module 12 - geothermal

8/3/2019 Module 12 - Geothermal

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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

The Indigenous, Renewable, Green OptionThe Indigenous, Renewable, Green Option

Dr. Silas M. Simiyu

Geothermal Development

Kenya Electricity Generating Company LTD

P.O Box 785, Naivasha Kenya


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Presentation outline

IntroductionIntroduction

Geothermal Development ProcessGeothermal Development ProcessPrinciples of OperationPrinciples of Operation

Status and development potential in AfricaStatus and development potential in Africa

Stages in Geothermal DevelopmentStages in Geothermal Development

Barriers to Geothermal development in KenyaBarriers to Geothermal development in Kenya

ConclusionsConclusions


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World Wide LocationGeothermal power plants

In the middle of crops

In forested recreation areas

In fragile deserts

In tropical forests

In game parks with fragile ecosystems In high population areas


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Benefits of Geothermal Energy

Provides clean and safe energy using little land

Is renewable and sustainable

Generates continuous, reliable baseload power

Conserves fossil fuels and contributes to diversity

in energy sources

Avoids importing and benefits local economies

Offers modular, incremental development and

village power to remote sites


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Geothermal and the Environment

Geothermal energy is clean energy and renewable

Geothermal power stations emit less greenhouse gases

compared to other sources of energy

0

500

1000

Coal

Oil

Gas

Geo

CO2

0

5

10

Coal

Oil

Gas

Geo

SO2

Emissions (kg/MWhr). From Reed and Renner, 1995


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Geothermal Fields of the World


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Rift Based Geothermal Model


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Manifestations

Sulfur

Hot Springs

Hot Ground

Geysers

Fumaroles


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Kenyas Examples

Geothermal Development Process:Geothermal Development Process:


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Geothermal Development processStage I: Exploration

Objective: Determine the viability of the resourceObjective: Determine the viability of the resource

i) Heat Sourcei) Heat Source Energy sourceEnergy source

ii) Fluid Recharge and pathwaysii) Fluid Recharge and pathways Transport mediaTransport media

iii) Reservoir conditionsiii) Reservoir conditions

--Permeability, density and heat capacityPermeability, density and heat capacity

--fluid chemistry, phase and gasesfluid chemistry, phase and gases

iii) Baseline EIAiii) Baseline EIA

Make Decision:Make Decision: GOGOororNONO--GOGO

Drill 3 Exploration wells to confirm results (Drill 3 Exploration wells to confirm results (--3,000)3,000)

--Carry out well testingCarry out well testing

--Review resultsReview results

Make Decision: GO orMake Decision: GO orNONO--GOGO


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Geothermal Development process 2Stage II: Sizing of the resource

Appraisal Drilling of6 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)Appraisal Drilling of6 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)Objective: Determine the size of the resourceObjective: Determine the size of the resource

--(minimum) extent of resource confirmed(minimum) extent of resource confirmed

--more accurate hydrological modelmore accurate hydrological model--Volume, geometry, boundary conditions of resourceVolume, geometry, boundary conditions of resource--Pressure, Temperature and Overall fluid ChemistryPressure, Temperature and Overall fluid Chemistry

Feasibility study to determine viability of the project &Feasibility study to determine viability of the project &Overall Economics: Plant size, type, funding and TariffsOverall Economics: Plant size, type, funding and Tariffs

Complete Environmental Impact assessmentComplete Environmental Impact assessmentIncluding public disclosure.Including public disclosure.

Environment Friendly Power Plant designEnvironment Friendly Power Plant designMake Decision:Make Decision: GOGOororNONO--GOGO


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Geothermal Development process 3Stage III: Production drilling and PlantConstruction

Drilling of 16 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)Drilling of 16 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)

Construction of steam gathering system and power plantConstruction of steam gathering system and power plant

Put in Place Field and Environmental Management Procedures

--MakeMakeup wells (Size, timing and location)up wells (Size, timing and location)--Reservoir monitoring (Pressure, temperature and fluidReservoir monitoring (Pressure, temperature and fluidchemistry)chemistry)

--ReRe--injection. (Maintain reservoir pressure and water mass)injection. (Maintain reservoir pressure and water mass)

--Rehabilitation. (Return the area close to what it wasRehabilitation. (Return the area close to what it was

originally)originally)Use collected data to carry out the following

-Optimization of the first plant for efficiency and productivity

-Remedial action if needed in response to reservoir effects

-Decision whether to increase capacity to second stage


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Principles of Operation:Principles of Operation:Power GenerationPower Generation


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Production WellWater and Steam

Injection WellWater

Schematic Diagram ofGeothermal system

Separators

CoolingTowers

Generator


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Type ofPlants 1:Condensing Dry Steam PowerPlant

TurbineGenerator

SteamCondensedSteam (Water)

Electricity

Steam


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Turbine Generator

Steam entry Coiled wirecylinder

Magneticfield

Turbineblades

Electricity

Steam outletto condenser


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Types ofPlant 2:Condensing Flash Steam PowerPlant

Steam

CondensedSteam (Water)Hot

Water

Turbine Generator

FlashTank

Electricity


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Condensing Flash Steam Plant(Olkaria I & II)

PRODUCTIONWELL

GASEXTRACT

OR

COOLING TOWERS

CHF

IntermediateTemperature

Col dSurfac e Water

Sur faceRock

High TemperatureRese rvo i r

GASES

CONDENSER

HOT CONDENSATE

PUMP

PUMP

TURBINEGENERATOR

SEPARATOR

WATER

STEAM

MAIN STEAM

COOLEDCCONDENSATE

STEAM FROMOTHER WELLS

FLOW DIAGRAM

POWER TRANSMISSION(TO NATIONAL GRID)

GENERATEDELECTR ICITY

CHF

Intermediate

Temperature

Co ldSur f aceW a te r

Surface Rock

High Temperat ureReservoir

CHF

Intermediate

Temperature

Co ldSur face W a te r

Surface Rock

High Temperat ureReservoir

RE-INJECTIONWELL

RE-INJECTIONWELL

STATIONTRANSFORMER


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Type ofPlant 3:Non Condensing Flash Steam Plant

SEPARATOR

BACK PRESSURESTEAM TURBINE

ATMOSPHERICDISCHARGE

CONTROL VALVE(GOVERNOR)

PRODUCTIONWELL

REINJECTIONWELL

G


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Types ofPlant 4:Binary Cycle PowerPlant

BinaryVapor Turbine Generator

Electricity

Binary Liquid

Heat Exchanger

CooledWater

HotWater


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Binary vapor outto turbine

Hot geothermalwater in from

production well

Geothermal waterout to injection well

Binary liquid infrom condenser

Binary Cycle PowerPlant:Heat Exchanger


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Binary Cycle PowerPlant:Aluto Langano Ethiopia (8MW) & Olkaria III

Kenya (13

MW

)

COOLING

WATER / AIR

PRODUCTION

INJECTION

BINARYTURBINE

Isopentane

Steam and water

HEAT EXCHANGER


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Mini-Geothermal Binary Cycle PowerPlants:Kapisya Zambia & Oserian Kenya

Kapisya Zumbu National park,

Zambia (160kW)Oserian Dev Company

Kenya (2 MW)

Binary plant owned by Oserian Flower Farm

Commissioned July 2004 Using steam and re-injecting water

Steam leased from KenGen from 1 well.

Using only one well

Binary plant owned by Zesco

Shallow drilled wells of150-200m Built in 1987 and not commissioned

Planed to use water at 90oC

Plant being upgraded by KenGen.

KenGen is putting up a 2.5 MW Mini-Geothermal binary plant at Eburru

Use both steam and water from 1 well. Condense steam to water for community


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Lake Baringo Borehole blowout


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Principles of Operation:Principles of Operation:Direct UsesDirect Uses


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Heating Heat Exchanger

Hot water outto buildings

Hot geothermalwater in from

production wellGeothermal waterout to injection well

Cold clean water into be heated


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Heat Pump in Winter

Heat iscollected from

underground & transferredto the building


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District Heating

Injection WellProduction Wells


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Geothermal Energy Utilization:Direct Use Oserian Green houses (Kenya)

i) Cut Roses Green house Heating ~100 hectares, ii) Refrigeration of cutflowersstorage and processing stores, iii) Injection ofCO2 to aid in photosynthesis, iv)Fumigation of soils and sterilization Sterilization of liquid recycled plantfertilizers


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Geothermal Energy Utilization:Direct Use II

Fish Farming Hot bath/spa

Crocodile FarmingSwimming Pool


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Geothermal Use:Geothermal Use:Status and Potential in AfricaStatus and Potential in Africa


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Geothermal Resources inAfrica

Potential in the great African Rift >7,000 MW. Kenyas geothermalpotential is in excess of 3,000 MW

Currently only Kenya(130 MW), Ethiopia (8 MW)

and Zambia (0.2 MW)

have power stations.

There are plans to

install another 1,000 MW in EasternAfrica over the next 10 years

Geothermal energy in North Africancountries is mainly for greenhouseheating and irrigation


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Kenyas Geothermal Potential

Kenyas geothermal powerpotential is estimated at over3,000 MW.

Most of Kenya's Geothermalpotential areas (>20 fields)occur within the Kenya Rift.

Current installed geothermal

power: KenGen115

MW

andIPPs 15 MW.

From above values, only asmall fraction of the estimatedresource has been harnessed.


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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

YEARS

CAPACITY(

MWe)

HYDRO

WIND

GEOTHERMAL

THE

RMAL

IMPORTS

Kenyas Planned Capacity Expansion

Geothermal can meet all Kenyas capacity expansionrequirements for the next 15 years

Kenyas Geothermal Potential


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Why slow exploitation of Geothermal ?Barriers to geothermal development

Technological Constraints: Manpower(development and retention) & Equipment

Large up-front investment in exploration,appraisal and production drilling

Funding Constraints: Long financial closure

Commercial & Legislative FrameworkRisks: Country, Market, Corruption, LevelPlaying Field etc

Environmental & Social issue:P

ollution, Land


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Kenyas Experience

Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Financing Geothermal ProjectsFinancing Geothermal Projects


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Development requirements

It is all about

MONEY!!

Projects are only worth developing if they createadequate net through life benefit for thedeveloper, whether government or private

This requires a guaranteed revenue stream andmanageable risks in resource supply


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Financing Geothermal Development-1

Resource Exploration: Geo-scientificsurface studies and exploratory drilling.

Resource Assessment: Drilling ofappraisal wells and well testing

Power

Plant Development: Drilling ofproduction wells, steam pipelines and

Power Plant construction

In Kenya its usually the responsibility ofthe government

Both the Government & to a lesser extent private sector

Shouldered by the Government andPrivate sector


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Current/Future Policy on Funding Options:Resource Exploration and Assessment

Research and Development fund set asideby GoK

Retention of the differential in interest onon-lent funds from GoK

Contracts, consultancies and steam sales

Grants from research programs throughindividual staffs proposal writing efforts.

Carbon Credit mechanism.

Risk Guarantee Fund (GEF?)

Utilization of the fuel levy fund.


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Future Funding Options: PowerPlant Construction stage - 1

Offering competitive bidding toprivate and public institutions local & international.

Strategic alliances e.g. KenGendoes all the field developmentwork and sells steam to IPPs.

Carbon credit earned from displacing fossil fuels

Early Generating units to provide cash stream Demonstrated capacity to generate a portion of the

funds required for the investment; typically 25%

Government offloading shares to the public


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Kenyas Experience

Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Human Capacity DevelopmentHuman Capacity Development


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Geothermal Training in AfricaGeothermal Training in Africa

Geothermal technology -specialized field.

Development of a Geothermist takes many years;

On-job and focused need based training

In the world, training facilities have been offered at:

Inst. for Geothermal Res., Pisa, Italy

Kyushu, Japan

Diploma Course, Auckland University.

UNU-GTP Iceland

Short Course Training in Kenya, KenGen/UNU


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Trained v Installed MW

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Asia L. America Europe Africa

Trained

MW


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UNU Fellows from Africa by 2006

Country No. Trained Retired Available

Algeria 3 3 0

Burundi 1 1 0

Djibouti 1 1 0Egypt 3 0 3

Eritrea 3 1 0

Ethiopia 22 10 11(8 MW)

Kenya 41 5 36(130 MW)

Tanzania 1 1 0

Tunisia 6 0 6 (Low Temp)

Uganda 6 2 3

Totals 86 24 59


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Kenyans Trained at UNUKenyans Trained at UNU--GTPGTP

41 people trained

7 Geophysics

5 ReservoirEngineering

6 Geochemistry

5 Geology

3 Geothermal utilization

4 Drilling

5 Environment

3 Power Plant

36 Still active in geothermal

4 teaching at Universities

2 Out of the Country

3 Not active


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KenGens Geothermal TrainingKenGens Geothermal TrainingProgrammeProgramme (Since 1982)(Since 1982)

Progressive Graduate Technical staff training

1 year geothermal course -New Zealand (Theory)

After 2 years on job, -6 months practical training

courseIceland.

3 months specialized courses at Kyushu -Japan andPisa -Italy

Long specialized courses in USA and Japan (PhD)

All contracts/consultancies have a training component

Encourages advanced training in Geothermal Technology

Staff retention through Keeping them busy when back

Out of 26 graduate technical staff on the project, thereare 4 PhD and 15 Msc holders


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KenGens Geothermal TrainingKenGens Geothermal TrainingProgrammeProgramme (Since 1982)(Since 1982)

KenGen training policy -1 course per staffper year.

KenGen Geothermal Training School established 1988

Catering for KenGens internal training needs (esp. technicians)

Recently affiliated to United Nations University (Iceland) wherejoint short courses are offered to ARGeo members

Training centre -linked to other International Centres in USAandsupport by the Global Environmentfacility ofGEF.

The EastAfrican Rift Countries Tanzania, Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea,Uganda and Ethiopia formed ARGeo; a regional network of

geothermal agents

Pool resources, including manpower & Equipment

Create partnering required so that trained Africans can trainothers through the training centre in Kenya


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KenGen- UNU Geothermal TrainingCentre

First course held in November 2005

Potential contribution of geothermal tonational energy needs

Geothermal project management

Focused on decision makers (PSs,CEOs etc)

Second course to be held November 2006

Geothermal resource exploration andappraisal

Participants from: Rwanda, Zambia,Burundi, Tanzania, Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea,Uganda and Ethiopia

Facilitators:

KenGen, UNU-GTP, ArGeo and GEF


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Kenyas Experience

Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Lab and equipment PoolLab and equipment PoolDevelopmentDevelopment


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Introduction I

The ability to carry out exploration and development depends on;

Appropriate equipment that are easily accessible

The total costfor an optimum equipment pool exclusive of labs isabout US $ 4,249,000

This cost ofequipment was beyond our means without a revenuestream

Need for long term plan to ensure continued acquisition andavailability through maintenance and upgrade

From the Beginning KenGen determined

What were the priority equipment

Which ones were available in other accessible organizations

How much can the owner charge for the service

What are the maintenance and running costs ifwe buy


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How equipment have beenacquired by KenGen before

Started by use of limited internal resources to buy equipment in aprioritized stepwise manner (Over 5 years).

Anumber ofagencies, assisted KenGen to buy equipment.

Some acquisition were tied to projectfunding/contracts/research

Equipment is handed over after the project Equipment is abandoned after the project

Lead to a wide array ofworking and non working equipment.

Depending on the contract, some issues were overlooked

Equipment Compatibility with existing ones

Equipment maintenance and spare availability

Environmental working conditions of the equipment

Data sharing, processing and interpretation

KenGen ended up with many un-serviceable equipment


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Low availability of equipment:Identified Causes

Lack ofproper maintenance and Service caused by

Poorly trained maintenance staff

No budgetfor equipment maintenance

Lack ofaccountability by equipment custodian

Lack ofplanning for equipment upgrade

Under-utilization ofmany of such equipment

Projects occur once in a while

Lack of coordination ofactivities in thecountry/region

Lack of knowledge ofexistence ofpotential users


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Our Experience

Developed service, maintenance and upgrade schedules

Did proper recruitment of trainable staff& allowedthem to make mistakes

Trained our technicians in instrument maintenanceand Service

Every equipment was amortized, had a budget andwas ensured that it made money

Insisted on accountability by equipment custodian Tried to get more users ofour services in the country

Buy equipment as a business

Increased utilization of equipment More money


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Kenyas Experience

Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues


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Environmental Issues I

Carry out Baseline Environmental conditions assessment at Stage I

-Determine the in-situ condition

-High-light and assess the sensitivity of the area to possible

development

-Cost the possible environment impact and mitigation measures

-Determine the potential Social Economic Impacts of the project

-Gather data on the potential Volcano Seismic hazards of the area

-Use the data as a basis for a GO orNO GO decision making

Carry out a full EIA with disclosure at Stage II-Use it as a basis for planning monitoring and management

-Requirement for licensing of the project

-Part of the feasibility study


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Environmental Issues II

Put in Place and Enforce Sound Field and EnvironmentalManagement Procedures

-Community based Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)program (1% of net Profit)

Water for grazing, health and school facilities,

--Reservoir monitoringReservoir monitoringPressure and temperaturePressure and temperature

Fluid chemistryFluid chemistry

Mass changes using gravimetryMass changes using gravimetry

ReRe--use condensed steam for coolinguse condensed steam for cooling

--ReRe--injection.injection.

Maintain reservoir pressure and fluid mass rechargeMaintain reservoir pressure and fluid mass recharge

Avoid contamination of ground water & SubsidenceAvoid contamination of ground water & Subsidence

--Rehabilitation of disturbed areas during constructionRehabilitation of disturbed areas during construction

Return the area close to its natural beautyReturn the area close to its natural beauty

--Ecological monitoring and friendly designs of all works.Ecological monitoring and friendly designs of all works.


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Kenyas Experience

Overcoming Barriers:Overcoming Barriers:Commercial and LegislativeCommercial and Legislative


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Local & Foreign

Sources of Financing

KENGEN or IPPs

GeothermalDevelopment

Company

Geothermal Prospects

EA B C D

$Geothermal Resource

Assessment & Development

$ $ $ $

KPLC PRIVATE 1 PRIVATE 2

Power Purchase Agreement

Steam Supply Agreement

Development Strategy

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPER

Exploration Drilling

Appraisal Drilling

Production Drilling

Steam Gathering Facilities

Reservoir Management


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Conclusions

Geothermal Energy will play a leading role in provision ofAfricasenergy needs and governments should provide;

Adequate human capacity through focused specialized training

Carefully prioritized Equipment and other resources required.

Funds for initial high risk investment stages ofgeothermaldevelopment

There is need to pool together in order to optimize use ofresources and accelerate development ofGeothermal Energy

Incentives such as tax holidays and an enabling Legal environmentwill go a long way in attracting and retaining private investors inthe Geothermal power industry.

Encourage public-private partnership participation.


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module 12 - geothermal

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