modification of microclimates in high tunnels: a case
TRANSCRIPT
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NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Cary Rivard and Steve Moore
February 17th, 2009High Tunnel Workshop
Center for Environmental Farming Systems
Modification of Microclimates in High Tunnels: A case study at CEFS
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High tunnels can provide:
• Frost protection
• Rain protection
• Solar energy retention
• Wind protection
Factors to consider:
• Ventilation
• Adequate drainage
Microclimate Modification
Photo courtesy: S. O’Connell (NCSU)
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How many modifications of microclimate do you see?
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Tunnel / Grafting Research
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Environmental Monitoring
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How many modifications of microclimate do you see?
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Key Questions• What are the thermal dynamics of field and high
tunnel production?– Air and soil temperature
• Does reduced leaf wetness reduce foliar disease?
• How is the soil microclimate affected by tunnel production?– Soil moisture
• How does the microclimate affect fruit yield and quality?– Planting date
• How effective is solarization in tunnels?• Can we utilize microclimates for cover crops?
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Minimum Temperature - CEFS 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
Min
imum
Dai
ly T
empe
ratu
re (d
egre
es F
)
Avg FieldAvg Tunnel
Easter freeze33 deg F – Tunnel24 deg F – Field
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Daily Avg Temperature - CEFS 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
Dai
ly A
vera
ge T
empe
ratu
re (d
egre
es F
)
Avg FieldAvg Tunnel
Field Planting
Tunnel Planting
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Maximum Air Temperature - CEFS 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
Dai
ly M
axim
um A
ir Te
mpe
ratu
re
FieldTunnelField Planting
Tunnel Planting
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Soil Temperature - CEFS 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
Dai
ly A
vg S
oil T
empe
ratu
re (d
egre
es F
)
FieldTunnel
Field Planting
Tunnel Planting
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• Stemphylium spp.– Foliar leaf spot– Warm wet conditions– Wind / rain dispersal– Severe defoliation
CEFS 2008: Gray Leaf Spot
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CEFS Main Effects - 2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
13-Mar 2-Apr 22-Apr 12-May 1-Jun 21-Jun 11-Jul 31-Jul 20-Aug
% L
AD
- G
ray
Leaf
Spo
t
TunnelField
CEFS 2008: Gray Leaf Spot
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Field and High Tunnel Hornworm Populations Following Bt Spray
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
3-Jun 7-Jun 11-Jun 15-Jun 19-Jun 23-Jun 27-Jun 1-Jul 5-Jul 9-Jul 13-Jul 17-Jul 21-Jul 25-Jul 29-Jul
Time
Hor
nwor
m P
opul
atio
n
High Tunnel
Field
=Spraying of Bt in High Tunnel and Field
=Spraying of Bt in Field
Pesticide Retention
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Soil Microclimate
• Soil ecosystems can be affected by tunnel microclimate.– Soil moisture
• Fluxations
– Temperature• Solarization
– Physical characteristics
– Biological properties
– Salinity / LeachingRemoval of plastic for leaching
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Soil Moisture - CEFS 2007
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
Soil
Wat
er C
onte
nt (m
3/m
3)
FieldTunnel
* - Modified for broken sensor in rep C of field.
= >.25” rain
Rain events increased soil moisture in the field
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Soil Moisture - CEFS 2008
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
8-Mar 28-Mar 17-Apr 7-May 27-May 16-Jun 6-Jul 26-Jul 15-Aug 4-Sep
Dai
ly A
vg S
oil W
ater
Con
tent
FieldTunnel
Daily average soil mositure fluxuations
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Breakdown of Non-Marketable Fruit: CEFS, 2008
SYSTEM EFFECT
High Tunnel vs. Field System
Systems Effects on Fruit Quality
S. O’Connell (MS Thesis)
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Main System Effects: CEFS 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
30-M
ay
6-Jun
13-Ju
n
20-Ju
n
27-Ju
n
4-Jul
11-Ju
l
18-Ju
l
25-Ju
l
1-Aug
8-Aug
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot)
TunnelField
25 days
Systems Effects on Fruit Yield
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Planting Date
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CEFS - 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
30-M
ay
6-Jun
13-Ju
n
20-Ju
n
27-Ju
n
4-Jul
11-Ju
l
18-Ju
l
25-Ju
l
1-Aug
8-Aug
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot
03/20 - Tunnel04/03 - Tunnel04/19 - Tunnel
Planting Date
21 days
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Planting DatePlanting Date in High Tunnels: CEFS - 2008
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun 11-Jun 21-Jun 1-Jul 11-Jul 21-Jul 31-Jul 10-Aug 20-Aug
Tota
l yie
ld (l
bs/p
lot)
4-Mar18-Mar17-Apr
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Catfacing in Tunnel - CEFS 2007
0 10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
18-May 28-May 7-Jun 17-Jun 27-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 27-Jul 6-Aug 16-Aug
Cat
faci
ng In
cide
nce
(by
num
ber)
20-Mar3-Apr19-Apr
Planting Date
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Catfacing: Main Effects in Tunnel - CEFS 2007
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
20-Mar 3-Apr 19-Apr Non Self Beaufort Maxifort
Plant Date Rootstock
Cat
face
d / T
otal
Fru
it Yi
eld
(by
wt a
nd n
umbe
r)Fruit WeightFruit Number
NSP<0.01Fruit Number
NSP<0.01Fruit Weight
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Soil Solarization
• Thermal inactivation– Soilborne plant pathogens– Insects– Weeds
• Efficacy– Temperature– Exposure time– Soil Depth
(Katan et al., 2003)
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2007 Solarization: Maximum Temperatures
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20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
23-Aug 28-Aug 2-Sep 7-Sep 12-Sep 17-SepTemperature (F)
Field Air (F)Field Soil (F)Tunnel Air (F)Tunnel Soil (F)
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2007 Solarization: Minimum Temperatures
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
23-Aug 28-Aug 2-Sep 7-Sep 12-Sep 17-SepTemperature (F)
Field Air (F)Field Soil (F)Tunnel Air (F)Tunnel Soil (F)
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2007 Solarization: Daily Avg Temperatures
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
23-Aug 28-Aug 2-Sep 7-Sep 12-Sep 17-SepTemperature (F)
Field Air (F)Field Soil (F)Tunnel Air (F)Tunnel Soil (F)
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Rye/Vetch cover crops inside the high tunnel
Winter Microclimate
• Cover crops• Winter vegetable production• Will tunnel microclimate allow for both?• Leaching / fallow period
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CEFS 2009: Daily Minimum Temperature
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12-Jan 17-Jan 22-Jan 27-Jan 1-Feb 6-Feb
Air
Tem
pera
ture
(F)
FieldTunnel
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CEFS 2009: Daily Maximum Temperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
12-Jan 17-Jan 22-Jan 27-Jan 1-Feb 6-Feb
Air
Tem
pera
ture
(F)
FieldTunnel
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CEFS 2009: Daily Average Temperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
12-Jan 17-Jan 22-Jan 27-Jan 1-Feb 6-Feb
Air
Tem
pera
ture
(F)
FieldTunnel
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Cover Crops
54.28.51589.1721.8Field
83.29.8329.43749.4High Tunnel
(lbs/acre)VetchRye
Available NC:N
Biomass (lbs/acre)
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• Will tunnels provide enough season extension for successful double-cropping?
• Can we find cover crops that can be squeezed between summer and winter crops?
• How can we predict night time temperatures?
• What dynamics do air temperature have on crop growth?
Discussion
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Questions