module 4 demand management kaan tuncok izmir, 2015
TRANSCRIPT
Module 4
Demand Management
Kaan Tuncok
Izmir, 2015
Risks of fully sectoral approach
Sectoral approach
Integrated approach
Overlooking negative impacts on environment and other sectors
Inefficient use of resources—natural and financial
Risks of fully integrated approach
Sectoral
approach
Integrated
approach
Getting mired in complexity.
Not making good use of specialist expertise.
Finding a balance
Sectoral approach
Integrated approach
Each country needs to decide where integration makes sense based on its social, political and hydrological situation.
5
What is Water Demand Management?
Water demand management (WDM) refers to any socially
beneficial action that reduces or modifies average or peak
water withdrawals or consumption consistent with protection or
enhancement of water quality.
WDM can be defined as a strategy to improve efficiency and
sustainable use of water resources taking into account
economic, social and environmental considerations.
WDM corresponds to use of price, quantitative restrictions and
other devices to limit the demand of water.
6
Reduces water demands (30% - 50%) with no deterioration in life
style or service level.
Significantly reduces capital requirements for expansion of water
supply and lowers operating costs (particularly chemicals and
energy)
Reduces generation of pollutants, and therefore the requirements
for new or expanded wastewater treatment systems.
Facilitates expansion of the coverage of available fund
Enhances the development and adoption of new technologies.
Leads to financially sustainable water systems
Benefits of WDM
Part B
7Water demand measures
8
WDM relies upon a range of measures (tools and techniques)
which can be divided into
Economic
Socio-political, and
Structural and operational
Water Demand Management Measures
9
Economic techniques depend on
Incentives such as rebates, tax credits and
Disincentives such as real cost, penalties, fines
Example: Realistic Water Pricing
A direct means of controlling water demand and
generating revenues to cover costs
Should be complementary to other measures of
water demand management
Economic Measures
10
Policies and Laws Economic policies, government regulations, standards on
appliance redesign and marketing:− policy to promote water saving devices− encouraging water savings in industries
Effective public/stakeholder education and awareness measures Wise use of water; direct restrictions on use
Socio-political Measures
11
Structural and operational measures are used to achieve better
control over water demand.
- metering, retrofitting, controlling flow (rationing)
and recycling
- reduction of UFW, leakage detection and repair
- use of water efficient devices
- water use restrictions during periods of water
shortages
Structural and Operational Measures
12Approaches for Water Demand Management
Increase system efficiency
Increase end use efficiency
Promoting distributed sources of supply
Substitute resource use Improve the market on resource usage
13Demand Management Measures
Increase system efficiency No change in usage, but change in system operation
Leak detection and repair, pressure reduction
Increase end use efficiency Less resource use by consumers by using water
advertising, education and use of water efficient devices
(low volume flush, shower heads, dish washer, washing machine
etc)
More efficient watering of public open spaces
Water efficiency in the planning, design and construction of
homes and buildings
14Demand Management Measures
Promoting distributed sources of supply Provide service via local resource not being used
encourage rainwater use and grey-water reuse
Substitute resource use Provide same service without resource use
Waterless sanitation, low water- use garden plants and shrubs,
plants adapted to local rain fall
Improve the market on resource usage inform consumers about full cost of resource
full cost pricing, universal metering, information on impact of
excessive water use
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Substantial savings can be achieved and requirement
of extension water supply facilities can be avoided or
minimised by reducing unaccounted-for water.
(specifically leakage detection and control)
By reducing UFW water agency will be in better
financial situation and will be stronger position to achieve its
financial self-sufficiency and long term sustainability.
A low rate of unaccounted-for water is one of the
best overall indicators that a water utility is successful.
Reduction and Control of UFW
16
What is Unaccounted-For-Water?
Definition
Unaccounted-for water (UFW) represents the difference
between "net production" (the volume of water delivered into
a network) and "consumption" (the volume of water that can
be accounted for by legitimate consumption, whether
metered or not).
UFW = “net production” – “legitimate consumption”
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Non-Revenue Water
Non-revenue water (NRW) represents the difference between
the volume of water delivered into a network and billed
authorized consumption.
NRW = “Net production” – “Revenue water”
= UFW + water which is accounted for, but no revenue is
collected (unbilled authorized consumption).
Components of Unaccounted-For Water
Unaccounted-for water
Physical loss
(Real loss)
Commercial loss
(Apparent loss)
Pipe breaks and leaks
Storage overflows
House connection leaks
Metering Errors
Water Theft
Billing Anomalies
Existing real losses
Economic level
Unavoidable real losses
Improved response time for
leak repair
Improved system maintenance, replacement, rehabilitation
Pressure management
and level control
More efficient leak detection
Four components of an active real loss management program
Existing apparent losses
Economic level
Unavoidable apparent
losses
Reduction of theft by Education Legal action Prepay measures Pressure limitation Flow control
Reduction of computer error by Auditing Checking Routine analysis Upgrade
Reduction of human error Training Standardizing Reporting Auditing
Reduction of meter error by Testing, Sizing Replacement
Four components of an active apparent loss management program
Case studiesPart c
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Limited water resources, importing water from Malaysia
Strong emphasis on Water Conservation as well as
Management of Water Distribution System
Water Demand Management Approach
Keeping unaccounted-for water low
Conservation in customers’ premises
Tariffs and use of economic incentives and
disincentives
Case Study: Singapore (1)
Keeping unaccounted-for water low
- leak detection and repair, mains replacement
and rehabilitation, minimising illegal connection
Conservation in customers’ premises - water saving devices, promoting use of other sources (rain water, sea water), encouraging water reuse, consumer education
Tariffs and use of economic incentives and disincentives
- rates reviewed periodically, rate structured to
encourage conservation
- only approved pipe and fittings are allowed to be used
in water supply system
- water service works are done by licensed workers only
Case Study: Singapore (2)
24Evolution of UFW in Singapore (1989-1999)
Source: Yepes (1995); PUB Singapore (2001)
5.1
6.06.46.77.7
10.6 9.5
6.25.9
4.9 4.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
UF
W (
%)
Consumer Percent of
Volume
Percent of Sales Relative Tariff
Residential 47.3 40.3 0.85
Commercial and Industrial
32.0
47.1
1.47
Government 19.9 10.6 0.53
Shipping 0.8 2.0 2.50
Total 100%
= 456 Mm3
100%
= $US 237 million
1.00
= $US 0.52/m3
Singapore - Volume of Water Sold and Revenues (1994)
26
New South Wales, Australia – Population 70000
Demand management program included the following
Pricing and billing reform
Leakage detection and repair
Rebates & give-aways for water efficient shower heads
Point of sale rebate for front loading washing machines
Discounted residential retrofit
Free water audit for non-residential customers
A water efficient demonstration house and garden
Effluent reuse in a new village
A school education program
Case Study: Rous Regional WDM Program
27Case Study: Brittany, France
A major pilot project in 7 cities of Brittany, France
[Brest, Lorient, Pontivy, Quinter, Rennes, Morlaix (St-Martin- des-Champs) and Vannes] (total
population – 800, 000)
Project activities - Information campaign (users and professionals);
- Letters to domestic users;
- Tests & installation of various water-saving devices
- Investigations of leakage in the public distribution
system and in private households.
28Water Savings in Seven Pilot Cities in Brittany, France
Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)
29
Case Study: Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich, Switzerland
Network monitoring and leakage control
- Annual inspection of at least 40 % of the network
Regular network flushings & hydrant controls
- Around 10,000 hydrants are checked, flushed and
repaired biannually.
Periodic area-wise network maintenance
- Valves, street surface boxes, signs, etc., are locally
inspected, cleaned, made accessible or restored.
Periodic pressure surge measurements and stray current
measurements
- To maintain the up-to-date situation of performance
analysis
30Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich
Specific water loss decreased from 0.57 m3/h/km in
1985 to 0.22 m3/h/km in 1995.
Cost of maintenance operation
Component Man-hour /km/year
Swiss Frank/ km/year
Repairs 5 5000
Preventive Maintenance
25 3000
Renewal 25 15000
Total 55 23000
Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)
31Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
Lo
sses
(%)
Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)
32
In Boston, impending costs of supplying water to the city led officials to implement a Long Range Water Supply Program (LRWSP) to cut down on water use.
Between 1988 and 1993, LRWSP reduced the average daily demand for water from 1.2 million to 0.9 million m3. The program focused on
- detecting and repairing leaks, metering, retrofitting showerheads and toilets with more efficient technologies, protecting water sources from pollution, and building support for the program among city, residents through outreach and education.
These reductions eliminated the need to develop new supplies -- saving hundreds of millions of dollars--and the water system is operating within its safe yield for the first time in 20 years (40).
Case study – WDM in Boston, USA
WEI > 80% strains on water resources are very severe.
WEI 60–80% major risks of structural strain in the medium term.
WEI 20–60% may experience localor cyclical strains.
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Plan Bleu proposed an alternative scenario based on establishing following voluntary policies:
• Improve water resource management, storage and protection through pollution prevention, increasing the exploitable potential, improving soil and water conservation practices, and increasing the use of artificial replenishment of groundwater in arid areas;
• Ensure economical and effective use of water by setting up Water Demand Management (WDM) strategies and policies backed by the necessary technical, economic, and regulatory tools; and
• Developing appropriate institutional capacity through awareness-raising and training.
better integration of environment and development on a voluntary basis
35
Sector water demands at the Mediterranean countries level: trends and alternative scenarios
36
Total demand for water: trends and alternative scenarios (2000–2025)
37
Tools of agricultural WDM deployed in the Mediterranean
- Institutional framework - Coherent strategic framework - Essential to co-ordinate action and to make a firm commitment, monitored in the long term
Technical tools
Improve canal streamflow processes;
Improve efficiency of irrigation methods;
Reduce vulnerability of agronomical models and land use systems;
Improve cultivated species;
Revise crop management and intervals between harvesting and planting;
Choice of crops and optimisation of rotation;
Use of irrigation as a back-up;
Irrigation planning and management tools.
Tools of planning and co-ordination
Devolved units of management
(basin agencies);
User and irrigator associations;
NTIC (water management support
software for an irrigated area).
Tools of training and awareness raising
Campaigns to raise awareness of
farmers and the general public;
Agricultural advisory service;
Training of agricultural
professionals, technicians and
engineers.
Regulation and offtake
control
Economic incentives to
save water
Pricing;
Quotas;
Forms of financial assistance (subsidies, assisted loans);
Fees;
Delink aid from CAP;
Agri-environmental
measures;
Cross-compliance.
38Examples of technologies and water saving
Industrial sectors Examples of technologies which facilitate water saving
Paper mills Recycling some of the process water (alkaline) from the bleaching unit;Collection and recycling of clean cooling water;Operating certain cooling circuits as closed circuits;Recycling water in the ground wood pulping unit;Partial recycling of water after biological processing, etc.
Steelworks Recycling as much process and cooling water as possible;Operating a closed circuit for wash water.
Agri-foods and dairyindustry
Use of analytical measurement and control methods to limit water wastage;Use flow-rate limiters for cleaning operations;Limiting contact between water and food/dairy matter.
39
Economic tools and water saving incentives for irrigation
Type of tool Degree of incentive to save water
Pricing Tool prioritises recovery of water utility costs, but may lend an incentive to water saving.Incentive varies according to tariff structure and price level
Quotas Set a consumption limit which cannot be exceeded,without encouraging water saving within the quotalimit, unless some special arrangement exists.
Financial aid(subsidies, loans on easy terms)
Incentives to save water and prevent wastage, throughaid in acquiring modern irrigation systems, which savemore water, and planting drought-tolerant crops, etc.
Agri-environmentalmeasures(AEM)
AEMs signal a shortage of the resource in thetargeted territories. Voluntary measures. Little impactif not taken collectively at catchment level.
40
Typology of adaptation strategies in the water sector
Type of strategy Sample measures (including WDM)
Accept the risks andlosses (do nothing)
• Some coastal aquifers, wetlands or areas of rain-fed agriculture disappear;
• Minor areas of flooding or erosion near rivers.
Spread risks andlosses
• Set up systems of insurance and mutualisation of the financial risks ofweather and water risks;• Diversify sources of drinking water supply.
Anticipate andforestall the effects:technology andinfrastructure (hard)
• Increase impoundment capacity;• Increase transfers between basins;• Implement programmes to make usage more efficient*;• Develop systems for reusing wastewater and desalination systems;• Improve the efficiency of irrigation, drinking water supply and sewage• systems;• Modify the size of infrastructure and built works (raise the heights of
dams and dykes, modify river transport infrastructure etc.);• Build flood-resistant buildings.
41
Typology of adaptation strategies in the water sector
Type of strategy Sample measures (including WDM)
Anticipate andforestall the effects:political, regulatoryand institutionalresponses (soft)
• Drought management plans;• Programme financial incentives to save irrigation water*;• Modify standard sizes and operating rules for built works;• Rationing;• Standards;• Adopt new methods of decision-making, incorporating management
of uncertainties.
Change/reorganiseuses and activities
• Reallocate the resource towards uses which add more value;• Introduce drought-resistant/less thirsty crops;• Shift businesses and dwellings away from areas prone to flooding;• Improve watch and alert systems.
Research andexploitation ofclimate information
• Improve capacities for seasonal, annual and ten-yearly modelling andweather forecasting;• Develop aids to decision-making and improve risk assessment
methods at basin and sub-basin level (couple climate and hydro models);
• Define suitable indicators of vulnerability and adaptation;• Set up early warning systems;• Facilitate production and provision of climate data to decision-makers,technical departments and the general public.
42
1. Environmental agency UK – Save waterwww.environment-agency.gov.uk
2. Conserve Water – Melbourne Water Australiahttp://conservewater.melbournewater.com.au
3. Water Efficiency Clearing House - AWWAwww.waterwiser.org
4. USEPA – Water Use Efficiency Program www.epa.gov/owm/water-efficiency/
5. Environment Canada www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/manage/effic/e_weff.htm
6. Public Utilities Boardhttp://www.pub.gov.sg
7. Water Demand Management Forum http://www.idrc.ca/waterdemand/
Web Resources on Water Conservation