model gauss untuk dispersi pencemar...
TRANSCRIPT
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MODEL GAUSS UNTUK DISPERSI
PENCEMAR UDARA
Kuliah Pencemaran Udara
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ADVANTAGES OF EMPLOYING ATMOSPHERIC
DISPERSION
Dispersion of the waste gases leads to the dilution of the pollutants in the atmosphere. Self-purification mechanisms of atmospheric air also assists the process.
Tall stacks emit gas into the upper layer of the atmosphere and lower the ground concentration of the pollutants.
The method is commonly used, cheap and easily applicable.
By selecting the proper location of stacks through the use of different models for dispersion, it is possible to significantly reduce the concentration of waste gases in the atmosphere.
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DISADVANTAGES OF EMPLOYING ATMOSPHERIC
DISPERSION
Any particulate matter contained in the dispersed gases have a tendency to settle down to the ground level.
The location of the industrial source may prohibit dispersion as an option.
Plume rise can significantly vary with ambient temperature, stability conditions, molecular weight, and exit velocity of the stack gases.
The models of atmospheric dispersion are rarely accurate. They should only be used for estimation and comparative analysis.
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SISTEM KOORDINAT DISTRIBUSI GAUSS ARAH
HORIZONTAL DAN VERTIKAL
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PLUME RISE
Several plume rise equations are available.
Briggs used the following equations to calculate
the plume rise:
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Where
Δh = plume rise, m
F = buoyancy flux, m4/s3 = 3.7 x 10-5QH
u = wind speed, m/s
x* = downward distance, m
Xf = distance of transition from first stage of rise to
the second stage of rise, m
QH = heat emission rate, kcal/s
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If the term QH is not available, the term F may
be estimated by
F = (g/π)q(Ts - T)/Ts
where
g = gravity term 9.8 m/s2
q= stack gas volumetric flowrate, m3/s (actual
conditions)
Ts,T = stack gas and ambient air temperature, K,
respectively
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Many more plume rise equations may be found
in the literature. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is mandated to use Brigg's
equations to calculate plume rise. In past
years, industry has often chosen to use the
Holland or Davidson-Bryant equation.
The Holland equation is :
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where
d= inside stack diameter, m
vs = stack exit velocity, m/s
u = wind speed, m/s
P = atmospheric pressure, mbar
Ts,T = stack gas and ambient temperature, respectively, K
ΔT=Ts - T
Δh = plume rise, m
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The Davidson-Bryant equation is
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THE GAUSSIAN EQUATION
The short term model for stacks uses the steady-state Gaussian plume equation for a continuous elevated source.
For each source and each hour, the origin of the source's coordinate system is placed at the ground surface at the base of the stack.
The x axis is positive in the downwind direction, the y axis is crosswind (normal) to the x axis and the z axis extends vertically.
The fixed receptor locations are converted to each source's coordinate system for each hourly concentration calculation.
The hourly concentrations calculated for each source at each receptor are summed to obtain the total concentration produced at each receptor by the combined source emissions.
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For a steady-state Gaussian plume, the hourly concentration at downwind distance x (meters) and crosswind distance y (meters) is given by:
where:
Q = pollutant emission rate (mass per unit time)
K = a scaling coefficient to convert calculated concentrations to desired units (default value of 1 x 106 for Q in g/s and concentration in μg/m3)
V = vertical term (See Section 1.1.6)
D = decay term (See Section 1.1.7)
σy , σz = standard deviation of lateral and vertical concentration distribution (m) (See Section 1.1.5)
us = mean wind speed (m/s) at release height
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The origin is at ground level or beneath the point of emission, with the x axis extending horizontally in the direction of the mean wind.
The y axis is in the horizontal plane perpendicular to the x axis, and the z axis extends vertically.
The plume travels along or parallel to the x axis (in the mean wind direction).
The concentration, C, of gas or aerosol at (x,y, z) from a continuous source with an effective height, He, is given by:
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MODELING Untuk memprediksi pencemaran udara Model Gauss distribusi konsentrasi Rumus menghitung C gas atau aerosol (<20 u) pada
permukaan tanah arah downwind (x):
Di mana: C = konsentrasi polutan, g/m3 m = laju emisi polutan, g/s = kecepatan angin rata-rata, m/s z = standar deviasi konsentrasi flume arah
horizontal y = standar deviasi konsentrasi flume arah vertikal H = tinggi efektif cerobonhg, m X = jarak downwind sepanjang centerline flume dari
titik sumber, m Y = jarak crosswind dari centerline flume, m
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The assumptions made in the development of the above equation are:
the plume spread has a Gaussian (normal) distribution in both the horizontal and vertical planes, with standard deviations of plume concentration distribution in the horizontal and vertical directions of av, and oz, respectively;
uniform emission rate of pollutants, m;
total reflection of the plume at ground z = 0 conditions; and
the plume moves downstream (horizontally in the x direction) with mean wind spead, u. Although any consistent set of units may be used, the cgs system is preferred.
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For concentrations calculated at ground level (z
= 0), the equation simplifies to
If the concentration is to be calculated along
the centerline of the plume (y = 0), further
simplification gives
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The plume rise model examines a range of
stability classes and wind speeds to identify the
"worst case" meteorological conditions
Table. Stability Categories
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Note that A, B, C refer to daytime with unstable
conditions; D refers to overcast or neutral conditions
at night or during the day; E and F refer to night time
stable conditions and are based on the amount of
cloud cover.
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TABLE. PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE PASQUILL-GIFFORD FY
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TABLE 3.3 PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE PASQUILL-GIFFORD FZ
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Figure Dispersion coefficients, y direction
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Figure. Dispersion Coefficient, z direction
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Wind speed at elevation from known wind
speed and elevation
where
u = wind speed at height h, (m/s)
u0 = wind speed at anemometer level h0, (m/s)
n = coefficient, approximately 1/7
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TECHNICAL DATA AND COMPUTATION RESULTS FOR EFFECTIVE
STACK HEIGHT AND ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY
Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
site conditionemission velocity rate m/s 17.51 38.23 19.90 36.76
inside diameter stack m 6.50 6.40 6.50 6.40
wind speed m/s 31.10;10; 3
31.10;10; 3
31.10;10; 3
31.10;10; 3
atmospheric pressure mbar 1013.00 1013.00 1013.00 1013.00
stack gas temperature K 377.83 798.83 432.83 776.53
air temperature K 298.13 298.13 298.13 298.13
stack height m 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
plume riseΔh pada u = 31.2 m/s m 6.50 28.22 9.21 26.67
Δh pada u = 10 m/s m 18.07 43.20 21.08 41.43
Δh pada u = 3 m/s m 60.24 144.00 70.27 138.12
efective stack height m 45 + Δh 45 + Δh 45 + Δh 45 + Δh
atmosphericstability neutral type D or B D or B D or B D or B
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EMISSION LOAD FROM DATA ANALYSIS RESULT FOR
DISPERSION GAUSSIAN MODEL INPUT
Parameter Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
SO2 in exhaust g/s 0 0 241.87 241.47
Carbonmonoxide (CO) g/s 58.07 122.91 65.99 118.19
Nitrogen Dioxide(NOx) g/s 71.42 151.18 395.93 709.15
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case1
Plant Operating in combined cycle fullload (Fuel Gass)
case2
Plant Operating in simple cycle GT fullload (Fuel Gass)
case3
Plant Operating in combined cycle fullload (Fuel Oil)
case4
Plant Operating in simple cycle GT fullload (Fuel Oil)
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TABLE. QUALITY OF GROUND QUALITY FROM GAS EMISSION
Parameter unitCase
1Case
2Case
3Case
4Standard
Total Particle mg/m3 - - - - 150
Dioxide (SO2) mg/m3 0 0 366.54 204.30 750
Nitrogen Oxide(NOx)
mg/m3 123 123 600 600 850
Carbon Monoxide(CO)
mg/m3 100 100 100 100 -
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x (km)
CO (μg/Nm3)
SO2 (μg/Nm3)
NOx (μg/Nm3)
x (km)
CO (μg/Nm3)
SO2 (μg/Nm3)
NOx (μg/Nm3)
0.1 2.83408E-12 0 3.48592E-12 4.1 21.76794836 0 26.77457648
0.3 22.83344175 0 28.08513335 4.5 18.18240924 0 22.36436337
1.7 109.8876133 0 135.1617643 7.3 7.083617335 0 8.712849322
1.9 90.94381769 0 111.8608958 7.7 6.381790196 0 7.849601942
2 83.14942757 0 102.2737959 7.9 6.069548616 0 7.465544797
2.1 76.26668649 0 93.80802438 8.1 5.779793059 0 7.109145463
2.5 55.57921767 0 68.36243773 8.5 5.25954176 0 6.469236365
2.7 48.18692878 0 59.2699224 8.7 5.025518561 0 6.18138783
2.9 42.1513305 0 51.84613651 8.9 4.806866589 0 5.912445904
3.1 37.16669264 0 45.71503195 9.1 4.602266873 0 5.660788254
3.3 33.00669802 0 40.59823857 9.3 4.410538912 0 5.424962862
3.7 26.52255457 0 32.62274212 9.7 4.061568557 0 4.995729325
3.9 23.9703639 0 29.4835476 9.9 3.902515498 0 4.800094062
4.1 21.76794836 0 26.77457648 10.1 3.752689288 0 4.615807824
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Dispersion model CO and NOx on centerline, u = 3 m/s
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0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00-1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
90.00
180.00
270.00
365.00
400.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00-1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
35.00
75.00
115.00
150.00
200.00
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LINE SOURCE APPLICATION
A six-story hospital building is located 300 m east and downwind from an expressway. The expressway runs north-south and the wind is from the west at 4 m/s. It is 5:30 in the afternoon on an overcast day. The measured traffic flow is 8000 vehicles per hour during this rush hour and the average vehicle, traveling at an average speed of 40mph, is expected to emit 0.02 g/s of total hydrocarbons. Concentrations at the hospital are required as part of a risk assessment study. How much lower, in percent, will the hydrocarbon concentration be on top of the building (where the elderly patients are housed) as compared with the concentration estimated at ground level? Assume a standard floor to be 3.5 m in height
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q = source strength per unit distance, g/(s •
m)
HQ = effective stack or discharge height, m
u =wind speed, m/s
oz = vertical dispersion coefficients, m
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Pada Ground Level
Pada Gedung Lantai 6
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LINE SOURCE APPLICATION
Concentrations from infinite line sources, when the wind is not perpendicular to the line, can also be approximated.
If the angle between the wind direction and the line source is Φ.
This equation should not be used when Φ is less than 45°.
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A power plant burns 12 tons of 2.5% sulfur content coal per hour. The effective stack height is 120 m and the wind speed is 2m/s. At one hour before sunrise, the sky is clear. A dispersion study requires information on the approximate distance of the maximum concentration under these conditions. {Hint: Calculate concentrations for downward distances of 0.1, 1.0, 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 50 and 70 km.)
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Model Line Source, 2 way
Kelompok I : 2 way sejajar, angin tegak lurus
Kelompok II: 2 way tdk sejajar, angin tegak lurus
salah satu jalan
Kelompok III : sama dengan kelompok I, angin tidak
tegak lurus jalan
Kelompok IV : sama dengan kelompok II, angin
tidak tegak lurus jalan
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Inputan (variabel) : data angin, data lalu
lintas(kepadatan kendaraan dan beban emisi),
stabilitas atmosfer
Hasil (output) :
Konsentrasi polutan di ambien tiap titik yang
dihitung
Grafik dispersi polutan mulai dari sumber
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