module 2 nervous and cardiovascular systems web

nervous and cardiovascular systems 1

N A T U R A L L Y N E W Z E A L A N D

Natural health courseTraining module two: nervous and cardiovascular systems

2 www.goodhealth.co.nz

IntroductionIn response to frequent requests from our retail clients we have developed the Good Health Products’ Natural Health Course.

The course is user friendly and informative. It will help increase your knowledge and understanding of the workings of the human body, what can go wrong and what can be done to help.

It comprises four modules: Module 1 | Digestive system Module 2 | Nervous and cardiovascular systems Module 3 | Musculoskeletal, lymphatic and immune systems Module 4 | Urinary and reproductive systems

The modules explain the major workings of each system, what common health problems can arise, their signs and symptoms, causes, treatment suggestions and the relevant Good Health products to recommend.

For people with good knowledge it will be a great refresher, but for those who are new to the industry, it will be an exciting learning tool.

Each module contains a set of questions for you to answer in your own time. The questions are directly related to the notes. No other reference books are required.

Disclaimer: The information in this course provides an introduction into medical and health care issues and is not designed to replace medical recommendations or a full consultation with a health professional. We strongly recommend individuals discuss on-going or serious health issues with their health care provider.

Author: Jenni LaneJenni became interested in the natural health field as a teenager after reading Leslie Kenton’s books and she quickly learned how good it felt when she ate healthy foods and exercised regularly. This lead to further investigation on how to improve her health using natural remedies, and so the journey began.

In her early twenties she traveled extensively overseas living in both London and California. Eventually she was drawn back to New Zealand to study natural medicine.

Jenni obtained a Bachelor of Science from Canterbury University, majoring in Zoology, then a Bachelor of Health Science from Charles Sturt University, for which she received a Dean’s Award for academic excellence. She also received Advanced Diplomas in both Naturopathy and Herbal Medicine from South Pacific College of Natural Therapeutics in Auckland.

Jenni began her role at Good Health as an in-store naturopath. She then moved into the marketing team specialising in providing technical information, research and product development, scientific validation, educational training and health advice on the 0800 Naturopathic adviceline.

Jenni ran a successful private naturopathic clinic in Auckland for two years prior to joining Good Health’s naturopathic team.

Questions?Call our Naturopathic advice line on 0800 44 66 34


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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Part 1. Anatomy & Physiology - How it worksAn overview of the following:

1. The function of the nervous system2. The structure and organisation of the nervous system3. The regions of the brain and what they do4. The function of the spinal cord5. The organisation and function of the peripheral nervous system6. The structure and function of nerve cells including neurons and

supporting cells

Part 2. Pathophysiology - What can go wrongUnderstanding the signs, symptoms, causes and treatment of the following conditions:

1. ADD / ADHD2. Stress, anxiety and panic attacks3. Insomnia4. Migraines and headaches

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Part 3. Anatomy and Physiology - How it worksAn overview of the following:

1. Functions and components of the blood2. The function of both red and white blood cells3. The structure of the heart and how the blood flows through it4. Regulation of the heart rate 5. The structure and function of the main blood vessels, arteries, capillaries

and veins6. What is blood pressure and what affects it

Part 4. Pathophysiology - What can go wrong Understanding the signs, symptoms, causes and treatment of the following conditions:

1. Cardiovascular disease / high blood cholesterol2. High blood pressure3. Poor or weak circulation4. Anaemia

Part 5. The QuestionsComplete the easy to follow questions for module two

GoalThe goal of Module two is to begin understanding our complex nervous system. We will cover everything from the intricate workings of our brain, through to the nerve cells and how they function in our body. We will also address common conditions that affect our nervous system and how to treat them.

The second system of this module is the cardiovascular system. We will look at the functions, components and the transport vessels of our blood and our heart - the pump that keeps our blood flowing from the top of our head to the tips of our toes. We will then examine what can go wrong with our heart, blood and blood vessels and how to keep them in good health.

Guidelines


Part one: The nervous systemANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOgY HOW IT WORkS

1. Functions of the nervous system• To provide control and communication between all

body systems• Involved in all individual behaviours; including every

thought, action and emotion• Processes information from all sensory perception

and transmits it to the appropriate body systems• Works in union with the endocrine (hormonal) system

to provide integration throughout the entire body

2. Structure of the nervous system

Cells of the Nervous System • Nerve tissue is made up of two types of cells: a. Neurons – the cells that conduct nerve

transmission b. Supporting cells – comprised of glial cells in the

CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; these cells assist the function of neurons

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

The central nervous system is comprised of: • The brain • The spinal cord

3. The brainThe brain is comprised of three main areas: (see diagram 1)• Cerebrum - this is the largest and most advanced

part of the brain. It controls all conscious behaviours. • Cerebellum – we are not consciously aware of

the workings of the cerebellum but it is known to streamline our movements

• Brain Stem – controls unconscious actions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Diagram 1: The main regions of the brain

Cerebrum• The largest part of the brain, accounting for about

83% of the total brain mass • Composed of 2 distinct hemispheres. It has a

convoluted appearance with many fissures (grooves), giving the brain a wrinkled look. (See diagram 2)

• Main regions of the cerebrum include: - Frontal lobe - Occipital lobe - Parietal lobe - Temporal lobe - Right Hemisphere - Left Hemisphere - Corpus callosum

Diagram 2: Regions of the Cerebrum

Functions of the regions within the Cerebrum:Frontal lobe:• Behaviour, thought, intellect, judgement


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• Problem solving, initiative• Some emotions, coordination of movements• Eye movements, sense of smell, muscle movements• Libido, skilled movements

Occipital lobe:• Vision• Reading

Parietal lobe:• Sense of touch• Response to internal stimuli• Sensory comprehension (understanding what we

see, hear, feel etc.)• Some language and reading functions• Some visual functions

Temporal lobe:• Auditory memories, some hearing, visual memories• Music, fear, some language, some speech• Some behaviour and emotions, sense of identity

or self

Right hemisphere:• Controls the left side of the body• Temporal and spatial relationships• Analysis of non-verbal information• Communicating emotion

Left hemisphere:• Controls the right side of the body• Produces and understands language

Corpus callosum:• Provides communication between the left and right

side of our brain

Cerebellum• Accounts for approximately 11% of the total brain

mass• We have no actual awareness of the workings of the

cerebellum as it functions subconsciously• Processes information from the motor region of the

frontal lobe and brain stem to make movements smoother, more coordinated and precise

• Facilitates balance and posture

Brain stem• Comprised of the Medulla and the Pons • Controls essential involuntary functions such as

breathing, heart rate and blood pressure• Provides a pathway between the brain and the spinal

cord• Provides additional motor and sensory pathways to

the face and body

Other structures within our brain• The limbic system is composed of the thalamus and

hypothalamus. These structures work together to modulate our emotions.

• The reticular formation is a network of nerves that run through the brain stem and thalamus and filter incoming sensory impulses to prevent brain overload, enabling us to sleep

• A theory exists that in children with ADD or ADHD this mechanism is less efficient therefore their brains are bombarded with sensory information, which in turn affects their behaviour

Protection of the Central Nervous System (CNS)• The nervous system tissue is very delicate and

can be damaged easily by head injuries, alcohol, pesticides and toxins (more reason to eat organic food), or a lack of oxygen

• Antioxidants are nutrients that help protect brain cells• The brain and spinal cord are enclosed within strong

bony structures that provide rigid protection. The skull protects the brain and the spine protects the spinal cord.

• Further protection for the brain is provided by the cushioning effect of the cerebrospinal fluid (special fluid found around the brain and spinal cord) and tough connective tissue membranes - the meninges

• The blood-brain barrier prevents toxins, fluctuating hormones, amino acids or chemical ions that may be present in the blood from entering the brain

4. Spinal cord • The spinal cord extends down from the base of the

skull through the spine to the upper lumbar regions (lower back)

• It is a thick, white band of nervous tissue that provides a two-way conduction pathway between the brain and the rest of the body

• Many spinal reflexes can independently activate complex motor activities such as those performed when walking or dancing

• Large spinal nerve roots called horns exit the spinal cord to form the peripheral nervous system

5. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)• The PNS provides a valuable link between the

outside world and the brain. It consists of all nerve tissue outside the CNS.

• The PNS is divided into the a. Somatic nervous systems b. Autonomic nervous systems• The Somatic nervous system is made up of nerves

that connect skeletal muscles. They initiate voluntary movement (motor) and sensory perception.

• The Autonomic nervous system is involuntary and


connects nerves from the CNS to cardiac muscles (heart), smooth muscles (surrounding arteries and organs), and glands

a. Somatic Nervous System• The somatic nervous system is comprised of two

types of nerves - sensory and motor i) Sensory nerves carry information to the brain ii) Motor nerves carry information away from the brain• Most nerve bundles are made from a combination of

sensory and motor nerves. They exit and enter the spinal cord in the form of spinal nerves.

(See diagram 3)• Large groups of nerves form a plexus. The brachial

plexus exits between the bones of the cervical (neck) spine and supply nerves to the arms and hands.

• The lumbar plexus exits between the bones of the lumbar spine (lower back) including the nerves to the legs and feet. The largest nerve in the body is the sciatic.

• Injury to the lower back commonly causes sciatica - pain in the sciatic nerve, which runs down the back of the leg

Diagram 3: The spinal nerves exiting the spine

• The Sensory system has specialised receptors for receiving stimuli from outside the body. This can be in the form of heat, light (eyes), taste (chemicals on the tongue), touch or pain

• Over-stimulation of any receptor can cause pain • Proprioreceptors respond to stimuli within the body - They are located in skeletal muscles, tendons,

joints, ligaments and the tissue covering our muscles and bones

- These receptors monitor the body’s movements by measuring the degree of stretch in the muscles

• Motor nerves are involved in movement• They receive information from the brain and spinal

cord to send to the skeletal muscles

• These nerves control movement, balance and posture

• Nerve supply to the head goes via the cranial nerves, not via the spinal cord

• The cranial nerves allow movement of the eyes, tongue and facial muscles; enabling us to see, hear, eat and make facial expressions

b. Autonomic Nervous System• Consists of two divisions: a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic• These two divisions have opposing effects and

provide the nerve supply of both cardiac and smooth muscles, including the internal organs

• These two systems complement each other to help the body maintain balance

• The sympathetic nerves activate our body during severe circumstances such as fear, danger, anger, exercise and stress

• The parasympathetic nerves reverse the effects of the sympathetic system so the body’s responses return to normal

• The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are controlled by the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

• Understanding these systems highlights how we digest food more efficiently when we are relaxed and how stress can affect our health

Sympathetic Nervous SystemStimulation of this system is often referred to as the

‘fight or flight’ response. This prepares the body for an emergency and enables us to respond physically, see clearly and think decisively.

It does this by:• Stimulating the adrenal glands to produce the stress

hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline• Increasing perspiration• Dilating the pupils• Causing the hair follicle muscles to erect producing

‘goose bumps’• Increasing the rate and force of the heartbeat• Inhibiting urination• Dilating bronchioles within the lungs to increase

oxygen intake• Decreasing the activity and blood flow of the

digestive tract • Redirecting blood flow to the skeletal muscles, heart,

brain and lungs• Stimulating the liver to release glucose for increased

energy levels• Constricting most blood vessels and increasing

blood pressure


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Cell body:• The cell body is usually spherical in shape and

contains the cell organelles and nucleus (containing the genetic material)

• The main metabolic activities of a nerve cell take place within the cell body

• Most neurons have their cell body within the brain or spinal cord (CNS) where they are protected by the bones of the skull or spine

Axon:• Each neuron has a single axon that may be very

short or very long. For example, the axon that activates the muscle in the big toe originates from the cell body in the lumbar area of the spinal cord.

• A long axon such as the one described, is known as a nerve fibre

• The axons are the functional (working) structures involved in nerve conduction. Axons carry information away from the cell body

Dendrites:• Dendrites are generally multi-branched extensions of

the cell body. Their function is to receive information and conduct it to the cell body.

• They can also communicate with dendrites and axons of other cells

Supporting cells• These cells enable the neurons to function efficiently.

They segregate and insulate the neurons to avoid interference from other nerve impulses.

a) Neuroglia (glial cells):• This is the collective term for all supporting cells

within the CNS• Neuroglia are smaller than neurons and outnumber

them by 9:1. They make up approximately half the brain.

• Some functions of glial cells: - Glial cells act as immune presenting cells - Rebalance electrical ion levels surrounding

the neurons - Help clean up any damaged nerve cells or

invading micro-organisms - Help circulate cerebrospinal fluid - Provide an insulating barrier around axons to

aid electrical transmission. This barrier is known as the myelin sheath.

b) Satellite and Schwann cells• These are the supporting cells of the PNS• They have similar functions to the glial cells of

the CNS• The Schwann cells surround the nerve fibres to form

Parasympathetic Nervous System:• The parasympathetic nervous system acts to return

the body to its normal balanced state • This system is most active during non-stressful

periods and is known as the ‘resting and digesting’ division

• The parasympathetic nervous system is designed to conserve energy, promote digestion and stimulate the elimination of faeces and urine

It does this by:• Increasing gut motility, digestive secretions and

relaxing sphincters• Constricting the pupils• Improving close-up visual acuity• Decreasing heart rate, therefore promoting a slow

and steady heart beat• Relaxing the urethral sphincter to promote urination• Constricting the bronchioles within the lungs

6. Nerve tissue structureNerve tissue is highly complex and densely compacted. It is comprised of two main types of cells:• Neurons – cells that transmit electrical signals• Supporting cells – smaller cells that surround the

delicate neurons

Neurons a. Neurons, or nerve cells, are the highly specialised

units that conduct electrical messages via nerve impulses

b. They also have other distinctive characteristics: - Longevity - providing they receive adequate

nutrition, neurons can live for over 100 years - They are unable to divide once they are mature,

therefore once destroyed they cannot be replaced - Neurons have a very high metabolic rate, and

therefore need a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose

- They are generally quite large and complex cells (See diagram 4)

Neurons are comprised of a cell body, an axon and dendrite

Diagram 4: The neuron


Part two: The nervous systemWHAT CAN gO WRONg

1. Attention deficit disorder (ADD) & Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Signs and symptoms• Inattention and/or poor concentration• Easily distracted or easily bored• Impulsive behaviour• Overactive or restless behaviour• Failure to finish tasks• Poor listening skills• Abrupt shifts of activity• Emotional and behaviour swings• Poor organizational skills• Learning difficulties• Disorders of memory and thinking• Affects approximately 5% of children• 50-60% of children will outgrow their symptoms by

the time they reach their 20’s or they will be better able to deal with the disorder

• Each child or adult will have his or her own set of unique symptoms

Causes• Brain injury• Essential fatty acid deficiency• Heavy metal toxicity e.g. lead, mercury, cadmium,

copper or aluminium• Food or food additive sensitivities and allergies• Environmental toxins• High carbohydrate or low protein diet• Thyroid disorders• Blood sugar fluctuations• Frequent ear infections or otitis media• Exposure to alcohol or drugs in utero• Impaired inhibitory mechanisms in the brain• Over-active limbic system in the brain creating

heightened vigilance and increased emotional outbursts

Treatment• Refer to a naturopath for testing of food allergies and

heavy metal toxicity• Common allergens include wheat, dairy products,

chocolate, oranges, eggs, peanuts and sugar. Keep these foods to a minimum as well as processed foods, artificial colouring, flavouring and preservatives.

myelin sheaths, which allow faster transmission of nerve impulses

• Inflammation of the Schwann cells occurs in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and causes disruptions in nerve transmission

Nerve connections and transmission• Electrical and chemical signals are used by neurons

to communicate and transfer information around the body

• Each neuron can make as many as 10 000 contacts with other neurons

• That makes 1015 (10 with 15 zeros) nerve-to-nerve connections (doesn’t that make you feel brainy!)

The synapse• The synapse is the junction between neurons or

between a neuron and a gland; a neuron and an organ; or a neuron and a muscle that is being acted upon or influenced

• These synapses act as exchanges for ions or neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) between cells

Diagram 5: The synapse

• When a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal, (Ca2+) calcium ions enter the cells and promote neurotransmitter release. Neurotransmitters then travel across the synapse and bind to the postsynaptic membrane receptors allowing the opening of the ion channel. This is short-lived because the neurotransmitter is destroyed or recycled and the channel closes. (See Diagram 5)

• Neurotransmitters can be classed as excitatory, inhibitory or both

• Nerves use synapses to communicate with muscles, causing them to relax or contract

• Alternatively, nerves communicate with organs, influencing them to secrete hormones or other neurotransmitters


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• Avoid sugar, soft drinks and sugar-filled cordials• To prevent low blood sugar ensure the child has

regular protein filled meals• Ensure the child eats plenty of fresh organic

vegetables to improve nutrition• Eat wholegrains such as brown rice, oats and

millet because they are low glycaemic index (slowly absorbed) carbohydrates and full of nutrients

• Studies have shown a low allergy diet and additional nutritional supplements reduce ADD and ADHD behaviour

• Some children respond to osteopathic treatment• For children over two years of age add relaxing

essential oils to their bath – e.g. try adding Lavender, Chamomile or Lemon balm. Try herbal teas such as Chamomile, Lemon balm, Skullcap, Nettle or Oat straw. Cool and add fruit juice to improve the taste. Use at night to aid sleep or to calm down an overactive child.

Good Health supplementsEFA brain food™ /Children’s omega +™ (previously known as ADD™)• This formula contains both omega 3 and

omega 6 essential fatty acids (EFA) from fish and Evening primrose oil (EPO). These essential fats are the building blocks of the nervous system and support normal growth and functioning including cell communication and cell membrane function.

• Available in both liquid (peppermint flavoured) and capsules

• Phosphatidylserine from lecithin is an important lipid found in high concentrations in the brain. It supports brain and nerve function, including memory, concentration, attention and behaviour.

• Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in our body by helping to protect cells and cell membranes

• Vitamin E also aids EFA metabolism

Flaxomega™ or Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™ • These are other Good Health products that

provide omega 3 essential fatty acids

• Flax oil can be added to smoothies or mayonnaise

• Older children and adults can swallow Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™ capsules

Revitalise™• A combination of vitamin C, Magnesium and

Zinc to support nutrient levels and behaviour in children

• Zinc and Magnesium are the two most important minerals for children with behavioural problems

Spirulina• A natural source of nutrients to boost

children’s nutrition

• Easy to add to shakes to increase ‘greens’ in the diet

• Contains B vitamins, iron and zinc in the body – nutrients known to support ADD and ADHD

Deep sleep™• A natural source of 5HTP to support brain

levels of serotonin

• Low levels of serotonin is linked to symptoms of ADD or ADHD

• We only recommend this product for use in children over 12 years of age due to the lack of research of use in younger children

High 5HTP™• Provides a high dose of plant derived 5HTP

per capsule to support serotonin production

Colostrum• Promotes healthy digestion and absorption of

nutrients• Supports healing of the digestive tract in cases

of food allergies and behavioural problems

2. Stress, anxiety and panic attacksSigns and symptoms• Raised pulse rate and increased blood pressure• Palpitations• Inability to get enough air or tightness in the chest• Sighing• Dizziness• Sweating• Dry mouth• Hyperventilation• Weakness and fatigue• Headaches• Mood swings• Reduced concentration• Muscle tension• Sleep disturbances• Immune weakness causing frequent infections


Good Health supplementsDeep sleep™ • Contains 5HTP, a natural precursor to the

brain neurotransmitter serotonin our ‘feel good hormone’ in the body. Managing serotonin levels supports the body in times of stress, anxiety and nervous tension.

• The herbs Passionflower, Jamaican dogwood and Californian poppy support the body in times of stress, anxiety, nervous tension and sleeping problems

• Vitamin B6 supports the conversion of 5HTP to serotonin

• Magnesium is useful as a muscle relaxant and anti-stress nutrient

Causes

• Excess caffeine intake

• High blood lactic acid levels

• Decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood

• Stress and overwork

• Social, relationship or lifestyle pressures

• Shock or trauma

• Disease states and/or pain

• Adrenal exhaustion

• Magnesium and/or calcium deficiency

• Low tryptophan levels in the body

• Food allergies

• Modern life in general!

Treatment

• Avoid all caffeine-based drinks such as tea, coffee and coke

• Avoid alcohol, sugary and processed foods

• Check for heavy metal poisoning

• Drink soda water if hyperventilation and panic attacks occur because it increases carbon dioxide levels in the blood

• Maintain a healthy diet - plenty of lean protein, fruit and vegetables

• Learn relaxation and breathing techniques to reduce stress

• Have a regular exercise program

• Take time out to rest and relax on weekends and schedule regular holidays to recharge

• Drink relaxing herbal teas such as Chamomile, Passionflower or Lemon Balm

• Eat foods high in potassium to nourish the nervous system such as banana, avocado, lima beans and potato

High 5HTP™• Provides a high dose of plant derived 5HTP

per capsule to support serotonin production• Serotonin plays an important role in the

modulation of mood, sleep, appetite and stress resistance

• 5HTP supports mental wellbeing

B stress free™• B vitamins support the nervous system,

adrenal and brain function • B5 and Vitamin C support the production of

adrenal (stress) hormones to help the body deal with stressful situations

• The herbs Passionflower and Valerian support relaxation

• Panax ginseng and Liquorice are adrenal tonics, to support stressed out adrenal glands

• The minerals Calcium, Magnesium, Selenium, Manganese, Potassium and Zinc are required for healthy adrenal function

EFA brain food™ / Children’s omega +™ (previously known as ADD™)• EFA’s are important for healthy brain and

nervous system function• Studies show fish oil supports the nervous

system in times of anxiety, low moods and supports memory and concentration

Additional SupplementsFlaxomega™ Flaxseed oil, Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™

Support ProductsFemzone™• Contains nutrients to support the body in

times of hormonal fluctuations such as PMS – including symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, tearfulness as well as cramps and cravings

Spirulina• A complete green food to boost energy and

nutrient levels

3. InsomniaSigns and symptoms• This is not a disorder but a symptom of other

problems that may need addressing• Insomnia can range from the occasional sleepless

night to chronic sleeplessness• There are two main types: a. sleep onset – difficulty falling asleep b. sleep maintenance – frequent or early wakening


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• Chronic insomnia may lead to more serious health problems

• Immune weakness and infections may result from the reduced healing and rejuvenation caused by the lack of sleep

• Decreased well being and vitality• Increased feelings of irritability and a reduced ability

to cope with everyday stresses• Reduced concentration and memory• Reduced energy levels

Causes• Stress and anxiety• Depression• Pain• Emotional problems• Environmental noise• Shift work• Drugs and alcohol• Some medications• Caffeine products• Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) or food allergies• Emotional arousal• Temperature variations• Nutritional deficiencies• Heavy metal poisoning• Sleep apnoea• Hormonal imbalances

Treatment• Avoid all stimulants including – coffee, tea, chocolate,

caffeine containing fizzy drinks, alcohol and recreational drugs. Alcohol reduces REM sleep and disrupts serotonin levels, reducing the quality of sleep.

• Avoid excessive exercise or activity before bed – reading before sleep may help• Eat a small snack before bed to maintain blood

sugar levels throughout the night. Try cheese and crackers or a banana.

• Learn relaxation or meditation techniques• Exercise at least three times per week• Get regular massages to reduce muscle tension• Consider counselling if emotional issues are

preventing sleep• Have a regular bedtime and stick to it – between

9pm and 10.30pm. Get up at the same time every morning, between 6am and 7.30am.

• Get plenty of sunlight and fresh air• Use essential oils such as Lavender, Chamomile,

Marjoram, Mandarin, Rose, Neroli or Valerian. Add 2-3 drops to the bath or in a burner in the bedroom before going to bed.

• Make sure the mattress and bed are comfortable and the sheets are clean and fresh

Good Health supplements

Deep sleep™ • Contains 5HTP, a naturally sourced precursor

to serotonin, the brain neurotransmitter, that helps support healthy sleeping patterns, relaxation and mental wellbeing

• 5HTP supports REM, rapid eye movement, the deepest of our sleep cycles for a restorative sleep

• The herbs California Poppy, Passionflower and Jamaican Dogwood support the body in times of stress, anxiety and sleeping problems

Deep sleep night cap™• A delicious malt and butterscotch drink mixed

with hot milk• The herbs Chamomile, Passionflower and

Californian Poppy support the body in times of anxiety and stress as well as supporting relaxation and sleep

High 5HTP™ • Provides a high dose of plant derived 5HTP


modulation of mood, sleep, appetite and stress resistance

• 5HTP supports mental wellbeing

Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™ or Flaxomega™ Flaxseed oil• Essential fatty acids are important for optimal

brain function and formation of ‘endogenous sleep inducing lipids’

• Supports healthy brain chemicals

Revitalise™• Vitamin C and Magnesium are two nutrients

crucial to healthy nervous system function

Men’s or Women’s multi plus™ or B stress free™• Provides B vitamins that are essential to the

healthy functioning of the nervous system• Vitamins B6 and B3 enhance the conversion

of tryptophan to serotonin

Mg lax™• A rich source of Magnesium, the most

important mineral for relaxation and stress reduction


4. Migraines and headachesSigns and symptoms

Headaches• Dull pain, pressure, band-like squeezing or pressing

pain

Migraine• A more intense throbbing, pounding, rhythmic or

pulsating type of pain• May be preceded by vague mood changes, cravings,

yawning or visual disturbances (auras)• The pain may last from a few hours to several days

and can be debilitating• Nausea and vomiting can accompany the pain• Light sensitivity may occur causing the person to

want to lie down in a dark room• After the pain has subsided there may be feelings of

malaise, tiredness or a washed out feeling• More women than men suffer from migraines (ratio of 3:1)

Causes• Food and/or drug sensitivities (e.g. the pill)• Post-alcohol consumption or lack of sleep• Genetic predisposition• Low blood sugar• Caffeine, nicotine or drug withdrawal• High blood pressure• Infections and/or inflammation• Dehydration• Constipation• Metabolic mineral imbalances or deficiencies• Fever• Stress or muscle tension• Spinal misalignments• Head injuries or brain tumours• Emotions, glare, eyestrain, noise or changes in the

weather or barometric pressure• Hormonal fluctuations• Sinus or teeth problems• Foods such as – cheese, chocolate, bananas, citrus,

coffee, tea, cola, milk, beer, pizza and preserved meats may trigger headaches or migraines

• Liver sluggishness



per capsule to support serotonin production• Low levels of serotonin have been linked to an

increase in incidence, frequency, intensity and duration of migraines

Deep sleep™ • Migraine sufferers have been found to have

low levels of serotonin, contributing to a reduced pain threshold. 5HTP in Deep sleep™ naturally helps support serotonin levels.

• The herbs Californian poppy, Jamaican dogwood and Passionflower support the body in times of stress, anxiety, and mental tension

Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™ or Flaxomega™ Flaxseed oil• Essential fatty acids (EFAs) support healthy

brain chemicals and blood vessel health

Glucozone™ • A comprehensive formula to support optimal

blood sugar regulation and insulin balance• Helps to balance blood sugar; low blood

sugar has been linked to migraines

Body cleanse™• A comprehensive body detox program to

support liver and bowel function and the overall elimination of toxins

• Poor liver function and toxin accumulation is

Body cleanse™• Regular liver and bowel cleansing helps

maintain good elimination of toxins and waste products to enhance health and well-being, including sleep

Femone™• Supports the body in times of hormonal

changes which may affect sleeping patterns

Treatment• Drink at least eight glasses of purified water per day• Refer to a naturopath for allergy tests• Reduce refined processed foods (sugar, white flour,

food additives etc.)• Eat small regular meals to maintain blood sugar

levels• See an osteopath for spinal analysis• Reduce stress and anxiety• Support any presenting infections with Viralex®• Avoid coffee, alcohol and recreational drugs• Cold packs to the forehead and the back of the neck

may alleviate the pain• Get regular exercise or practise deep breathing

techniques to increase circulation to the brain• Lavender and Peppermint oils on the temples may

reduce the pain of headaches and migraines


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associated with headaches• Milk thistle supports healthy liver function• The blood purifiers Red clover, Burdock

and Yellow dock support all the channels of elimination to support detoxification

Mg lax™• Magnesium deficiency has been shown to be

a contributing factor in migraines• Magnesium supports blood vessel stability• Magnesium deficiency is very common,

especially in people who are stressed. Stress depletes magnesium, and low magnesium levels exaggerate the stress response.

Ginkgo max™• Ginkgo supports circulation and oxygenation

to the brain as well as healthy blood vessel function

B stress free™, Women’s or Men’s multi plus™• B complex vitamins support the nervous

system and the nutritional status of the body to maintain optimal health

• Vitamin B6 supports serotonin conversion in the brain

Opti CoQ10™• Co Q10 has been found to help this condition

by normalising energy production in the cells

Joint zone™• It has been found that migraine sufferers

taking glucosamine for their arthritis have a reduced incidence of migraines

Femzone™• Supports the body in times of pre-menstrual

hormonal headaches

Femone™• Supports the body in times of menopausal

headaches

Part three: The cardiovascular systemANATOMY & PHYSIOLOgYHOW IT WORkS

The Cardiovascular System is divided into three components:1. Blood2. Heart3. Blood vessels

1. Blood• Blood is the river of life and acts as the supreme

carrier of the sustenance each of our cells need. Since antiquity it has had a magical appeal as the

‘essence’ of life.• Blood is the vehicle of the cardiovascular system• The arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the

heart to the organs• The capillaries carry the blood to the tissues and

cells and then back to the veins• Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart to

start the process again• Blood is a specialised type of connective tissue and

is made up of different components

The functions of blood• Distribution of: - Oxygen - Nutrients from the digestive system - Waste products to elimination organs - Hormones to their target organs• Regulation of: - Body temperature: by diverting blood to the skin

surface (reducing body heat) or keeping it to the core of the body (increasing body temperature)

- pH: blood components can act as buffers to prevent dramatic changes in acidity or alkalinity

• Protection from: - Blood loss: due to clotting factors - Infection: due to antibodies, complement proteins

and white blood cells, to defend our body

Components of blood• There are 2 main components of blood: - Plasma, the non-living fluid matrix - Red and white blood cells

Plasma• 90% of plasma is water


Destruction of RBCs• After 100 – 120 days the RBCs become rigid, fragile

and their haemoglobin begins to deteriorate• They are destroyed in the spleen and the iron is

stored for future use• The heme group is broken down into bilirubin that is

released into the blood to be picked up by the liver and excreted through bile into the faeces

White Blood Cells (WBCs)• These account for only 1% of the total blood volume• They form part of the immune or defence system• They are able to leave the blood stream and enter

tissues as needed• We have five different types of WBCs: Neutrophils,

Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

Neutrophils• Are the most numerous of the WBCs in the blood

and are involved with killing bacteria and fungi

Lymphocytes• Are the second most numerous WBCs and, as their

name suggests, are also found in lymphatic tissue

Types of lymphocytes• T lymphocytes act upon viral and cancer infected

cells• B lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight infectious

micro-organisms

Monocytes• These differentiate into specialised cells called

macrophages that are capable of engulfing bacteria and viruses. They also activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response.

Eosinophils• Their most important role is fighting parasitic

infections such as flatworms, tapeworms and flukes• They are also involved in allergic reactions

Basophils• These are the rarest WBCs in the blood stream and

are involved in inflammatory responses

Haemostasis (Blood stopping)• This is the process that occurs to prevent all our

blood leaking from our body if a breach of a blood vessel occurs

• It is a complex and well controlled process involving: - Vascular spasm - Platelet plug formation

• 8% of plasma is plasma protein; the most common plasma protein is albumin. It creates an important osmotic gradient (keeping water in the blood stream) and acts as a buffer.

• Other components include nutrients, hormones, waste products, antibodies, clotting factors and electrolytes

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)• These small flat disc-like cells have the important

function of transporting the gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body

• Red blood cells are full of haemoglobin, which is the key oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying component of blood

• As oxygen deficient blood flows through the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and red blood cells to bind with iron in haemoglobin and form oxyhaemoglobin. This gives blood its bright red colour.

• In the tissues the opposite occurs, oxygen detaches from the iron to diffuse into the cells and tissues. The molecule is now called deoxyhaemoglobin and the blood becomes a dark red colour.

• Carbon dioxide is carried around the body by the globin component of the haemoglobin and is carried to the lungs to be excreted via breathing

Production of Red Blood Cells• RBCs are formed within the red bone marrow of

some of the large or flat bones• To maintain healthy levels of RBCs, 2 million are

produced per second in healthy people!• The hormone erythropoietin stimulates the

production of RBCs• Men generally have higher numbers of RBCs than

women as testosterone enhances erythropoietin production. Premenopausal women lose RBCs through menstruation.

Nutrients required for healthy RBCs production

Iron• Iron forms part of the haemoglobin molecule where

oxygen binds• 65% of the body’s iron is found in haemoglobin,

while the rest is stored in our liver, spleen or in protein-iron complexes such as ferritin or hemosiderin

• Low iron levels cause a decrease in the size and number of RBCs

Vitamins• Vitamins B6 and B12 are essential for the DNA and

RNA involved in maturation and cell division of RBCs• Low levels of these B vitamins produce large, weak

RBCs with a shortened life span


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Heart valves• The atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid)

prevent the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

• The pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves prevent back flow into the ventricles when they are relaxing

Blood flow to the heart• The heart muscle itself receives blood from the

coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta• These are the arteries that, when blocked, cause

angina or if severely blocked, heart attacks due to the obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle

• Blood is delivered to the heart during the relaxation phase

• Venous blood from the heart is collected by the cardiac veins

Heart muscle cells• These cells are full of mitochondria (the energy

organelles within the cells) so have high requirements for oxygen

• The heart cells unlike other cells rely almost entirely on aerobic metabolism, so they cannot function optimally in low oxygen states. But, unlike nervous system cells, heart muscle cells can use fatty acids as a fuel as well as glucose.

• Heart cells work together as a unit to beat in a rhythmic and uniform way

• The heartbeat is controlled by specialised pacemaker cells, which are stimulated by the vagus nerve from the brain

Regulation of heart rate• The heart can pump 5 litres of blood per minute!• That’s a person’s entire blood volume through the

heart every minute

The heart rate can vary due to many factors:• Activation of the sympathetic nervous system due

to emotional or physical stress such as fear, anxiety, excitement or exercise increases the heart rate, due to the hormone adrenalin

• The heart is also affected by mineral concentrations in the blood. Changes in the concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium or magnesium can affect heart muscle contractions and cause arrhythmia - an abnormal heart beat rhythm. Very high blood levels of sodium or very low levels of potassium can be life threatening.

• Other factors influencing heart rate include age, sex, exercise and body temperature

• Tachycardia is the term for an abnormally fast heart rate

• Bradycardia is the term for an abnormally slow heart rate

- Blood clotting - Repair of damage by fibrous tissue

2. The heart• The heart beats approx. 90 000 times per day and

we barely notice it• It is located behind the ribs and is about the size of a

clenched fist. It is surrounded by a special sac called the pericardium.

• The heart functions as two separate pumps• The right side pumps blood to the lungs for

oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)• The left side pumps blood to the whole body

(systemic circulation)

Diagram 6: The ventricles and valves of the heart

Pulmonary circulation• Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation

enters the right atrium of the heart (see diagram 6)• The blood then enters the right ventricle through the

tricuspid valve and is pumped into the lungs via the pulmonary arteries to receive oxygen

• This system is low pressure to allow the gradual diffusion of gases in the lungs

Systemic circulation• The oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left

atrium via the pulmonary veins, and then enters the left ventricle to be pumped to the body via the large artery called the aorta

• The left side of the heart contains a larger muscular wall in order to pump the blood around the body to ensure the all parts of the body receive sufficient blood supply

• This is a high pressure system


Diagram 7: The layers of the Blood Vessels

Arteries• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart• Consist of strong, elastic walls to cope with the

pressure of blood coming directly from the heart• The ample amounts of elastin enable the arteries

to withstand this pressure and prevent pressure fluctuations. Thus the blood flows smoothly, although the blood is pulsated into the vessels by the pumping action of the heart.

• As the arteries branch and form arterioles the amount of elastin decreases and the amount of muscle in the tunica media increases and becomes more reactive to vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Capillaries• These are the finest and smallest vessels containing

only the tunica intima layer• They allow gas exchange in cells and tissues due to

their thin structure• Capillaries do not work independently but form

dense networks called capillary beds that make up the body’s microcirculation

Veins• Veins contain all 3 tunics but their walls are thinner

and the lumens are larger than the corresponding arteries due to a relatively lower blood pressure

• Veins contain much less smooth muscle and elastin in the tunica media

• Veins act as blood reservoirs and can hold as much as 65% of our total blood volume in capacitance vessels

• To prevent the backflow of blood, veins contain valves formed from folds in the tunica intima. They

• Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the demands of the body. This leads to a backflow of blood and consequent oedema (fluid) in the body or lungs.

• Atherosclerosis is the insidious build up and damage that occurs to blood vessels with age. If they become too blocked or damaged a heart attack or stroke can occur.

3. Blood vesselsThere are 3 main types of blood vessels:• Arteries• Capillaries• Veins

• Arteries are the large vessels that carry blood from the heart. These then branch into smaller arterioles and finally the very small capillaries.

• Blood then drains into venules, small veins and then large veins to be transported back to the heart

• This collection of blood vessels carries the blood around the body and if laid out would cover approx. 100 000km!

The Structure of Blood VesselsThey consist of three layers (tunics) surrounding a central space (lumen). (See diagram 7)• Tunica intima• Tunica media• Tunica adventitia(The exception is capillaries, which only contain the tunica intima)

Tunica intima • Is the inner most layer and consists of flat cells to

provide a slick surface for the blood to flow over

Tunica media• Contains layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle

and elastin• The smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic

nervous system and can cause vasoconstriction - a narrowing of the lumen of the vessel, or vasodilation

- a widening of the lumen• These small changes in blood vessel diameter

influence blood flow and blood pressure• This is the largest layer due to the bulk of the smooth

muscle

Tunica adventitia• Is the outer most layer and consists of loose

collagen fibres to protect the vessel and anchor it to surrounding tissue

• Nerve fibres, lymphatic vessels and sometimes-tiny blood vessels can infiltrate this layer in arteries


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centre in the brain, which monitors blood pressure• The vasomotor centre detects changes then dilates

or constricts the blood vessels, or alters heart rate to restore balance

Hormonal and chemical controlHormones that increase blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction:a. Adrenalinb. Noradrenalinc. Anti-diuretic hormoned. Angiotensin II

Chemicals that decrease BP by promoting vasodilation:a. Atrial natriuretic peptideb. Nitric oxidec. Alcohol

Long-term control of Blood Pressure• The kidneys have a direct effect on the regulation of

blood pressure by monitoring blood volume• When the blood pressure rises, our kidneys can

excrete excess fluid by increasing urine output• When the blood pressure falls the kidneys retain fluid

and thus increase the blood volume• Falling blood pressure stimulates the kidneys to

release a hormone called renin, which triggers the formation of angiotensin II to stimulate vasoconstriction. Additionally, aldosterone is released promoting the retention of salt and water.

Blood pressure tends to rise as we age

Ideally the blood pressure should be below: Systolic - 130 mmHgDiastolic - 85 mmHgAnything above may indicate hypertension or high blood pressure.

Low blood pressure is considered normal in healthy individuals but can be a sign of poor nutrition (anaemia, low protein levels in the blood), disease, circulatory shock or extreme blood loss.

are especially valuable in the veins of the legs, to help counteract the downward pull of gravity.

• Respiratory and muscular pumps aid venous return to the heart

• The respiratory pump occurs due to pressure changes within the abdomen during breathing. The muscular pump occurs due to skeletal contractions

“milking” the blood back to the heart.

Blood pressure (BP)• Blood pressure is the force per unit area exerted on

the wall of a blood vessel by flowing blood• It is measured in mmHg (millilitres of mercury)• The systolic (top) reading measures the heart during

an active beat• The diastolic (bottom) is the reading during relaxation

(between beats)• 120 systolic and 80 diastolic is considered normal at

rest (120/80) mmHg• Blood always flows from high-pressure zones to

low-pressure zones, enabling the body to maintain perfusion to all tissue and allow blood to flow back to the heart

• The maintenance of our blood pressure is very important to ensure our organs have adequate blood supply to function correctly

Three factors that influence blood pressure 1. Cardiac output – the amount of blood pumped in

one minute2. Peripheral resistance – a measure of the amount of

friction encountered by blood as it flows through the blood vessels. Small changes in blood vessel diameter can have dramatic effects on blood pressure.

3. Blood volume – the amount of blood within the circulatory system

Blood pressure = cardiac output X peripheral resistance

Thus, during exercise the heart increases cardiac output and increases blood pressure. If stress causes the blood vessels to contract and increase peripheral resistance, blood pressure increases. These are just a couple of examples of how blood pressure changes temporarily.

What controls the blood pressure?

The Brain • Neural controls regulate blood pressure by

monitoring changes in specialised receptors• Baroreceptors (stretch receptors) pick up changes in

blood vessel extension• Chemoreceptors monitor the oxygen or pH of the

blood• These receptors send information to the vasomotor


• Atherosclerotic lesions accumulate even more cholesterol oxides and calcium crystal deposits that further reduce the elasticity of the artery. This can increase blood pressure due to the decreased flexibility of the blood vessels.

• Fibrous plaques can cause stagnation of blood in our blood vessels that can lead to blood clots. Clots can then block the artery, resulting in a heart attack (blocked coronary artery) or stroke (blocked artery to the brain).

• As well as damaging the internal blood vessel, the red and white blood cells and platelets can also become damaged. These damaged platelets can trigger small blood clots.

• HDL is considered beneficial because it is involved in carrying cholesterol away from the arteries towards the liver where it is broken down and removed or recycled

Arteriosclerosis is a condition that progresses very slowly and is a combination of oxidative and inflammatory damage. Prevention and treatment involves antioxidant nutrients and anti-inflammatory agents.

Conditions associated with arteriosclerosis

1. High blood cholesterol & triglycerides

Signs and symptoms• Fatty deposits in the sclera (white) of the eye or

under the skin around the eye• Extremely high fat levels in the blood may cause liver

or spleen enlargement that can lead to abdominal pain

• Blood tests are the best indication• Sometimes these conditions are asymptomatic• The New Zealand guidelines for healthy cholesterol/

triglyceride levels are: - Total cholesterol less than or equal to 5.0mmol - HDL cholesterol greater than 1.0mmol - LDL cholesterol less than 2.5mmol - Triglycerides less than 2.0mmol

Causes• A diet high in saturated, oxidised or hydrogenated

fats, cholesterol containing foods and processed carbohydrates such as white flour and sugar

• Genetic factors - some people are predisposed to high LDL cholesterol, e.g. familial hypercholesteraemia, where the LDL receptors are deficient or defective (1 in 500 people)

• Elevated Lipoprotein(a), a particularly damaging lipoprotein (vitamin C deficiency may increase

Part four: The cardiovascular systemWHAT CAN gO WRONg

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries)• Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes

of death in New Zealand• Fatty streaks, the precursors to cardiovascular

disease, develop slowly and can be seen in children’s blood vessels by the age of 10

• Atherosclerosis is the most common type of arteriosclerosis. It is a condition whereby the arteries accumulate cholesterol oxides and become thickened and narrowed.

• The vessels that supply blood to the heart (the coronary arteries) are often affected and total occlusion (blockage) can result in a heart attack

• When the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become blocked a stroke can result

The development of atherosclerosis• Cholesterol and fats are carried in the body by

specialised fat-carrying proteins called lipoproteins • There are two main classes of lipoprotein: - LDL low-density lipoprotein (commonly called ‘bad’

cholesterol) - HDL high-density lipoprotein (commonly called

‘good’ cholesterol)• LDL is the major carrier of cholesterol within our

body. It delivers cholesterol to cells that need it. In abnormal conditions cholesterol is also deposited in the smooth muscle fibres of our arteries.

• LDL’s are very susceptible to damage by oxidation (the process by which a molecule is chemically changed). Damaged cells are detected by the body’s immune system and destroyed by macrophages (White blood cells that engulf unwanted material)

• Unfortunately, not all the damaged LDL’s are destroyed and these can accumulate within our artery walls

• White blood cells called monocytes also gather and cause further oxidative damage

• This process eventually damages the inside of the arterial wall and promotes the formation of foam cells; cells that contain harmful oxidised cholesterol molecules

• These foam cells join up to form fatty streaks that produce a fibrous protein called collagen. Collagen creates a fibrous plaque which can narrow the lumen of the artery and decrease blood flow.


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Lipoprotein(a))• Liver damage or disease• Smoking• Low thyroid function• High homocysteine levels – these cause an

increase in LDL oxidation. (Homocysteine levels may be decreased by B6, B12 and folic acid supplementation)

• Low levels of vitamin C may increase the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver

• Low levels of antioxidants, especially vitamin E• Poorly controlled diabetes• Stress

Treatment• A diet low in saturated fats and processed

carbohydrates, especially sugars• Use olive oil or avocado oil for cooking and flax oil for

dressings. Use no processed fats such as margarine or fried oils that may oxidise.

• Increase dietary fibre to help cholesterol removal via the bowel. Oat bran and rice bran are good fibre sources.

• Eat more fish and less red meat• Avoid tea, coffee and smoking• Drink 2 litres of pure water daily• Eat lots of fresh vegetables and berries such as

cherries, blueberries and raspberries for their antioxidant content (anthocyanidins)

• Reduce alcohol intake as it increases triglyceride levels and impairs liver function

• Check homocysteine and blood sugar levels regularly• Do a regular Body cleanse™ detox for optimal liver

function• Undertake regular aerobic exercise• Keep within a healthy weight range• Increase dietary intake of garlic and onions• Vegetarians have far lower rates of heart disease;

therefore diets based on more fruit, vegetables and plant-based proteins are associated with a healthier cardiovascular system


Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™, Super omega 3 Health guard™ fish oil • Fish oil supports overall cardiovascular health

and function

Flaxomega™ Flaxseed oil• Flax oil has a similar effect to fish oil because

our body can convert flax oil into EPA + DHA

• Approximately 2 tablespoons of flax oil are equivalent to 2 capsules of fish oil

Opti CoQ10™• CoQ10 supports healthy cholesterol levels • The statin drugs, administrated by Doctors

to reduce cholesterol e.g. Lipex, also reduce levels of CoQ10

• This possibly contributes to reduced heart muscle function and reduced antioxidant levels in the body

• CoQ10 is a fat-soluble antioxidant that is important for energy production within the body

• Opti CoQ10™ is blended with fish oil to support absorption and provide beneficial essential fatty acids

Revitalise™ • Vitamin C, Bioflavonoids and Magnesium are

essential nutrients for cardiovascular health

Flaxofibre™, Flaxomucil™ or Flaxoslim™• These products are bulk-forming laxatives

that are comprised of soluble fibres. These products support blood lipid levels by binding to bile acids and supporting cholesterol excretion via the bowel.

Body cleanse™ • Optimal liver function is important for

cholesterol metabolism• Milk thistle provides support for optimal liver

detoxification as well has having antioxidant effects to support the body from free radical damage

• The fibre in Multi fibre™ capsules supports cholesterol excretion via the bowel

Glucozone™ • A comprehensive formula to support optimal

blood sugar regulation and insulin balance• This formula also provides support for

healthy cardiovascular function and optimal cholesterol levels

Vitis™• Vitis™ is made from an extract of grape

seeds and contains the potent antioxidant compounds proanthocyanidins, to scavenge free radicals

• Increases the effectiveness of other antioxidants such as vitamin C


Other causes can include:• Heavy metal poisoning, smoking• Mineral deficiencies esp. calcium, magnesium and

potassium• Nutrient deficiencies including vitamin C and

essential fatty acids• Obstructive sleep apnoea• Stress• Genetic factors• Race; hypertension is higher and more severe in

African Americans than people of European descent• High salt intake• Obesity• Insulin resistance and diabetes

High blood pressure is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with premature heart attacks, strokes and kidney failure. If high blood pressure remains untreated for a long period of time a weak and enlarged heart can result.

Treatment• If blood pressure is very high the person should be

under a Doctor’s supervision• Water intake should be 2-3 litres per day• Cholesterol and blood sugar levels should be

monitored regularly and, if necessary, treated• Reduce weight if this is a factor• Employ stress management and relaxation

techniques• Decrease intake of salt and sugar• Increase magnesium and calcium-rich foods• Avoid smoking• Avoid excess alcohol, coffee and tea• Have a regular exercise program• Increase dietary onion and garlic• Increase intake of fruit and vegetables, especially

celery, which has been found to lower blood pressure

2. High blood pressure (hypertension)Signs and symptoms• Hypertension is sometimes called the silent killer

because it may be asymptomatic• Headaches or a sensation of fullness in the head• Ringing in the ears• Fatigue and irritability• Nausea and vomiting• Blurred vision• Shortness of breath• Damage to the retina in the eye (retinopathy)• Abnormal heart sounds• Albumin in the urine due to kidney damage• Any BP measurement above a reading of systolic -

120 and diastolic - 80 is considered high

Causes• In 90% of hypertension cases the cause is unknown.

This type of hypertension is called primary or essential hypertension and is thought to have multiple causes.

• With secondary hypertension the cause is known

Common causes of secondary hypertension:• Kidney disease• Hormonal abnormalities• Adrenal tumours• Drugs including - Oral contraceptives, steroids,

cocaine, alcohol abuse, and high doses of the herb licorice

• Supports blood vessel integrity for healthy cardiovascular function as well as protecting cells from free radical damage

B stress free™, Women’s multi plus™ or Men’s multi plus™• The B complex vitamins are extremely

important in the fight against cholesterol and heart disease

• B6, B12 and Folic acid balance homocysteine, which is known to cause damage to the inner blood vessel wall and encourage blood clotting

• Vitamin B5 supports the utilisation of fats by the body and supporting healthy HDL levels

• Vitamin B3 has extensive research supporting its ability to balance LDL, Lipoprotein(a) and HDL levels

Joint zone™• Glucosamine and chondroitin both support

the integrity of blood vessel walls


Opti CoQ10™ • CoQ10 supports the health of the blood

vessel walls

Revitalise™• Vitamin C and magnesium support healthy

blood pressure

Supercal™• Calcium supports healthy blood pressure levels


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3. Poor or weak circulationSigns and symptoms• Cold hands and feet• Varicose veins• Haemorrhoids• Fluid retention• Spider veins• Raynaud’s syndrome• Chilblains• Easy bruising• Poor memory due to reduced blood flow to the brain

Causes• Smoking• Nutrient deficiencies• Genetic susceptibility• Cold weather• Stress• Diabetes• Obesity• Pregnancy• Disease conditions such as lung or heart disease• Age related decline• Arteriosclerosis• Certain medications• Constipation or diarrhoea can cause haemorrhoids

Treatment• Keep extremities warm• Exercise regularly


Leg zone™ • A comprehensive herbal and nutrient formula

to support healthy circulation, healthy blood vessels and the microcirculation of blood to the skin, extremities and organs

Ginkgo max™• Ginkgo supports blood flow to capillaries

throughout the body - especially the brain, eyes, ears and extremities

• Ginkgo is used to support conditions that affect circulation such as Raynaud’s syndrome

Support products (see previous conditions for more info.)• Revitalise™ • Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™ or

Flaxomega™• Vitis™• Opti CoQ10™• Joint zone™

Mg lax™• The mineral Magnesium is essential for

optimal cardiovascular functioning and cellular energy production

Omega 3 fish oil Health guard™, Super omega 3 Health guard™, or Flaxomega™ Flaxseed oil• Omega oils support healthy blood pressure

Deep sleep™ • The 5HTP and other herbs in this formula

support the nervous system in times of stress and anxiety

• This formula also improves the quality of sleep, helping regenerate and rejuvenate our body



modulation of sleep and stress resistance

• Eat more ginger, garlic, cayenne and onions• Eat more blueberries or cherries for their antioxidant

benefits• Keep stress to a minimum• Increase rice or oat bran for their fibre content, and

silica to improve blood vessel integrity• Maintenance of a high fibre diet helps reduce the

incidence of varicose veins and haemorrhoids

4. AnaemiaAnaemia is characterised by a reduction in red blood cell or haemoglobin levels. It is not generally considered a disease but rather a symptom of a disease process or alteration in body function.

Signs and symptoms• If the condition is slow developing the loss of red

blood cell mass can reach 50% before signs and symptoms appear

• Vegetarians, vegans, children, elderly and pregnant women are more often anaemic than other healthy people

• Fatigue or weakness• Light-headedness• Brittle hair, spoon nails• Pale skin, conjunctiva or nail beds• Heart palpitations• Headaches or abdominal pain


iron absorption• Drink Nettle tea for its high iron and nutrient content• Conventional iron formulas can deplete vitamin E and

cause gastric upsets

• Dizziness or fainting• Shortness of breath• Mood changes• B12 deficiency anaemia: sore tongue, yellowing of

the skin, tingling in the extremities or nerve damage

CausesExcessive bleeding is the most common cause. • Obviously this will cause severe symptoms if the loss

is significant and sudden, as occurs as the result of an accident or ruptured blood vessel (Medical emergency)

• More commonly, blood loss is caused by chronic bleeding such as nosebleeds, haemorrhoids, intestinal ulcerations, tumours or heavy periods

• Certain medications can deplete iron e.g. aspirin, some antibiotics

• Low stomach acid (hypochlorhydria) decreases iron absorption

Decreased RBCs production due to:• Iron deficiency (microcytic anaemia)• B12 or folic acid deficiency (pernicious anaemia or

macrocytic anaemia)• Vitamin C deficiency• Intestinal malabsorption syndromes (Crohn’s disease,

sprue, coeliac)• Chronic disease or frequent infections• Insecticides damaging bone marrow

Increased RBCs destruction due to:• Enlarged spleen• Mechanical damage (rare)• Autoimmune destruction• Genetic abnormalities e.g. sickle cell anaemia,

thalassaemia

Treatment• A blood test should be done to determine iron, B12

and folate levels because a folic acid deficiency can mask a B12 deficiency

• Treat the cause if possible e.g. reduce bleeding• If iron levels are low, eat more iron-containing foods

such as red meat and green vegetables• To increase folic acid, eat lots of fresh fruit and

vegetables• B12 containing foods include milk, meat, eggs and

cheese• Take bitters (Gentian) or lemon juice before meals to

increase nutrient absorption esp. B12 and iron• Avoid drinking tea and coffee with iron-rich foods as

they interfere with iron absorption• Diet should be rich in protein, calcium, vitamins B, C

and E• Avoid smoking as the cadmium in cigarettes reduces

Good Health supplementsIron chews™ • Providing 20mg of elemental iron per tropical

flavoured chewable tablet• This specifically designed formulation supports

healthy iron levels in red blood cells, which plays an integral role in the production of energy in the body

• Utilises key co factors, vitamin C, B12 and folic acid, necessary to support optimal iron absorption and healthy blood

Spirulina • Spirulina is a blue-green algae rich in iron and

nutrients• A study by Tokyo University found one

teaspoon of Spirulina three x daily normailsed iron levels in anaemic women within one month

• Spirulina has generous levels of protein and B complex vitamins to support healthy energy levels

• Unfortunately the dose of B12 cannot be relied upon as a sole source for vegans – these people should always consume a B complex or multivitamin for maintaining B12 levels

Supreme Greens, Chlorella or Barley grass• These green products are high in iron and

nutrients• Supreme greens are also in vege capsules

and are perfect for those people who don’t eat vegetables (Yes, they are out there!)

Revitalise™• A deficiency of vitamin C is linked to

microcytic anaemia• Vitamin C supports the absorption of iron from

the gastrointestinal tract• Vitamin C also counteracts the iron-binding

effect of phytates found in grains

Natural digestion™• The enzymes in Natural digestion™ support

the absorption of nutrients and the break down of phytates in plant foods for improved iron absorption

Women’s multi plus™, Men’s multi plus™ or B stress free™• Supplementing with these products daily

helps maintain levels of B12 and folic acid to support healthy red blood cells


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Bibliography • Balch, J. and Balch, P., 1997. Prescription for

Nutritional Healing, Avery Publishing, New York, USA.

• Brody, T., 1999. Nutritional Biochemistry 2nd Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, USA. Erasmus, U., 1993. Fats that Heal Fats that Kill, Alive Books, Canada.Fisher, C.and Painter, G., 1996. Materia Medica of Western Herbs for the Southern Hemisphere, New Zealand.

• Erasmus, U., 1993. Fats that Heal Fats that Kill, Alive Books, Canada.

• Fisher, C.and Painter, G., 1996. Materia Medica of Western Herbs for the Southern Hemisphere, New Zealand.

• Hoffman, D., 1996. The New Holistic Herbal, Element, Dorset, United Kingdom.

• Marieb, E., Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition, 1998. Benjamin Cummings, Illinois, USA.

• Mills, S., 1991. The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine, Penguin Books, Auckland, New Zealand.

• Mills, S. and Bone, K., 2000. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy, Churchill Livingstone, Sydney, Australia.

• Murray, M. and Pizzorno J., 1991. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, Prima Publishing, California, USA.

• The Merck Manual of Medical Information, 1997. Home Edition, Pocket Books, Sydney, Australia.

• Osieki, H., 2001. The Physicians Handbook of Clinical Nutrition, 6th Edition, Bioconcepts Publishing, Australia.

• PDR for Nutritional Supplements, 1st Edition, 2001. Thomsom PDR, New Jersey, USA.

• Porth, C.M., 1998. Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States, 5th Edition, Lippincott, Philadelphia, USA.

• Trickey, R., 2003. Women, Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle, Revised and Updated Edition, Allen and Unwin, NSW, Australia.

• Totora, G. and Grabowski, S., 1996. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Harper Collins, New York, USA.

• Vardaxis, N., 1995. Immunology for the Health Sciences, Macmillan Education, Melbourne, Australia.

• Walker, M., 1997. Olive Leaf Extract, Kensington Books, New York, USA.

N A T U R A L L Y N E W Z E A L A N D

good Health Products Ltd 265 Albany Highway, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand PO Box 65-180, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754

T +64 9 448 0160 F +64 9 448 0161 Naturopath 0800 44 66 34 NZ Sales 0800 89 79 69 www.goodhealth.co.nz

Naturopathic advice line 0800 44 66 34

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