica" or an abnormal Craving to i n j e s t odd thing

130

including fragments of lead DaS-'d points from Cribs and walls

(HALEY, 19 69) .

It is estimated that^iumans consume on the order of

0.33 mg of lead daily in tneir diets. Lead is responsible

to cause mental retardation in Children, increased abortion

rates in female ^^^ infertility in males are the most Common

hazardous impact on human's life.

IROH. is essential element in human nutrition but is

highly toxic when administered peneterally (Fairbanks et al.

1971) . Iron affects the human oody by enlargement oi lever

and Pigmentation of the skin.

COPPER is not particularly toxic in human and does not

exhibit cumulative effects, as do many other heavy metals.

Copper is considered to be non-toxic for man at levels encountered

in drinking water, as it is essential in human metabolism

(WHO, 1973). ilemisynthesis, connective tissue metabolism, bono

development and nerve function, for such diverse activities,

the copper is very critical, dchool going children when

consumes acidic beverages that has been in contact with utensils

made up of copper, leads to greatest danger of toxicity.

MANG.-\NE3E, activates a host of critical intracellular

enzymes. Manganese play a great role in oxidative Phosphorylation,

131

fatty acid metabolism etc. which has neurological symptoms.

ZINC, it is estimated that people consume on an average

10 to 15 mg of Zinc daily in their diet. 5 ppm of Zinc

concentration in water is the USPrij drinking water limit. If

zinc concentration in water is found ^5 to 30 ppm, that nave

an objectionable taste and appears milky. Aquatic organisms

are more sensitive than human to zinc concentration as low as

0,1 to 1.0 ppm have been found lethal to fish and otner aquatic

aniinals. In present study area, tae concentration of zinc in

groundwater is slightly hign for aquatic life but for numan,

it is quite under permissible limit.

Quality of Water for Irrigation Purpose;

Ta suitability of quality of water for a particular

purpose depends on the criteria or standards of acceptible

quality for use. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation

is contingent on the effects of tne nrdneral constituents of water

on both the Plants and the Soil. Effect uf Salts on soils,

causing changes in soil structure, permeability ana aeration,

indirectly affect plant growth. The more concentration of dalts

on Soil may harm plant growth physically by limiting tne water

intake through modification of osmotic processes or chemically

by metabolic reactions such as tnose due to ei.fect of toxic

constituents.

T A B L E - 16

Quality c l a s s i f i ca t ion of water for i r r i g a t i o n (After Wilcox)

132

Water c lass

Percent sodium

Specific conductance ramohs/cm at 25*'C

Excellent

Good

Permissible

Doubtful

Unsuitable

20

20-40

40-60

60-80

80

250

250-750

750-2000

2000-3000

3000

133

According to U.S. Sa l in i ty laboratory staff (1950),

the i r r i g a t i o n water i s c l a s s i f i ed to determine as under;

1. Sa l in i ty Hazards;

The TDS content, measured in terms at specif ic e l ec t r i c a l

Conductance, give Sa l in i ty hazard. Water in tne range of

450 to 1500 ppm TDS, can be used for i r r i ga t ion under good

management and if very high concentration of Sal ts in water,

there wil l be toxic ef fect on Plants ,

2. Sodium hazards;

The a lka l i hazard involved in tne use of water for

i r r i g a t i o n i s determined oy absolute and r e l a t i ve concentrations,

If the proportions of Sodium i s hign, th« a lka l i hazard i s high.

Alkali Soils are formed by accumulation of exchangeable

Sodium and are often characterised by Poor t i l t h and low

permeabil i ty. If the percentage of Sodium ion cne Ca + i'4g -r Na

ions i s a:jove 50 in i r r i g a t i o n waters, Suils containing

exchangeable Ca and Mg take up jodium m excnan-je Lor Ca ex j-lg,

causing deflocculation ana % Aa =•• ^ --—-—; — impair.nent

Ca + Mg + wa + N '^

of the t i l t h and permeability ot trij j o i l s . ri ..- adverse

e f fec t on Soil caused by tne hign concentration of jodium i s

ca l l ed sodium hazard.

For the s u i t a b i l i t y of water for i r r i g a t i o n purpose.

134

T A B L E -17

Uuality classification of irr igation water (After U.3, Salinity Board)

Classification EC in SAR mmohos/cm

Class - I Excellant 250 (C ) 0-10 (s^)

Class - II Good 250-750(C2) 10-18 (32)

Class - I I I Moaerate (Permissible with 750-2250(C.) 18-26 (s^) Caution) ^ ^

Class - IV Unsatisfactory 2250-400 (C ) 26 (3.)

135

Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) as proposed by U.S. Agricalture

Development has been worked out by tne equation:

SAR = ^ /Ca + Mg/2

Where, Na, Ca and Mg are in epm.

The SAR and EC values recorded in study area (Table 9 i 10)

of water and Soil Samples have been plotted as prepared by

Wilcox, 1955.

The Plate XXXI & XXXII shows that tne water quality and

quality of soils belongs to C2S2 ana C2S2 ^ ^ i o - ^ ses

(n.s. Salinity Board, 1954), Water and Soil may be used for

irrigatlonal purpose.

The recorded data are plotted on .alcox Plate-XXXll

)(, Na against E.G. value and it is found that tne water samples

fallen in excellent to good class, and the Soil samples close

to Thermal Power House belongs to excellent to good and remaining to doubtful

in permissible/class but still two soil sample from s.W. part

of the area belongs to Doubtful to unsuitable class.

PLATE -Z2SJ

300 600 250 1 —

1750 2000 3000 /iOOO 5000 |30 1—r T

20

100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2250 Conductivity ( microm hos/cm at 2b u

5o6o

MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

lO^JATER >SOIL

SALINITY HAZARD

SHOWING PLOTS OF SAR VALUES AGAINST

E.G. VALUES.

)37

PLATE -XXM

Q O U1

ELECTRICAL coNDUCTivimmicromhos/cm at25c'

2 50-

^0-

o 3 OH CL UJ Q.

20

1 0 -

•J

1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 1

Unsuitable

T3 O O

c

Ul

a.

•a o o O

J 1 I L

3

O

J L 10 15 20 25

X3 O

C

3

30 35

TOTAL CONCENTRATION , e pm

•SOIL SHOWING PLOTS OF SODIUM PERCENT O WATER ^(3^,^g^ E.G. VALUES.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The area forms a p a r t of Ganga-Yamuna doab of the

C e n t r a l a l l u v i a l P l a i n comprising the town KaSitnpur and covers

an a rea of about 312 sq.km, has been s e l e c t e d to find out the

causes and e x t e n t of groundwater. Surface water and So i l

p o l l u t i o n , because in t h i s reg ion , a thermal Power P l a n t

Complex v i z . Harduaganj Thermal Power P l a n t Complex i s

e x i s t e d .

The Thermal Power P l a n t Compiex of Kasimpur town i s

s e l e c t e d as a source of p o l l u t i o n in tna p re sen t work. The

Cogiplex i s one of the t h r e e major Thermal Power P l a n t s of

U t t a r Pradesh i s l oca ted in Kasimpur town of d i s t r i c t Alxjarh

along the bank of upper Ganga Canal .

The TheraaL Power P l a n t Complex of the area consume

1,165,077 met r ic tons cjranually of bi tuminous type of Coal when

such a huge amount c£ Coal i s subjected to high tem^jerature

(1200**C - 1400°C) for i t s Combustion and u l t i m a t e l y r e l e a s e a

huge amount of noxious gases v iz SO2 # NO2 and CO, / Coal ash,

l i q u i d wastes i n t o a i r . So i l and water r e s p e c t i v e l y . Among

these wastes , the s i g n i f i c a n t p o l l u t a n t s l i k e suspended s o l i d

o i l s and g r e a s e s toge ther with a nurrtoer of t r a c e metals l i k e Cu,

Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr. e t c . , subsequent ly leached down and

139

p o l l u t e the Surface and groundwater and pose hign contaminat ion

p o t e n t i a l s .

Hydrometeorologicai ly , the area have a dry and t r o p i c a l

monsoc«type of c l ima te with rhythm marked by the n o r t h - e a s t

t o south-wes t monsoon. The a rea expi^riences very cold a winter

with a minimum temperature 4''C in the month of January and very

hot in summer with a maximum temperature shoots up to 47°C in

June . R e l a t i v e humidity i s minimum 35/4 only during summer while

sometimes i t reaches upto 100;>i dur ing monsoon season. P r e v a i l i n g

winds dur ing south-west monsoon e a s t e r l y to s o u t h - e a s t e r l i e s

while i n win te r s they are wes te r ly to n o r t h - w e s t e r l i e s . The

maximum v e l o c i t y of wind gene ra l l y experienced during the summer

season 8.7 km hour" of dry and hot in na tu re but sometime wind

v e l o c i t y reaches 50-60 km hour" with occas iona l dus t s to rm.

The a rea r e c e i v e s mean annual r a i n f a l l i s 752.56 mm. AiDOut 82/o

of the annual r a i n f a l l occur during south-west monsoon wnile

eVo i s r e a l i s e d in win te r s during passage of western d i s t u r b a n c e s

ac ro s s the nor th l a t i t u d e . The d a i l y p o t e n t i a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n

r a t e i s maximum during the year 1987 as 871 mm ana minimum

P o t e n t i a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n r a t e i s 812 ram during the year 1986.

The area by and l a rge i s f l a t with pronounced u n d u l a t i o n s .

The average e l e v a t i o n of the a rea i s about 187 met res . The

gene ra l slope of the land i s southward. The area forms a p a r t of

Ganga-Yamuna doab. As" far as o r i g i n of Ganga oas in i s concerned.

140

i t was in terpre ted to be formed as a fore-deep whicn was l a t e r

f i i l ed -up with alluvium of juar te rnary age. The area i s drained

by upper Ganga Canal, Senger d i s t r i bu t a ry e t c . The upper

Ganga Canal i s perennial in na ture . According to recent view

the Indo-gangetic plain i s the peripheral foreland basin formed

as a r e s u l t of the Coll is ion between Indian and /^sian P la t e s .

From the l i tho log ica l logs of boreholes d r i l l e d to a

depth of 157 metres, i t i s known that Geologically the area

comprising of a l luv ia l formations which show in ter - f ingur ing

or lensoid characters e s sen t i a l l y consis t of clay, clay with

kankar. Sand, Clay with Sand or S i l t , fine to Coarse Sand to

Kankar and occasional gravel beds. 3ed rock i s Vindhyan,

encountered at a depth of 279 metres.

Hydro-geologically the area of the invest igat ion generally

from three to four - t i e r aquifer System. These aquifers appears

to merge with each other and behave as single bodied aquifer

system, which i s Seoii-confined in nature. The shallow aquifer

consis t of fine to medium grained micaceous sands occurs within

a depth of 50 metres. The deeper aquifers in study area are

semi-confined in nature . The groundwater of tne area occurs

under Phreatic condition in shallow and semi-confined to

confined in deeper aquifers .

The depth of water level during pre-monsoon ranges oetween

141

2.23 to 11,54 metres b . g . l . and post-nnonsoon period depth

to water level ranges between 2.18 to 10.30 metres b . g . l .

Pre-monsoon and Post-nrvonsoon water table contour maps

show that In western par t of tne area, the groundwater flow

i s from north to south d i rec t ion and in eastern par t , the

groundwater flow i s from west to east d i r ec t ion , ,.11 the

d i s t r i b u t o r i e s / r i v e r s i . e . upper Ganga Canal, Sanger, Kol,

Sumera are inf luent in nature and recharging the snallow

aquifers of the area. There i s a groundwater trougn in the

South-west par t of the area, it might oe due to thick population

of shallow and deep tubewells for large scale groundwater

development. The r i s i ng water-table, on the oan-c of upper

Ganga Ccinal, the north-western pa r t of the area, there i s a

groundwater mound and another mound i s also in tne Soutn-east

p a r t of area very adjacent to upper Ganga Canal, near Jarautha

v i l l a g e .

Hydrogeological estimation shows that tne groundwater

net recharge of the area i s 66.04 MCM and to ta l draf t i s

18.41 MCM, showing a balance 46.53 MCM of groundwater, AS per

NABARD'S norms the s ta tus of groundwater i s only 27.87/4, hence

the, study area f a l l under the white category.

The present study shows that only 27.87^ of the groundwater

resource has been developed so far, nence, tnere i s a great scope

142

for large Scale groundwater developmenc through shallow and

deep tubewells in the eastern flank and recharging in the

western pa r t through upper Ganga Canal and various t r i b u t o r i e s .

The qua l i ty of water has not l e ss importance than i t s

quanticy. A greater emphasis has been la id on the Chemical

qua l i t y of groundwater from shallower aquifers due to i t s

most developed and tapped by most of the tubewells for the use

of agr icul ture as well as domestic and municipal supply in the

a rea .

The Thermal Power Plant of the area dumping i t s wastes

containing harmful impuri t ies on the land surface and in to

surface water body (upper Ganga Canal) and due to excessive

seepage in to shallow aquifers, the contaminants t ravel down and

pol lu t ing the groundwater.

The groundwater and Soil sediments of the area are

moderately hard and alkal ine in nature but the rainwater in the

month of June 1989 shows s l i gh t acidic na ture . The groundwater

and Soil sediments of the area show the higher concentration of

Na and K than the permissible l imi t while Ca and i-lg are found

well within permissible l i tn i t s as recomended by ISI, 1983, ICi^,

1983; and USPHS 1981, water supply for potable water, i r r i g a t i o n

water and so i l sediments (Ca - 2U0 ppm, Mg-150 ppm, Na-200 ppm

and K-10 ppm) ,

143

The maximum concentration of Na in groundwater and

So i l s as 183 and 822 ppm respect ively i s recorded at few places

l i k e Amrauli, Cherrat e t c . far away from the Thermal Power

Complex, which shows sodium hazard in so i l sediments. I t may

be' due to l iquid waste eff luents of Sugar factory and thick

reh deposi ts , which need good drainage, high leaching e t c . to

make i t su i table for agr icul ture purpose. Minimum Na content

i s recorded in Soil and groundwater very near to the Thermal

Power Plant Complex, where ash and Soil are th ickly deposited

on the e a r t h ' s Surface.

The higher concentration of K in the groundwater and

Soil Sediments are mainly due to unsc ien t i f i c and excessive

use of K f e r t i l i s e r s by farmers in the i r f ie lds in the catchement

area. The concentration of these cat ions more in s o i l , have

p o s s i b i l i t y of adsorption and sett lement and subsequent by the i r

tendency to leach down to saturated zone, thereby increase

concentration of the elements in the groundwater bodies of the

present study area.

Sodium adsorption r a t i o of ooservation wells and J'oil

Sediments usually ranges between 1.22 to 2.93 and 0.18 to i . 26

respect ively , very close to tne power plant complex, l i e

within the range of U.S. Sa l in i ty Board, are su i table for

i r r i g a t i o n purpose. Ttie so i l sampling s ta t ions l ike Cherat,

Amrauli, far away in South-west of thermal power ^lant shojtfs

144

higher value of SAR as 11.94 to 20,23, which belong to S^ and

S-:, ( a lka l i (Sodium) hazard) as reconmended by U.S. Salinity-

Board. These a l l c lear ly show that the so i l of t n i s par t

(especial ly S.*^. part) of the study area having fine texture

which indicate high Cation exchange, low leaching condit ion.

High concentration of t race elements viz Fe, Cu, i-m

Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd and Cr in various surface (upper Ganga Canal)

and Subsurface water bodies. Soil Sediments, Coal ash and

Leachetes of the study area may be due effluents of Thermal

Power Plant complex of the area, which are of great importance

because of the i r high toxic i ty and the i r po ten t ia l ly to cause

various adverse effects in aquatic l i f e and human oeings, at

ce r ta in level of exposure and absorption.

The average concentration of Trace elements in Surface

water (upper Ganga Canal), groundwater are within the perntdssible

l imi t of (Neimanis, e t . a l . 1979) and may be used continuously

for i r r i g a t i o n purposes. Fe, Zn and Cd in Soil Sediments and Fe

content in ash and leachates as 59.01 and 54.83 ppm respect ively

exceeds much above the permissiblelifnits for agr icul ture and

may also produce some toxic effects to various organism.

The average concentration of trace elements in water,

used for the purpose of domestic and municipal shows that the

Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd are much|^igher than tne standard fixed by

14S

EEC ( ) , V«C<1975), ICMR ( -'•975), MP^Q ( ) e t c .

The h i g h e r l e v e l c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e s e t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s i n

w a t e r , >rtilch human b e i n g s and a n i m a l s t a k e i n t o h i s body t n r o u g h

d i e t , medium of d r i n k i n g w a t e r , and b e v e r a g e s , p r o d u c e some

t o x i c e f f e c t s .

R e a l l y , i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t a s k , t o remove a l l p o t e n t i a l l y

t o x i c m e t a l s from w a t e r b o d i e s and S o i l Sed imen t s , b u t i t i s

n e c e s s a r y t o check any f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e of t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s

from t h e e f f l u e n t s of t h e the rmal power p l a n t complex, a g r i c u l t u r e

l i q u i d was t e e f f l u e n t s , dungs (Cows and an ima l s ) which a r e b e i n g

d i s p o s e d - o f f t h rough t h e u n l i n e d c h a n n e l s t o nea rby s t r e a m s ,

on t h e l a n d s u r f a c e u l t i m a t e l y l e a c h e d down the g roundwa te r

and c o n t a m i n a t e them.

Reconimendat ion;

1 , Thermal Power P l a n t Complex w a s t e s s hou ld be d i s p o s e d of i n t h e cemented p o o l s .

2 , The ashformed on the combust ion of c o a l shoa ld be t r a n s p o r t e d t o ash dumping s t a t i o n th rough h y d r a u l i c sys tem, and ash dun^) t h r o u g h d ry sys tem shou ld n o t be p r a c t i c e d / s t o p p e d i m m e d i a t e l y . ^ ^ "

3 , Complete t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s fo r t n e removal of t o x i c e f f l u e n t s d i s c a r g e d from tne Thermal Power P l a n t s .

4 , I n t e r p o s i n g a l a y e r of m a t e r i a l which w i l l t u r n i t t o an innocuous from b e f o r e i t r e a c n e s t he g roundwa te r t a b l e .

5 , U n s c i e n t i f i c and e x c e s s i v e use of K - f e r t i l i z e r s s nou ld be a v o i d e d .

146

6. Proper management prac t ices should be done to minimise the toxic i ty of Soi ls cand water bodies and cu l t iva t ion of most to le rent and Semi-tolerent Crops l ike ougaxcane^ Cotton and Wheat e t c . in a way that a l l ev ia te the environmental hazard and maintain the ooil po ten t i a l for crops production and waste ass imi la t ions .

147

R E F E R E . N C E S

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APHA

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1971 Lead P o i s o n i n g i c i e n t . Am, V-224, p . 1 5 - 2 3

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1922 Environ. Geology Chapter 2 0 pp. 635-671

1969 Hydrogeology of >iligarh d i s t r i c t , U.P, Ind ian Minera ls , V. 23 (2) , p . 1-14

1978 The d i s t r i b u t i o n of heavy metal contaminated S o i l s i n no r th west c layed, wales . Water, Air and So i l P o l l u t . , 9. 507-518

1983 Quali ty of i r r i g a t i o n water with r e s p e c t t o t r a c e e lements i n upper catchment of Betwa r i v e r b a s i n , M.P. and U.P, Tech. Man. CGvB, i-lin. of Agr. and I r r i g . Vol, I , pp. 337.

1974 The 5 o i l as chemical f i l t e r EPA - 660/2-74-003.

1974 Environmental impact of Caondum. A review by the Panel on the hazaroous tcdce Subs tances . Environiiient. Health Perspec t , V. 7, P. 253-323

1977 FAO., i r r i g a t i o n and dra inage paper, no. 24.

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1983 P o l l u t i o n of groundwater by Potassium i n Ut tar Pradesh Tech. Man. CG.iB. i-iin of Agr. and I r r i g . Vol. 11, pp. 369-379.

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149

Hand a, b . K .

H*nda, B.K.

1975 a

1976

i s r a i l i , S.H. ana K h u r s h i d , S .

1976

Groundwater P o l l u t i o n i n I n d i a Na t , Symp. on H y a r o l . Univ. of Koorkee , p p . 3 4 - 3 9 .

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Hydrocherciistry axiG e x t e n t of Water P o l l u t i o n i n t h e C e n t r a l Ganga R i v e r B a s i n and t h e i r i m p a c t on P l a n t s and a n i m a l s . I n t . Symp. on Env . Agents and t h e i r b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s , Feb . 27 t o March 5, 1913, I n d i a n J o u r , of H e r e d i t y Supplement Vol . 11 , 1979, HiGcraLad, I n a i a .

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Occurance anc. a i s t r i t u t i o n of heavy nx^tal i n d r i n k i n g w a t e r of w e s t t r iamuna r i v e r b a s i n . J o u r , of I n a . / icad. of Geo. b c i . . Vol . 27, p p . 1 1

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164

A P P E N D I X

L i t h o l o g i c a l logs of boreho les d r i l l e d by s t a t e tubewel l s department

Tubewell No. : 127

V i l l a g e J Kasimpur

L i t h o l o g y

Clay-

D i r t y f i n e sand

F ine Sand

Good f i n e Sandy s ands tone

F i n e t o medium sand

C lay

F i n e sand

L e h a l

F i n e sand

B a j r i Sand c l a y Sc

S o f t c l a y

C lay

L e h a l

F i n e Sand & Brown

Kankar

C l a y SticJ^y & B a j r i

C l a y

Brown f i n e sand

D i r t y f i n e Sand

Kankar

Good f i n e t o medium sand

Depth r a n g e i n m e t r e s b . g . l .

0 . 00

2.13

4 . 2 6

10 .97

1 5 . 8 5

20 ,42

24.08

24.68

26 .52

34 .44

35.97

39 .62

4o .96

50 .90

52.73

56 .38

56.69

57 .60

5 8 . 5 2

59.13

t o 2.13

t o 4 . 6

t o 10 .97

t o 15 .85

t o 20.4 2

t o 24 .08

t o 24 .68

t o 26 .52

t o 34.44

t o 3 5.97

t o 39 .62

t o 46 .^4

t o 50 .90

t o 52 .73

t o 56 .38

t o 55 .69

t o 57 .60

t o 58.52

t o 59 .13

t o 6 3 . 7 0

T n i k n e s s i n m e t r e s

2 .13

2.13

6 .71

4 . 8 8

4 .57

3 .66

0 .60

1 .34

7 .92

1.53

3 .65

7 .32

3 .96

i . 3 3

3 .o5

0 .31

0 .91

0 .92

0 .61

4 .57

Tvabewell No. t 146

V i l l a g e : Satha

165

Li tho logy Depth r a n g e i n metres b . g . l .

0 .00

4 .57

7 . 6 2

19 .81

32 ,00

40 .23

6 3 . 4 0

6 8 . 5 8

74 .68

-77.72

82 .29

90 .33

99.06

105.16

110.o4

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

4 .57

7 .62

19 .81

32 .00

40 .23

6 3 . 4 0

6 8 . 5 8

7 4 . 6 8

7 7 . 7 2

8 2.29

90 .83

99 .06

105 .16

110.64

118 .87

T h i c k n e s s m e t r e s

4 .57

3 .05

12 .19

12 .19

8 .23

2 J , 1 7

5 .18

6 .10

3.04

4 .57

8.54

8.23

b . i O

5 .48

8 .23

i n

Surface c l ay

Hard c l a y

Fine Sand with Kankar

Medium Sand with sandstone & Kankar

Clay and Kankar

Fine to medium Sand with Surkhi

Hard Clay & Kankar

Brown f ine snand with hard s tone

Clay & Kankar

Caving c l ay

Fine sauid with sandstone

Caving c l a y & Kankar

Kankar & Hards tone

Hard c l ay Kankar

Fine t o medium sand with sandstone

Hard Kankar with c l ay 118.87 to 126.49 7.62

166

Tubewell Mo, 150

V i l l a g e : Nagla Chaman

L i tho logy Depth r a n g e i n n \ e t r e s b . g . I .

0 . 0 0

6 .10

3 0 . 5 0

6 1 . 0 0

7 9 . 3 0

109 .30

t o 6 .10

t o 3 0.50

t o 6 1 . 0 0

t o 7 9 . 3 0

t o 109 .80

t o 115 .90

r h i c t o e s s i n m e t r e s

6

24,

30 ,

18 ,

30 ,

6 .

1 8 .

22 .

. 1 0

. 4 0

. 5 0

.90

. 5 0

.10 -^

.30

.70

Surface c l a y

Very f ine Sand with l i t t l e c lay

Fine Sand

Fine to medium sand

Medium Sand

Medium Sand with Kanicar

Very f ine Sand & Clay 115.90 to 134.20

Fine to medium Send 134.20 to 156.90

167

Tubewe l l No. 78

V i l l a g e : Amraul i

L i t h o l o g y Depth r a n g e i n Th icknes s i n m e t r e s b . g . l , m e t r e s

s u r f a c e c l a y U.OO to 1.52 1.52

C lay wi th Kankar 1.52 t o 3 .23 6 .71

Sand f i n e 8 .23 t o 11 .28 3 . 0 5

F i n e t o medium Sand 1 1 . 2 8 t o l b . 4 6 5.18 w i t h kanka r

tJedium Sand wi th Sand 16 .46 t o 2 l . : 5 5.49 c o n c e n t r a t i o n

F i n e Sand wi th P e b b l e s 21 .95 t o 25.90 3 .95 and C o b b l e s

Medium Sand 25.90 to 31.09 5.19

C l a y wi th Coa r se Sand 31.09 t o 35 .05 3 .96

Kankar wi th mudstone 3 5 .05 t o 37 .79 2.74

C lay 3 7 . 7 9 t o 39 .62 1.83

F i n e Sand wi th Kankar 39 ,62 t o 44 .20 4 . 5 8

Micaceous s a n d s t o n e 44 .20 t o 46 .02 i . B 2

Medium Sand wi th Kankar 4 6 . 0 ^ t o 53.94 7 .92

Medium t o f i n e sand 53 .94 to 59 .43 b.49

C l a y wi th Kankar 59 .43 t o 63 .09 3 .6b

168

Tubewell No. 9

Village : Heergarhi (Meeryarhi)

L i t h o l o g y

S u r f a c e l a y

H a r d s t o n e and s t o n e

C l a y

F i n e Sand

C l a y

Very f i n e Sand & S a n d s t o n e

C lay

F i n e t o medium Sand

Medium Sand wi th s t o n e

Medium bo Coarse Sand

L i g h t Caving c l a y

Depth r a n g e i n m e t r e s b . g . l .

0 .00

1.86

2.79

3 .72

6 .51

13.01

13 .94

14 .37

15 .80

22.31

26 . 52

t o

t o

t o

to

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

1.86

2.79

3 .72

6 . 5 1

13 .01

13 .94

14 .37

15 .30

22 .31

26.52

27.89

Th ickness i n me t r e s -

1.86

0 .93

0.93

2.79

O.50

0 .93

0.9 3

0.93

b . 5 1

4 .21

1.37

169

Tubewell No. 28

Village: Kulwa

I * i t h o l o g y

S u r f a c e c l a y

C l a y w i t n k a n k a r

F i n e t o medium s a n d

Medium S a n d

S a n d y C l a y w i t h K a n k a r

Medium s a n d

C l a y w i t h k a n k a r

F i n e s a n d t o medium s a n d

L o o s e c l a y w i t h k a n k a r

Scindy c l a y w i t h l o o s e c a v i n g c l ^ y

D e p t h r e r m e t r e s b .

O.UO

1 . 5 2

1 2 . 2 0

1 5 . 2 5

1 8 . 3 0

2 4 . 4 0

3 0 . 5 0

3 3 . 5 5

4 1 . 9 0

4 4 . 9 5

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

to t o

t o

t o

ige i n . g . l .

1 . 5 2

1 2 . 2 0

1 5 . 2 5

1 8 . 3 0

2 4 . 4 0

3 0 . 5 0

3 3 . 5 5

4 1 . 9 0

4 4 . 9 5

5 7 . 1 5

T h i c k n e s s me t r e s

1 . 5 2

1 0 . o B

3 . 0 5

3 . 0 5

o . l O

6 . 1 0

3 . 0 5

8 . 3 5

3 . 0 5

1 2 . 2 0

i n

Very fine sand to medium sand

Very fine yelbw sand

Clay with Kankar

Medium Sand with stone

Clay withkankar

5 7 . 1 5 t o O 6 . 3 0

6 6 . 3 0 t o 7 0 . 9 5

7 0 . 9 5 t o 8 1 . 4 5

8 1 . 4 5 t o 9 5 . 3 U

9 5 . 3 0 t o 1 0 0 . 3 0

9 . 1 5

4 . D 5

10 .5 '0

1 3 . 8 5

5 . 0 0

170

Tubewell No. 17 2

Village : Gobli

Lithology Depth r a n g e i n m e t r e s b . g . l ,

0 .00 t o 3 .05

3 .05 t o 9 .14

9 .14 t o 15 .24

T h i c k n e s s m e t r e s

3 . 0 5

6 .09

6 .10

S u r f a c e Sandy c l a y

F i n e Sand wi th c l a y

F i n e t o medium sand wi th S a n d s t o n e

F i n e t o medium Sand wi th 15 ,24 t o 1 8 . 2 8 3.04 c l a y and kankair

Hard c l a y e-nd k a n k a r 1 8 . 2 8 t o 24.38 6 .10

F i n e sand 24 .38 t o 27.43 3 .05

F i n e t o medium sand 27.43 t o 30 .48 3 .05 w i t h s t a n d s t o n e

F i n e t o medium sand 30 .48 t o 39 .62 9.14

C lay & Kankar 3 9 . 6 2 t o - 4 5 . 1 1 5.49

F i n e t o medium sand 45 .11 t o 52 .73 7 . D Z

Hard c l a y & Kankar 52 .73 t o 54.86 2.13

C lay Sc Kankar 54.86 t o 57 .91 3 .05

Very f i n e d i r t y sand wi th 57 .91 t o 5 4 . 0 0 b .09 kankcir and S a n d s t o n e

Hard c l a y 6 4 . 0 0 to 67 .05 3 .05

C l a y & h a r d kanKar 6 7 . 0 5 to 6 d . 5 8 1.53

F i n e t o medium sand 6 8 . 5 8 t o 7 3 .15 4 .57

Medium sand wi th h a r d s t o n e 73 .15 to 7 6 , 2 0 3 .05

Medium Sand 7 6 . 2 0 to 7 9.24 3.04

c o a r s e Sand 79 .24 to 8 3.51 4 .27

Hard c l a y &< Kankar 83 .51 t o 88 .39 4 . 8 8

Hard s t i c k y c l a y 88 .39 t o 91.44 3 .^5

171

Tubewell No. 2(a)

V i l l a g e - Sho jpu r

L i t h o l o g y Depth r a n g e i n r h i c K n e s s i n m e t r e s b . g . l , m e t r e s

Clay 0 .00 to i .Q5 3 .05

Fine Sand &< Kankar 3 .05 t o 7 ,31 4 .26

D i r t y f i n e sand 7.31 to 8 .23 0 .9 2

Clay v4^ite 8 .23 t o 1 2 . 8 0 4 .57

F i n e Sand 12 .80 t o 15 .24 2.44

Good f i n e sand 15.24 t o 17 .07 1.83

Medium Sand w h i t e and 17.07 t o 19 .20 2.13 Rankar

Kankar 6 C l ay wh i t e 19 .20 t o 23.46 4 .26

F i n e sand Sc White Clay 23.46 t o 91 .44 6 7 . 9 8

172

Tubewell No. 2

V i l l a g e ; Imlauth

L i t h o l o g y

s u r f ace c l a y

c l a y

S i l t

& kankar

S a n d s t o n e

Kankar

C l a y

F i n e

F i n e

C l a y

C lay

F i n e

C l a y

F i n e

F i n e

C l a y

S i l t

C l a y

C l a y

S i l t

C l a y

SilLt

C l a y

F i n e

F i n e

6t Kankar

Sand

Sand Si S a n d s t o n e

& Kankar

s t o n e

sand

sand

t o medium Sand Sc S i l t

Si Kankar

Sc s t o n e

w i th kankar

Sand

medium sand

S a n d s t o n e

C l a y

Depth r ange i n m e t r e b . g . l .

0 . 00

3 .05

6 .10

12.19

15 .24

1 9 . 8 1

22 .85

27.43

3 0 . 4 8

33 .53

36 .57

39 .01

4 1 . 1 5

45 .72

57 .91

8 8 , 3 9

92 .96

97 .53

103 .63

105 .15

1 0 9 . 7 2

111 .55

114 .29

118.87

120.39

120 .69

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

3 .05

6 .10

12 .19

15 .24

19 .81

22 .35

27.43

30 .48

3 3 .53

36 .57

39 .01

4 1 . 1 5

4 5 . 7 2

57 ,91

8 8 . 3 9

92 .96

9 7 . 5 3

103 .63

1 0 5 . 1 5

109 .72

111 .55

114 .29

118 .87

120 .39

120 .69

122 .53

T h i c k n e s s i n m e t r e s

3 .05

3 .05

6 .09

3 .05

4 .57

3 .05

4 .57

3 .05

3 .05

3 .04

2.44

2.14

4 . 5 7

12 .19

3 1 . 4 8

4 .57

4 . 5 7

6 .10

1.52

4 .57

1.83

2.74

4 . 5 8

1.52

0 .30

1.84

173

Tubewell No. 1

Village j Chherat

L i t h o l o g y

C l a y

F i n e

C l a y

F i n e

F i n e

C l a y

F i n e

Fine

F i n e

w i t h

C lay

c l a y

F i n e

kankar

sand

kankar

sand 6c s a n d s t o n e

& Medium

Sc Kankar

sand

sand and

sand and

kanka r

& Kankar

Sand

ScUidstone

F i n e

F i n e

Sc medium

Sand and

S a n d s t o n e

. xne

F i n e

C l a y

Sand and

sand

sand

kankar

s a n d s t o n e

sand

S a n d s t o n e

s a n d s t o n e

and Kankar

S t o n e

C l a y

C l a y

& Kankar

Medium sand

Medium seind Sc c l a y

Depth r m e t r e s

0 .00

3 .05

9 . 1 5

1 2 . 2 0

15 .25

18 .30

22.86

24 .38

30 .48

31 .70

33 .53

39 .62

44 .19

45 .72

48 .77

50.29

51 .b2

54.36

56 .39

6 4 . 0 0

65 .53

8 2 . 3 0

88 .39

91 .44

•'ange i n b . g . l .

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

t o

3 .05

9 . 1 5

12 .20

1 5 . 2 5

18 .30

22.86

24.38

30.48

31 .70

33 .53

39 .62

44 .19

45 .72

48 .77

50.29

51 .82 ,

54.86

56.39

64 .00

6 5 . 5 3

8 2 . 3 0

88.39

91.44

97.64

T h i c k n e s s i n m e t r e s

3 .05

o . lO

3 .05

3 .05

3 .05

4 .56

1.52

D.IO

1 .22

1.83

O.09

4 .57

1.53

3 .05

1.52

i . 5 3

3.04

1.53

7 .61

1.53

l b . 7 7

b*09

3 .05

6 .10

mnittx if ^l)ilo«opl)p · 2018-01-04 · plant leaves and human lungs. in fact the clean air,...

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