modul selektif 567

7/30/2019 Modul Selektif 567

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Maret 2011Interkoneksi

Semester Genap 2010-20112

Unbundling refers to the provision of components on a stand-alonebasis. Therefore, interconnecting carriers can obtain access to single

unbundled component without an obligation to buy other components

as part of an interconnection package

is the mandatory offering by network operators of specific

elements of their network to other operators, on terms approved by aregulator or sanctioned by a court

Unbundling of network elements allows competing operators to enter the

market and roll out services with considerably less sunk investment in some or

all components of a competing network. For example:

A new entrant might initially install switches in central business districts only, and

lease those components of the incumbent carriers network needed to directly servecustomers in other areas, or

An entrant might lease just those network elements needed to offer competing

retail services (such as DSL services). In this way the entrant can offer competing

services to customers without duplicating all components of the incumbent carriers

infrastructure, and without simply reselling the incumbents service offering


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Some inputs are available only from certain network operators, and cannot

easily be duplicated. Unless those inputs are available at appropriate prices,

competition in downstream telecommunications markets would be difficult or

impossible

The emergence of competition from alternative technologiessuch as

wireless, cable telephony, and VoIPis eroding this rationale for mandatoryunbundling

Unbundling can be an enormous task for regulators. The administrative costs

of defining, and setting prices for, a range of network elements can be high. In

addition, unbundling can impose high compliance costs on incumbent carriers.

Regulators should carefully consider the merits of unbundling on a case-by-

case basis, with a thorough assessment of the likely costs and benefits

Maret 2011 InterkoneksiSemester Genap 2010-2011

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Some Possible Unbundled NetworkComponent and Service

Network access line (local loop and related functions)

Local switching function

Tandem switching functions

Inter-exchange transmission

Access to STP (Signaling Transfer Point )

Access to call-related databases

Central office codes

Subscriber listing

Operators Services

Directory assistance functions Operating Support Systems


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5

1. Full Unbundling-Local Loop

2. Full Unbundling-Two Local Loop

3. Shared Use of Copper Local Using Splitter

4. Provision of High Speed Bit Stream Access


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Types of Local Loop Unbundling

1. Full Unbundling-Local Loop


6

MDFIncumbentLocal Switch

PSTN

To NewEntrantsSwitch

PSTN

Link re-routed from incumbentsswitch to new entrants


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2. Full Unbundling-Two Local Loop


7

MDF

Incumbent

Local SwitchPSTN

New

EntrantsDSL Access

MUX

NewEntrant

XDSLModem

PC or other

CustomerEquipment.

FirstLocal Loop

SecondLocal Loop



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3. Shared Use of Copper Local Using Splitter


8

M

DF

Incumbent

Local Switch PSTN

DSLAccessMUX

NewEntrant

ADSLModem

PC or OtherCustomerEquipment.

Local Loop

Data

Tel

Splitter



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4. Provision of High Speed Bit Stream Access


9

MDF

PSTN

DSL AccessMUX OperatedBy Incumbent

High SpeedBit stream

serviceprovided to

One Or moreNew Entrants

Local Loop Splitter

Customer ofIncumbent

DataService

Customer ofNew entrant

DataService

Local Loop



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The magnitude of these costs and benefits will vary depending on:

The form of unbundling, and

Whether regulated prices for unbundled network elements reflect economic costs


10

Benefits Costs Increases, and brings forward, entry by

reducing entry costs

Increases competition in the provision

of services supported by the existing

network

Can bring forward the introduction of

new services that rely on the

incumbents network technology (such

as DSL services) and competition in

those services

Potentially high administrative and

compliance costs (costs increase with the

extent of unbundling)

May reduce incentives for incumbents to

invest in new infrastructure. Enables

incumbents to obtain legislative andregulatory relief, by making investment in next

generation networks contingent on such relief

May reduce incentives for entrants to invest in

new infrastructure. Entrants may focus on

reselling the incumbents services, instead of

designing innovative new service offerings


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INTERNET INTERCONNECTION

I


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The Internet is a world-wide collection of interconnected networks. It is

capable of switching, routing, and transmitting digital packets of information

corresponding to a variety of voice, data, text, audio, and video services.

The Internet allows any computer (or other device) with an Internet connection

to communicate with any other device that is connected to the Internet


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Internet

Network Surfer Digital Subscriber Link, Cable Modem, orWireless Network

ISP


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Internet Exchange Point (IXP): Point that interconnect ISP with each

other and with Internet Backbone Provider and some times call asNetwork Access Points (NAPs)

IXPs provide Switching and Routers that permit interconnection of variousinternet networks

Due to the rapid development of internet provider, IXPs provide also :Collocation services, providing services as well as equipment for internet

routing, transmission, web hosting and other service. Each ISP pays for its own cost of transmission, routing, and other

equipment, or shares the cost on a negotiates basis

Larger ISP orInternet Backbone

Provider

IXP

ISPISP

ISP

ISP

ISP


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Internet Service Providers (ISPs) use different

models for interconnection pricing, depending on

the specific characteristics of the ISPs concerned.

Broadly, ISPs can either: Enter into arrangements, or

Enter into a arrangement


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Peering, also known as Sender Keep All or Bill and Keep, is a zerocompensation arrangement by which two ISPs agree to exchange

traffic at no charge.

This kind of arrangement makes sense where the two ISPs have

roughly the same characteristics and traffic volumes, such that net

financial burden from traffic flows between them is likely to be small

The process by which an ISP qualifies for peering remains private. ISPs

negotiate terms and conditions privately. They only rarely publicly

disclose the criteria they use to qualify for peering.


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Transit is an arrangement in which larger ISPs sell access to their networks,

their customers, and other ISP networks with which they had negotiated accessagreements.

Under a transit arrangement, the sender pays the full cost of interconnection.

Transit charges are set by commercial negotiation, and are generally not

disclosed.

Internet transit access arrangements provide a much greater geographical

access than telecommunications transit arrangements. In telecommunications,

transit arrangements typically secure an indirect link to one carrier in one

location (primarily because a small carrier is unable to secure a direct link).

Internet transit arrangements typically provide access to a vast array of

networks, not limited to one country.


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Large ISP IXP Small ISP

Charges

Pays


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Internet interconnection charges are typically based on one or more of

the following variables:

Traffics flow or usage, based on the increasing capacity of internet routers

and other equipment to measure traffic

Imbalance of traffic flows between ISPs

Distance or geographical coverage

Number of point of interconnection; and

Other cost-based interconnection charges

The trend toward cost-based interconnection charges is consistent with

development in other telecommunication services

US is the leader of internet industry, so many ISPs in other countryhave paid US ISPs for transportation to and from the US to their home

country


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Noting the rapid growth of internet and internet protocol-based

international services : It is recommended that administrationsinvolved in the provision of international internet connection negotiate

and agree bilateral commercial arrangements applying to direct

international internet connections where each administration will be

compensated for the cost that it incurs in carrying traffic that is

generated by the other administration. (Rec. D.iii adopted by ITU SG 3)

The recommendation has been opposed by the US and Canada. They

argue that the North American bias of Internet routing will decrease

over time, as competition and market development reduce costs andincrease Internet facilities in other regions.

Local Interconnection charges are also important to the viability (able

to exist) of ISPs, Local internet access providers will be principal

beneficiaries of the move to unbundling of local loop


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Mobile Interconnection


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In many countries, mobile interconnection is regulated and

priced differently, depending on the form of

interconnection.

There are three broad forms of mobile interconnection:

A mobile network terminates a

call from a fixed network. The call might originate from a local

fixed operator, a domestic long-distance operator, or an

international operator

A mobile operator interconnects

with a fixed network in order to complete calls for the mobile

operator's customers. Again, the fixed network might be owned by

a local fixed operator, a domestic long-distance operator, or an

international operator

A mobile operator interconnects

with another mobile operator


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Mobile Termination Rates (MTR) are the fees charged

when you call a friend on a different mobile network, or

call their mobile from your landline. In doing so, the other

mobile network charges your operator a fee for carrying

the call.

There is no a unique treatment of mobile termination

charges among countries:

Some countries only regulate mobile termination charges for fixed-

to-mobile calls.

In other countries, mobile networks are required to apply a singleregulated termination charge regardless of where the call

originates.


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Under Calling Party Pays (CPP) the calling party, or the calling party'snetwork, pays for the call. The recipient of the call pays nothing.

CPP is used in many countries to structure interconnection payments

for fixed-to-mobile calls. Under the "old" CPP model, the mobile

operator sets a fixed-to-mobile tariff. The fixed operator deducts

specified charges from this fee (such as an origination charge, andbilling and collection charges), and passes the balance of the call

revenue to the mobile operator.

In recent years, some regulators have decided to regulate fixed-to-

mobile tariffs, rather than leaving this to the mobile operator to

determine. This generally reflects concerns that fixed-to-mobile tariffsare too high. This concern has also led regulators to control mobile

termination charges


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A minority of countries, predominately developed countries such as the United

States, use a system of receiving party pays or mobile party pays for

interconnection with mobile operators.

Under this system, the mobile user pays airtime on received calls as well as

calls that user has initiated. This reduces the problem of setting

interconnection charges to defining the costs of just the link between twonetworks, which generally is low and easily defined. Thus, countries using

receiving party pays have largely avoided the problem of high mobile

termination charges.

This is a definite advantage of the receiving party pays system. Since a

receiving party pays system requires the mobile user to pay directly for

network usage on the mobile network, its main disadvantage is that it makes

it difficult commercially to extend service to mobile users with very low income

levels, precisely where the calling party pays system has been most

successful.


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Structure of a GSM Mobile System


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Roaming is the term used to describe the situation when a subscriber of one

mobile operators service travels outside that service area and obtains

connectivity and service from another operator. Roaming can take place withina country or between countries, as long as it involves a customer of one

operator being connected to the mobile network of another operator.

Conceptually, roaming is similar to a call forwarding arrangement. Callers use

the customers usual mobile phone number. The home network hands the call

over to the host network, which passes the call to the customers mobile

phone

Roaming charges are generally much higher than termination charges within

the home area. Customers often pay a monthly fee to be able to roam plus

usage charges, the combination of which can be quite expensive


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VoIP Interconnection


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Internet telephony, or Voice over the Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a category of

services that enable users to make real time voice calls, transmitted over theInternet (rather than using traditional circuit switched telephone networks).

VoIP enables network operators, service providers, and consumers make

significant savings, by:

Reducing the underlying costs of a telephone call. VoIP uses network resources

much more efficiently than conventional telephone service, reducing the costs of

providing a call (albeit with the loss of some call quality and service features)

Creating opportunities for regulatory arbitrage that enable service providers and

consumers to reduce or avoid call charges and/or regulatory fees

Currently the volume of voice telephony traffic is small compared to

traditional, dial up, circuit-switched telephone services. However, the very real

potential exists for packet switched, Internet Protocol networking to become

the primary medium for most voice and data services. Should this occur,

information services (including VoIP) will become the primary end user service

provided by telecommunications networks


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VoIP services differ depending on whether:

The service provides a competitive alternative to conventional

telephone services

A conventional telephone can transmit and receive calls

Subscribers need to acquire and install additional equipment on

their premises Traffic routes into or from the PSTN

Users pay for service

1. Internet telephony via computer;

2. Internet telephony that is partially accessible from and to the

PSTN; and

3. Internet telephony that is fully accessible from and to the PSTN.


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Internet telephony via personal computer has several drawbacks:

Typically, calls do not access the PSTN (unless one of the computers accesses the

Internet via a modem and conventional dial-up telephone line)

Subscribers must log onto the service in order to make and receive calls

The service does not provide caller identification and location information needed in

emergencies The service does not offer the same sound quality and reliability as conventional

circuit switched telephony

For these reasons, most countries treat Internet telephony via computer as an

unregulated information service, largely free of traditional telephone carrier

responsibilities


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This category of VoIP calls includes:

Long distance telephone calls originated by subscribers of incumbent carriers,

and by users of calling cards who call from payphones and mobile phones

Internal corporate VoIP traffic that originates and terminates over an

enterprise network. Some enterprise networks can route traffic into the PSTN

VoIP services that enable customers to make calls over the Internet


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The Internet and conventional circuit switched telephone numbering systems

use different addressing systems. Thus VoIP services in this category mustprovide call processing software that can map Internet Protocol addresses to

call recipients with conventional telephone numbers.

The software routes the call as far as possible through Internet networks, to a

gateway or point of presence as close as possible to the intended call

recipient. At that point, the service converts the call to telephony traffic and

hands it off to a conventional telephone network.

To access this category of VoIP services, users need:

A subscription to a VoIP service

Broadband Internet access

A modem

An Analog Terminal Adapter, to configure VoIP onto the users DSL or cable modemlink

The ability of subscribers to access service from conventional telephones, or

alternatively to call conventional telephone numbers, makes this form of

Internet telephony more attractive to customers (and therefore more

commercially attractive) than Internet telephony via computer


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Many telephone companies already use Internet carriage to handle longdistance calls. The customer making the call may not even be aware of this

Most current VoIP services do not use the PSTN for both call origination and

termination.

In the future, almost all VoIP services will require a broadband, digital Internet

access link. Telephone companies and cable television companies will replace copper

networks with optical fibre. This will enable voice services to ride over a

ubiquitous broadband digital network as a software application


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Wireless networks will have a substantial impact on VoIP service development,

particularly in developing countries As wireless and VoIP traffic increase, differences in the terms and conditions

under which wireline, wireless and VoIP operators interconnect networks will

create opportunities for arbitrage, and distort markets

Differences in call termination rates and interconnection arrangements can

cause operators to adjust traffic flows to obtain the lowest possible rate, and

to minimize regulatory fees

Incumbent operators may seek to exploit bottlenecks and essential facilities,

by imposing above cost termination charges to deliver calls to wireless

subscribers, or to deliver wireless traffic to wireline subscribers.

This may encourage wireless carriers and VoIP providers to avoid the

incumbents network by seeking cheaper alternatives for originating andterminating traffic


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These promise to have sufficient bandwidth

and operating standards to support high speed data services, presumably

including VoIP

Wi-Fi can also support voice telephone calls.

Wi-Fi is generally provided as unlicensed broadband network access, on an

stand-alone basis at homes, offices and public hot spots such as airport

lounges and coffee shops

VoWiFi can integrate Wi-Fi access with licensed thirdgeneration mobile services. With seamless roaming between the two

networks, subscribers could use voice over a WiFi network (where available)

and mobile connections where WiFi is missing, or outside a WiFi network.

VoWiFi has the potential to allow VoIP providers to completely bypass the

PSTN

WiMax is a wireless

broadband technology, which has a range of up to 30 miles and can be used

for wireless networking like Wi-Fi, but at higher data rates over longer

distances


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Bagi operator baru, dapat memperoleh interkoneksi

merupakan hal penting bagi kemampuannya dalam

kompetisi dengan operator incumbent.

Bagi penyedia interkoneksi (biasanya incumbent), harga

interkoneksi merupakan hal penting untuk memperoleh

return on investmentdari pembangunan fasilitastelekomunikasi.

Penentuan harga interkoneksi tidak hanya merupakan isu

teknis, tapi juga politis, sehingga penentuan kriteria yang

betul-betul obyektif untuk menentukan harga interkoneksiyang tepat tidak mungkin/sulit dilakukan.

April 2011 InterkoneksiSemester Genap 2010-2011

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Regulasi pembebanan interkoneksi bertujuan untuk mendorongterjadinya dengan menjamin new entrants

dapat mengakses fasilitas jaringan yang ada, yang memungkinkan

mereka dapat berkompetisi dengan existing operators.

Pembebanan interkoneksi yang tinggi memungkinkan return on

investmentyang tinggi. Hal ini menguntungkan bagi operatorincumbent tertentu yang telah menginvestasikan biaya yang lebih besar

dalam membangun fasilitas, dan memperoleh net paymentyang cukup

dari operator lain yang menggunakan fasilitas tersebut

Di lain pihak, tarif interkoneksi yang terlalu rendah dapat

mengakibatkan berkurangnya minat untuk investasi fasilitas jaringan.Hal ini dapat memperlambat .

April 2011 InterkoneksiSemester Genap 2010-2011

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Dalam menentukan besarnya beban interkoneksi tidak adapendekatan yang tepat, namun berdasarkan konsensus para ahli

disepakati bahwa yang yang paling baik adalah pendekatan cost-

based. Walaupun demikian terdapat pendekatan lain yang dianggap

cocok untuk kondisi tertentu.

Pendekatan yang banyak digunakan dalam menentukan bebaninterkoneksi adalah

o Forward Looking Incremental Cost

o Historical Accounting Cost

o Sender Keep All (SKA) atau Bill and Keep

o Revenue Sharing

o Interconnect Charge based on Retail Price

o Other Negotiated Interconnect Charge

April 2011 38InterkoneksiSemester Genap 2010-2011


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Besarnya pembebanan didasarkan atas forward-looking costs darifasilitas dan layanan yang diberikan kepada operator yangmemperoleh interkoneksi

o Biasanya diestimasikan untuk long run, misalnya dengan metoda LongRun Incremental Costs (LRIC)

Contoh

o Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Chile, dan operator lokal di Amerika Serikat

Variasi metoda LRIC meliputi Long Run Average Incremental Costs(LRAIC), Total Service Long Run Incremental Costs (TSLRIC) dan TotalElement Long Run Incremental Costs (TELRIC)

o Perbedaan dari tiap pendekatan tersebut adalah dalam memasukkanelemen dari fixed costs dan common costs (mis. overheads dan fixed-

service costs) yang tidak ada dalam analisis LRIC yang tradisional

o Variasi-variasi tersebut berkembang dan diterima sebagai best practice



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Secara umum diterima sebagai best practice

Mencerminkan harga yang paling efisien, karena perhitungan berdasarkanteknologi yang digunakan saat itu (bukan sekedar dari nilai buku asset yangsudah lalu)

Merupakan perkiraan biaya yang paling mendekati dalam pasar yang sudahfully competitive

Perlu melakukan study serta estimasi cost dan demand

Biasanya pendekatan ini menghasilkan tarif interkoneksi yang rendah

o Pendekatan ini mendorong kompetisi, tapi menyebabkan pendapatan yang rendahbagi incumbent.

Secara substansial perhitungan ini bisa tidak sejalan dengan perhitungan

berdasarkan nilai buku dari incumbent yang inefisien

Pendekatan ini akan tidak tepat apabila harga yang ditetapkan kepada end-user tidak balans (misalnya di bawah costatau di bawah interconnectioncharge)



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Nilai pembebanan berdasarkan catatan akuntansi darioperator yang memberikan fasilitas dan layanan

interkoneksi

Perhitungan umumnya mencakup biaya langsung dan

biaya umum yang dicatat dalam pembukuan

Contoh

o UK, Jepang pada sistem yang digunakan tahun 1995, dan Swedia



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Merupakan pendekatan umum, namun tidak disukai oleh regulatordan para ahli saat ini.

Kurang efisien dibandingkan dengan perhitungan berdasarkanteknologi yang digunakan pada situasi operasi yang sedang berjalan.

Catatan akuntansi sering tidak menggambarkan nilai aset yang riil,karena kebijakan akuntansi yang subyektif, serta keputusan politismengenai investasi

Biasanya memerlukan studi untuk menetapkan/ mengalokasikan

nilai buku dari fasilitas dan layanan interkoneksi yang diberikan



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Tidak ada pembayaran yang dilakukan antar operator

yang saling berinterkoneksi untuk penyaluran trafik

Umumnya masing-masing operator menanggung biaya

untuk fasilitas miliknya sampai ke titik interkoneksi,

ditambah dengan biaya lain yang timbul untuk

mengakomodasikan trafiknya.

Contoh

o

India, operator lokal di AS and Canada, dan operator regional diIndonesia



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Cocok apabila dua operator yang saling berinterkoneksi memiliki

situasi yang sama dan mempertukarkan trafik yang seimbang

(misalnya interkoneksi antar operator lokal)

Dapat ditentukan beban tambahan untuk kompensasi trafik yang

tidak seimbang

Tanpa biaya tambahan tersebut SKA dapat menghambatpembangunan di daerah (rural) atau layanan lain, yang trafiknya tidak

seimbang (misalnya lebih banyak incoming)

Dulu digunakan sebagai model yang banyak dipakai untuk

interkoneksi antar ISP, tetapi sekarang sudah berubah karena ISP

yang memiliki jaringan backbone dengan jangkauan yang luas lama

kelamaan akan mengubah perlakuannya terhadap operator yang kecil

dari menjadi .



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Pada dasarnya, operator baru membayarkan kepada operatorincumbent sebagian pendapatan dari layanan yang melalui

interkoneksi (atau semua layanan)

Pada beberapa ketentuan revenue-sharing, tidak ada beban

tambahan yang harus dibayar antar operator yang berinterkoneksi

untuk menyampaikan trafiknya masing-masing. Namun yang lain, adayang menentukan pembayaran tambahan untuk biaya interkoneksi

langsung (misalnya link transmisi atau interface interkoneksi lainnya)

Contoh

o Thailand, Indonesia, dan China



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Pendekatan ini cukup sederhana, tidak perlu melakukan studi

mengenai costuntuk menentukan pembebanan interkoneksi

Umumnya dianggap tidak transparan

Berpotensi untuk tidak efisien dan anti-kompetitif (apabila terjadipembagian revenue yang tidak proporsional/ kelebihan)

Kadang-kadang dianjurkan oleh pemerintah sebagai satu-satunya

dasar perhitungan interkoneksi yang diperbolehkan pada situasi

pasar tertutup, dan dianggap sebagai taxuntuk penyelenggaraan

bisnis Dapat dijadikan langkah transisi menuju pendekatan yang lebih

efisien



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Biaya interkoneksi berdasarkan harga retail yang

dikenakan kepada end users

Kadang-kadang ditetapkan diskon untuk pembebanan

antar operator, yang diestimasikan berdasarkan biaya

yang tidak perlu dikenakan kepada operator pemberi

interkoneksi (mis. billing, marketing)

Contoh

o Harga resale lokal di AS, Jepang (sebelum 1995).



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Sulit mengestimasi diskon, dapat menyebabkan inefisiensi

o Diskon yang terlalu tinggi menyebabkan keengganan untuk

membangun fasilitas di area yang kompetitifo Diskon yang terlalu rendah menyebabkan menurunnya

kemampuan untuk berkompetisi

Pendekatan ini ditolak di beberapa negara (mis.

Hongkong, China yang membedakan carrier-to-carrier

charge dengan tarif retail)



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Besarnya beban interkoneksi dinegosiasikan antara

operator berdasarkan pendekatan-pendekatan lainSome principled, many arbitrary

Contoh

o Internasional accounting rates, beberapa reseller agreement



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Efisiensi pembebanan tergantung seberapa dekat

perkiraan biaya terhadap nilai yang efisien

o Dalam perhitungan biaya yang dinegosiasikan sering secara

implisit termasuk subsidi antara operator dengan customer

Hasil negosiasi tergantung tingkat kekuatan tawar

(bargaining power) dari masing-masing operator



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Pembebanan interkoneksi harus cost-based

o idealnya berbasis long-run average incremental costs

o termasuk cost of capital

o ditambah dengan mark-up yang wajar untuk mengcover forward-looking joint andcommon costs

Costs harus berdasarkan current replacement costs of assets

o dikurangkan pada sisa usia dari layanan

o untuk menghitung cost ini dapat digunakan depreciated book value of assets

Pembebanan interkoneksi harus cukup unbundled agar operator yangmemerlukan interkoneksi hanya membayar biaya untuk komponen ataulayanan sesuai yang diminta/diperlukan

Jika biaya komponen tertentu berbeda secara signifikan pada lokasi yangberbeda-beda, pembebanan interkoneksinya agar tidak di-aggregated

o Misalnya biaya jaringan akses di daerah rural yang mungkin lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan di perkotaan (karena biasanya lebih panjang)



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Pembebanan tidak memasukkan subsidi silang (secara tersembunyi)

Misalnya harga jaringan yang termasuk komponen monopoli agar tidak

dinaikkan diatas cost, dengan maksud untuk membiayai komponen

kompetitif yang dijual dibawah cost

Prinsip ini diadopsi dalam WTO Regulation Reference Paper.

Struktur pembebanan interconnection harus merefleksikan costs yang

mendasarinya

Fixed costs dicover dengan fixed charges, variable costs dengan variable

charges

peak and off-peak charges ditentukan apabila terdapat perbedaan cost

yang signifikan



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THANK YOU

Arigato

Matur Suwun

Nuhun

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