TRADITIONAL FARMING

It is important to know how far the trainee farmers are aware of the agricultural

systems, followed by our ancestors before. It not only helps to know their experience

but also helps to improve their knowledge. This book is published as a manual for

both trainers and coordinators. Therefore it is very important to know the brief

information on agricultural methods followed in tribal as well as rural areas.

Teaching Method:

Take the information of traditional methods in a big group through question

and answer method or form small groups and take the opinions of each group through

their group leaders.

Origin of Agriculture:

Mode of agriculture originated from the primitive man living in forests. By

observing different kinds of plants, trees, fruits from trees, seeds from fruits, and

germination of plants from fallen seeds, man understood the system and then he

started sowing seeds. “Podu” agriculture is a part of this process. Gradually,

cultivation became a profession as the civilization progressed.

Traditional Agriculture:

Traditional farming is a system of farming without harming earth, atmosphere,

animals, human beings, insects, and all other living beings, without using any

chemicals, with minimum human effort and expenses. Getting agricultural produce

through germination of seeds naturally, can also be defined as Traditional Farming. In

our country this traditional system of cultivation is started in 9000 BC. Initially started

growing plants, crops and animals near to their habitations. By 8000 to 6000 BC

barley and wheat cultivation were in practice. In olden days, sowing seeds directly

without ploughing, rotten leaves, compost of cocks and cattle, pond’s soil, etc. were

used in farms. Once the crop was ready for harvesting, part of it was left for re-

production.

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Benefits of Traditional farming:-

1. Expenses are minimum,

2. Problem of pests, warms and diseases is negligible

3. Soil maintains the balance of nutrients

4. No scarcity of seeds. Qualitative seeds can be prepared on their own

5. Atmosphere is healthy, pollution won’t be there

6. Income on crop is more and guaranteed

7. We can have healthy, tasty, nutritional food

8. It helps to suck more and more water into earth

9. Diversity in crops leads to more production

10. If natural calamities destroy some crops, yield in some other crops may

compensate

11. Soil will always be fertile.

Hurdles to Traditional farming.

Increasing population

Scarcity of organic fertilizers

Reduction in the number of cattle

Reduction in human effort

Craze on hybrid seeds

Implementation of single crop system

Interest on commercial crops

Misconception that chemical farming is beneficial

Breaking of family system

Unwillingness of the farmers to work hard.

Expecting more produce in a short period of time in a small area of a land

are becoming the constraints of traditional farming

Let us ask these questions.(Ask these questions to find out what they know):

1. What do you think of traditional farming?

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2. Is anybody following traditional ways of farming?

3. What are the benefits of traditional farming?

4. Do you believe in traditional natural farming? Why?

5. What are the crops that can be grown in traditional nature farming?

6. Match the following.

1. “Podu agriculture” ( ) (a) Two or more crops at a time

2. Organic matter ( ) (b) Farmer prepare seed on his own

3. Traditional seed bank ( ) (c) Agriculture done by tribals on terrus.

4. Cultivation of variety of crops ( ) (d) Rotten leaves and branches.

Activities:

1. Visits to the farms of farmers, who are doing traditional natural organic

agriculture.

2. Showing short films on nature farming

3. Exhibit the posters and pictures that were collected.

4. Share experiences with farmers of other villagers.

2. Modern Agriculture

Traditional farming – changes that took place:

Method: In a big group, use question and answer method to know how far the readers

understood or in small groups discuss and try to comprehend their knowledge through

their group leaders.

Modern Agricultural Method: Though there are several benefits in traditional

farming, owing, to the needs of increasing population, it is necessary to increase the

yield in that small area of land, leads to a search of easy methods for high yielding.

At this juncture, high yielding seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides are

introduced aimed to get a higher produce. American agricultural scientists Norman

Borlaug was the first man to introduce “Green revolution” Green revolution was

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introduced in India in 1968 by famous agricultural scientist M.S. Swaminathan. He

invented high yielding varieties of wheat in India. He is popularly know as the father

of “Green revolution “in India. Mechanical agriculture through machines can be called

as modern agriculture.

In addition to single crop method, a high dose of chemical fertilizers and

pesticides are used in modern agricultural system. As a result, the yield drastically

gets increased at the same time have to face losses.

Drawbacks due to modern Agriculture:

1. Reduction of land fertility

2. Loss of natural earthwarms

3. Reduction in ground water

4. Increase in investments

5. Increase in global warming

6. Failure of natural balance

7. changes in seasons

8. Increase Pollution

9. Increases immunity in pests and warms. Harmful insects micro organisms

warms insect Increase their strength.

10. It harms symbiotics ( diaters ) and parasities. That causes reduction of friendly

insects.

11. All Animals, cattle, birds alongwith human beings develop health problems

12. Agriculture investments increase drastically

13. Increase suicides of farmers.

Ask these questions to find out what they know :

1. When did the change start in traditional farming?

2. What are the changes that occurred in traditional farming ?

3. Why were the farmers attracted to the modern agriculture system?

4. What were the benefits that you observed in modern agriculture ?

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5. What were the demerits you observed in modern agriculture system?

6. Is there a chance to change from the modern agricultural system to traditional

system?

Match the following:

1) Mechanization of Agriculture ( ) a) Reduction in cattle

2) Scarcity of organic fertilizers ( ) b) Green revolution

3) Modern agriculture ( ) c) Use of machines in agriculture

Activities:

1) A short film on the effects of different chemical fertilizers, pesticides and

germicides.

2) Share the experiences of farmers who have incurred losses in modern

agricultural methods.

III) Nature farming scientists, organizations, several food security schemes of

governments:

Mention:- Question and answer method, lecture method and audio visual method

Nature farming means cultivation with the help of natural resources without

harming the sources of Nature.

Important features of Natural Farming:

1) Biodiversity ;

2) Protection to soil (earth ) and water ;

3) Full optimize utilization of solar energy;

4) High yield with minimum water;

5) Use of local traditional seeds and crops ;

6) Make the soil fertile with crops;

7) Food protection for family;

8) Diversity in crops;

9) Low investment and expenses;

10)Minimum labour;

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Keeping in view the above features scientists of Nature prepared low cost

models to enrich yielding. Let us learn few of those models.

1) Bhaksar Saave : Bhaskar save is a teacher from Gujarat. He was recognized as

an ideal farmer in 1952 by getting high yield with the help of modern scientific

methods. He has done farming with chemical fertilizers and pesticides and

achieved high yields and recognized as an ideal farmer of modern scientific

methods in 1952. He was attracted with his methods by Gujarat cooperation.

He took up an agency of chemical fertilizers and pesticides raise yields but not

the income, (Fixed income). He also realized that this system was against

Gandhian methods. He started natural farming again. Bhaskar saave’s fourteen

acres of fruit garden “ Kalpa vruksham ” is located near Dehri village in valsad

district of Gujarat’s south coast.

Trees in forests grow on their own without any human interference. Basing on

this theory, Bhaskar Saave started a model ‘Mixed fruit garden’ on a ten acre land. By

achieving high yields, he was appreciated by Japan’s agriculture legend. Masanobu

puka woka.

Professor Nanzunda Swami was born in Mysore in Karnataka. He was a God

father of farmers and a Forerunner of socio –economic revolutions. He was close to

socialist leaders, Dr. Ram Mohanrao Lohia and Lok Nayak Jaya Prakash Narayan.

He started a green army of farmers by draping green towels on the shoulders of

farmers. He started agitation with his green army against the policies of government

on multinational companies. He established “ Amrutha Bhoomi” to collect local seeds

and developed it as an international centre for sustained agriculture. He opposed

scientific methods of cultivation and commercial agricultural attitudes of

multinational companies, which were destroying Nature. Inturn he worked for the

development of nature farming

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2) Subhash Palekar : He belongs to Maharastra and famous for his 36x36 seed

crop (seven storied models. He proved that in a mere 2 ½ cents land by raising

different varieties of crops. We can get leafy vegetable, Vegetables and fruits

for a family. He said that zero budget farming can be done with

“Jeevamrutham” and high yields can get in nature farming. Fill it up with

humus to keep the soil fertile. In several meetings,he said that the natural

earthwarms and other micro organisms, increase the fertility of lands. He

sternly opposed the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

According to him the main reason for the spoilage of soil is green revolution.

Chemical fertilizers, pesticides and hybrid seeds .

3) Acharya Sripada Atchuta :-

He developed a ten gunta natural agriculture model by dividing ¼ of an acre

into 10 parts. In those ten parts, he developed a scientific system to grow cereals,

millets, pulses, oil seeds, leafy vegetables, fruit varieties that can ripen in one year or

more, spices, fodder, etc. In this model, Sun rays that fall on a ¼ acre of land are

utilized totally to raise the crops.

4) Woka : His full name is Masanov Puka Woka. He was born in February 1913

in South Japan. His father was Kamaibi Puka Woka and mother Safi Ishiki. He

studied microbiology in Gyphu Agricultural College and became an expert in

plant diseases. At first, he started his career as a customs inspector and he used

to check the imported and exported plants for disease spreading germs. When

he was 25 years old, he got so many doubts on modern agricultural science. At

that time, he was out of a severe pneumonia and suddenly realized that all

human activities are meaningless before the mighty Nature. Balance in Nature

is disturbed by actions of men, which in turn leads to environmental

degradation and climatic changes. This will have an adverse impact on not only

agriculture but also on all other aspects of Nature. He says that the farther you

go away from Nature, problems also going to be increased proportionately.

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Once this concept became clear to him, he resigned his job immediately and

went to his village Leolo where he started nature farming on his father’s land.

5) Dr Vandana Shiva :

Vandana Shiva raised her voice in support of farmers, women farmers and

agricultural laborers of poor countries. Through her “Navadhanyam Foundation”, she

is working for the welfare of the farmers and to help them in gaining control over their

seeds. According to Vandana “The farmer who feeds the world is a bread winner and

for him to depend upon others for seeds, fertilizers and chemicals is a new type of

colonialism which should end”. Seed development companies are destroying the lives

of farmers by introducing B.T. seeds and hybrid seeds. This must be opposed by all.

With these suggestions, she is motivating people to launch an agitation against this

policy.

SERP :- Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP) is the organization

established under the State Rural Development Ministry in Andhra Pradesh. For the

past six or seven years, this organization has been organizing sustainable agricultural

programmes with people’s participation. This programme, designed by the then

C.E.O. of SERP Mr. T. Vijay Kumar in which as many as 22 lakh farmers

participated. Under the guidance of present C.E.O. Mr. B. Rajasekhar and CMSA

Director Dr. D.V. Rayudu this programme is implemented.

Jattu Trust : Jattu Trust is implementing different food protection schemes with the

help of the experiences of farmers who are practicing traditional farming. The Jattu

Trust designed the Annapurna Crop Model.

In this food protection model for a family, except salt, all other food materials

can be cultivated on a ½ acre of land. This provides an opportunity to cultivate fruits,

Vegetables, cereals etc. Where there is water facility year long production can be

done. In rain fed model crops can be grown in two seasons. This model is recognized

as sustained and safe model. Founder of Jattu Trust, Mr. D.Pari Naidu designed this

model

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and Mr. M. Nukam Naidu helped him to develop this model. Mr. T. Vijay Kumar

former C.E.O. of SERP helped to provide ¼ acre land on lease to poor landless and

tried to change their status from a agriculture labour to farmer.

Deriving inspiration from this, Mr. D. Pari Naidu designed Annapurna family food

protection model.

Ask these question to findout what they understood :-

1.Name some organizations and workers who are working for the propagation of

nature organic farming ?

1) What are the names of traditional agricultural models that you know ?

2) What are the things you like in “Annapurna Model’ to do ?

3) In nature farming organic movement what type of seeds are you ready to

collect ?

Activities :-

1) Visit different crop models.

2) Identify photographs of organic farming designers.

3) Make them to watch short films on organic movement.

Match the following :-

1) 36 x 36 model ( ) a) Woka

2) Kalpa Vruksha ( ) b) Jattu Trust

3) 6 x 6 model ( ) c) Shubhash Palekar.

4) Ploughless farming ( ) d) Dabolkar

5) Annapurna Model ( ) e) Bhaskar Saave

4) Nature farming the uncompromising issues :-

In olden days, farmers are engaged in traditional farming. The hereditary or

ancestral agricultural system is pro-nature. In their system, they did not harm Nature.

Gradually, over the years, nature farming was ignored and chemical farming is

emerged. Now, though the farmers are aware of the demerits or challenges of

chemical farming due to non availability of the alternatives, farmers are continuing the

chemical farming. Those farmers, who understood the crisis facing agriculture and

aware of the losses incurred in chemical farming, started switching over to nature

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farming and are becoming role models to others. If you want to make natural farming

to be profitable, beneficial, one must know and follow certain aspects. They are called

uncompromised formulae.

They are:

1) Maintain fertility of soil;2) Purify seeds;3) Lude crops (bait crops);4) Boundary or boarder crops.5) Local seeds;6) Crop exchange;7) Crops without ploughing;8) Inter Crops;9) Mixed Crops;10) Mulching;11) Live Boundary.

Maintain Fertility Of Soil (Or) Soil Cultivation :-

Soil is fertile initially and in its natural form, but with human interference, it

loses its natural qualities and became barren. Therefore, he should not take up any

action that spoils the soil. The upper part of earth is highly fertile, and it reduces when

we go deep into the mainland upto 9 inches thickness is more fertile. From there, it

reduces every three inches depth. So when the roots of plants go deep and deep

availability of fertility declains. Enriching the soil is essential. Repeatedly sowing the

same kind of crops causes low nutrients in soil. Traditionally available organic goat,

sheep, cocks manure (compost) and pond’s canals soil, rotten leaves, crop waste, etc

can be used to improve the fertility of soil. To sustain the fertility of land pulses can

be grown after millets or pulses can be grown as inter crops in many other crops.

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Seed purification (Treament of seeds) :- In the production and storage of seeds,

some insects and disease causing germs will be carried out while sowing, along with

seeds they also grow and cause damage to the crops. Some other germs

microorganisms and disease cause damage through soil also. So before sowing or

propagating the seed, germs and disease causing organisms should be rooted out or

exterminate germs and insects that catching the seeds through air and soil are to be

controlled. Prepare good, healthy seed that improve the percentage of germination.

Once the plants germinate, they should start growing in a healthy manner. Seed

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treatment is a must for all these things. For this Beejamrutham, ash + asafoetida or red

soil can be used for seed purification. Preparation of “Beejamrutham” is dealt in detail

chapter 8.

Inter Crops :- In a single plot, the space is filled with a short period main crop and a

long period other crops which will reduce the severity of germs and diseases and

enrich the soil with fertility is called intercrop system.

Mixed Crops :- Different crops reaping at some period of time are propagated at once

are called mixed crops. In this system there should not be any competition between

plants for nutrients and roots should not go deep. Some more details of inter crops,

mixed crops can be seen in the 6th chapter.

Local Seeds :- Traditional local seeds, are to be used. With an expectancy of high

yield and for the easy control of diseases and warms insects, hybrid and B.T. seeds

are used, therefore expenses will also be more. If the framer prepares his own seed, he

clearly know the qualities of his seeds so healthy seeds available. Local seeds are able

to tolerate diseases, so no need of pesticides and yields are high. Seed banks (Gene

bank) are to be opened (started) by some farmers at Village level and using those

seeds will be helpful to seed producers and to consumers.

Crop exchange :- We can control diseases in nature farming by crop exchange may,

in turn natural protection and high yields. Usually germs that cause disease to one

crop not cause any damage to another new crop. Under such conditions, there won’t

be a congenial atmosphere for the growth of crops. So for the next season its effect

won’t be there. Crop exchange helps to fill soil with nutrients. If the same crop is

repeatedly sown, stocks of nutrients will also be reduced, and it adversely affects the

yield. To reduce germs insects micro organisms, diseases crop exchange methods

should be practiced.

Farming without ploughing :- Ploughing is not necessary in nature farming. Physical

features of the Earth will change by ploughing. The bacteria that provide manure

(compost) are extinct (eroded). As long as man combed the earth with hand tools,

healthy crops were grown now modern agriculture depending on machines so the

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bacteria, virus and fungus that do good to the soil are killed. Nutrients that should be

absorbed are getting sucked into the Earth. So the nutritional balance is not there.

Once the level of nutrients is reduced, and its effect is definitely there on yield,

diseases and immunity. When the plants are growing, their roots go deep and spread.

Their movement create gaps and make soil smooth. This hollow space provide

(supply) oxygen to earth, so the levels of nutrients will also increase in earth.

Mulching :- If rain directly hit the ground its upper layer becomes hard. Water flow

washes out the upper part of soil leaving it insipid. Heat evaporates the dampness

(moisture) in soil.

If the soil exposed to the hot Sun, life forms in the soil will be killed. So to protect the land from heat and rain, it should be covered. This covering is of two types :

1) Live mulching 2) Lifeless mulching (Straw)1) Live mulching :- On empty land or in crops, covered with plants without any

gap is called live mulching. With this covering, extra financial benefit available along with the benefits of mulching.

1. Lifeless Mulching: Covering with leaves, braches from outside on land, or in

crop and the space around the crop is called lifeless mulching. Polythene

Tarpaulin covers can also be used. But it is a costly affair and is also a danger

to environment.

Benefits of Mulching: -

1) Prevents the soil erosion;

2) Shape of land can be maintained;

3) Moisture retained;

4) Develops life in soil;

5) Reduce soil warming;

6) Enrich soil fertility;

7) Makes the soil hollow and smooth

Demerits of Mulching: - Remnants of previous crop may cause diseases. Carbon is

more in dry stems and branches. If carbon is high, nitrogen may become static. It leads

to the growth of termites and ants. . But by live mulching, i.e, land should always be

covered with one or the other crop somewhat solve the (subside) above problems.

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Live boundary: - To protect the main crop, live boundary should be grown. Every

year, we have to cut so many plants and trees to build a boundary with dry twigs. This

reduces the greenery and causes imbalance in the environment. Instead of this, if we

grow trees as a boundary which will give fruits or wood or both in long run, it not

only reduces the expenses but also generates income. Teak, custard apple, henna,

jatropa forest (hill) brooms, lemon grass, subabul, Tanner’s cassia (kagu) can be sown

as boundary crops.

Ask these questions to find out what they know :-

1. What is your opinion on nature farming?

2. Mention few of the uncompromised formulae in nature forming.

3. What are the things used to make the soil naturally fertile?

4. Mention the traditional methods of purification (treatment)

5. What are lude (prey) crops ? Name a few crops which you grow as lude crops.

6. What is boundary crop ? which crop can be grown as boundary crop ?

7. What is an inter crop ? What is a mixed crop? What is the difference between

these two crops?

8. What is mulching and what are its benefits?

9. What trees can be grown as live boundary? What are the benefits?

Activities to be done shown:

1. Make (Try) mulching in one field

2. Field trips to show boundary, lude (prey) crop and live boundary crops

Match the following :

1. Mulching ( ) a) Mary gold

2. Boundary Crop ( ) b) Henna

3. Lude (prey) crop ( ) c) Maize

4. Live boundary ( ) d) Protection of moisture dampness

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Friendly insects – Harmful (antagonist) insects in Agriculture :

Due to changes taking place in traditional agriculture and indiscriminate use of

chemical fertilizers, natural activities of some creatures are not occurring in nature.

That is the reason for the loss of many useful creatures. It is important to feel think

that the insects are part and parcel of agricultural environment. 75% of creation of

earth are insects worms. Out of which 10–15 % only are harmful to crops. Remaining

60% are helpful to crops. Parasites and symbiotics in nature control the 15% harmful

insects. If we protect (preserve) them, they naturally control these harmful insects.

The insects that preserve the crops are called friendly insects and those that cause

damage are called harmful antagonistic insects.

In modern agriculture, highly toxicant chemical pesticides are using so the

friendly insects that are helpful to crops are also dying. Spraying pesticides aiming to

kill the harmful insects but are attaining gaining immunity and friendly insects are

destroyed. In turn, more and more losses incur. So stop using chemical fertilizers and

follow natural traditional systems to save the friendly insects in the soil. . This

provides a chance to increase the fertility in the soil. . There are some other insects in

nature environment to control harmful insects. Let us discuss about them.

Harmful insects on crops are controlled by .

(a) Parasites

(b) Symbiotics

Parasites : Creatures depend on other creatures to carry on their life cycles and for

reproduction are called parasites. In agriculture, parasites continue (do) their life

cycles in harmful insects that cause damage to crops so they are called friendly

insects.

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Parasites belong to hornet or house fly family. Hornets having a thorn at the

end of its body (trunk). With this thorn, hornets inject poison and eggs into the body

of harmful insect. Then, they become unconscious or die. Hornet eggs are incubated in

harmful insects body and there itself they complete their life cycle (From eggs to larva

– larva to Pupa – Pupa to adult insect). Insects come out by tearing the body of

harmful insect. While eating leaves, through those leaves eggs of housefly enters into

the stomach of harmful insects and there they incubate and starts eating the body of

enemy insects from inside. Then they complete their life cycle inside the body of

harmful insect and come out

Symbiotics (Predators) :- Friendly insects that belong to bed bug family, live by

sucking the essence from the bodies of harmful insects. Penku Purugu Jati (Telugu)

friendly insects eat the eggs, larva, pupa of harmful insects by biting. Other than

insects, friendly spiders catch the harmful insects in their cobwebs and draw the

liquids from body and kill. While flying some non-vegetarian birds catch these

harmful insects and eat. Diseases in harmful insects also help the farmer in their

control.

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Let us know which friendly insect controls the harmful insect.

S.No. Name of the Friendly Insect Harmful insect that is displaced

1 Tricogama Hornet

2 Bracon Hornet

3 Kotitia

4 Encarcia

5 Taknid fly

6 Fly (Musuu eega)

7 Pyrate bug, other bugs

8 Akshintala Purugu (Tel)

9 Allika rekkala Purugu (Tel)

10 Karabid Penku Purugu (Tel)

11 Coco cola Penku Purupu (Tel)

12 Dragon fly

13 Rober fly

14 Hornet wasp (Black – Yellow red – Yellow)

15 Red ants

16 Grasshopper

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In olden days, natural agricultural methods were followed, so the problem of insects worms and diseases was not

there. Now in modern agricultural methods high doses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are using, so the problem of insects and

diseases is more or high. Let us discuss know learn about different types of harmful insects and dangerous stages in their life cycles

– controlling methods.

Harmful insects that attack crops – dangerous stages in their life cycles – control.

S. No. Name of the Insect The stage that

cause damage Loss Crops they attack Control measures

1 Pacha Purugu (Tel) Larva 20 days Holes to unripe fruits (buld) buds.

Cotton, Bengal gram red, gram chilli, groundnuts, corn, maize, Tomato, Sunflower.

Neemastram, Brahmastram, Agniastram, As a precaution once in 15 days spray dung urine solution and neemastram alternatively.

2. Talanatta Purugu (Tel) Larva 15 days

Eats a way tender leaves stem, so plants drop head and buds, boss (tender fruit) fell down.

Cotton, Lady’s finger, brinjal cron, maize. Same as above

3. Pogaku Ladde Purugu (Tel) Larva 20 days

Damage the crops by eating leaves. Day time they hide themselves in earth and attack at night.

Caster, ground nut, cotton Same as above

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4. Gulabi Rangu Purugu (Tel) Larva 40 Days

Dwell the flowers and berries (unripe fruit) and make them shapeless.

Cotton, Lady’s finger Same as above

5. Red Caterpiller Larva 24 days Attack crops in throngs (groups) and eat away by biting

Caster, groundnuts, Paddy, datura, wild caster.

Same as above

6. Stem dwelling insect Larva 30 days Movvu Kullu, Tella Kanki (Tel) Paddy, Corn Same as above

7. Dasari Purugu (Tel) Larva 20 days Eats away the leaf except ribs Caster Oil Same as above

8. Branch dwelling insect Larva 20 days Leave the branches and unripe

fruits dry Brinjal Same as above

9. Ullicodu (Tel) Larva 15 days Eats the centre part and make it hollow. Paddy Same as above

10. Aaku chuttu purugu (Tel) Larva 30 days Eats green part of leaves Paddy, groundnuts Same as above

11. Unripe fruit (berry) root dwelling insect Larva 80 days

Plants becomes dry and berry become hollow leave spots on unripe fruit.

Cron, groundnut Same as above

12. Dwelling fly (Tender parts) Larva 10 days Eats tender leaves Corn Same as above

13. Pacha Doma (Tel) Adult and baby insects – 10 days

Leaves fell down after folding. Spread Verri tegulu

Cotton, Lady’s finger, groundnuts, Paddy etc.. many crops.

Neemastram, Gum applied yellow plates.

14. White mosquotoAdult and baby insect, disease 14 days.

Falling and folding of leaves and virus.

Cotton, Tomato, Lady’s Finger. Same as above

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15. Red bug Adult and baby insect – 8 days

Leaves dried and stop growing viral diseases.

Brinjal, cotton, red gram, chilli, tomato, Lady’s finger.

Same as above

16. Tamara insect (Tel) Adult insect, baby insect 8 days

Plant becomes dwarf, viral disease

Chilli, red gram, groundnuts, cotton, Lady’s finger.

Same as above

17. Sudi Doma (Tel) Adult, baby 28 days Throngs of plant become dry spherically. Paddy, Ragi Same as above

18. Hissa Adult 10 days Eats away the surface of the leaf Paddy Same as above

19. Stinky bug. Kampunalli (Tel) Baby insect 30 days Spots on grains or seeds. Paddy

Along with the above measure weeding should also be done.

20. Penu banka (Tel) Adult insect baby insect 10 days.

Suck the juice of leaves and leaves fold and stop growing, spread viral diseases.

Chilli, cotton, Lady’s finger, bringjal, potato, sugar cane, cucumber etc… many crops.

Neemastram or spray water with high pressure.

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Ask These Questions To Find Out What They Know :-

1) Which insects are called friendly insects ? Why ?

2) Give examples to harmful insects.

3) What are Parasites ? Give examples.

4) What type of insects are called symbiotics ? Why they are called so ?

Match the following :-

1) Friendly insect a) Body of antagonist

2) Harmful insect b) Suck the juice to live.

3) Hornet wasp egg laying spot place c) Dragan fly

4) Symbiotics d) Yellow mosquito

Activities :-

1) Field trip to show friendly and harmful insects.

2) Preparation of life cycles.

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IN FAMILY FOOD PROTECTION ½ ACRE ANNAPURNA MODEL

Method :- Question and answer method, group discussion methods in big group,

Discussions in small groups. Audio – Visual method and work experience.

Background :- Andhra Pradesh has got a special reputation in India. Once anybody

thinks of Andhra Pradesh, it reminds everyone that that it was the top food producing

state in the country... Once the state meets the needs of its people, surplus production

was exported to other states and even to other countries. In unfavorable weather

conditions also, food was produced insufficient quantities. . A.P has got the name

‘Annapurna’ because its food production was sufficient to meet the needs of its people

even in adverse weather conditions also. Increasing population, reduction in area of

farming, unpropitious conditions, changes in agricultural system are the reasons for

not producing optimum level of food grains to the needs of people.

Deficit, in food grains occurs, to cover this deficit, many systems, methods, models

are coming into force or action. Increasing investments, inconsistent yields

unavailability of agricultural labour are the reasons for the migration of farmers to

other areas of work. Along with this, farmers wish that their children should settle in a

good government or non-government private jobs. They don’t want their children to

toil hard in agricultural fields just like them. Young, educated village boys people are

neglecting agricultural farming and are vacating villages due to the fancy of town and

city life. With the result, agricultural sector is abandoned. In these conditions, to

support farming many food and crops which provide health protection systems and

method to every family are introduced and implemented by “Jattu”

Trust on its own. With this experience, the Trust designed model for family food and

health protection. This model is the brain child of Jattu trust and is named as

‘Annapurna Crop Model”.

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What is Annapurna :- Annapurna means a ‘Whole diet’ one should not think Annam

is a mere boiling of rice grains. Annam gives all nutrients which are essential for all

metabolic activities of man. Food materials taken by human beings should contain

vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, niacin, calcium, iron etc. If the body get all

these things then only we can say it is a “Paripurana Annam “(a whole meal)

What is the importance of Annapurna: If we consider the past 10 years experiences

of farmers, agriculture is not profitable. Life of farmers depending on below two acres

agricultural land is impossible. Farmer who feeds others with all his effort and

exertion is not in a position to fill his own belly. Main reason is the indiscreet use of

chemicals, adding to it is weather irregularities. As we all know, low or very heavy

rainfall, untimely rains, cyclones are part of it. Neelam, jal, pylene, ice….. whatever

may be the name, all these are symbols of Nature's fury.

These cyclones destroy the crops. So many of such bitter experiences are there for us.

Now a days, it is quite common. Early or very late monsoons resulting untimely

sowing of seeds. Sometimes ripened crops may not reach the farmers hands due to

drought. Sale method is needed, to endure and sustain yields, of drought tolerant and

excess rainfall. A model which is having all such qualities is Annapurana Model.

Family can earn more than enough money to live but getting safe and healthy

food materials in market is very difficult. Two members of a family work daily for

one hour in fields gives exercise to body along with safe (protected) food crop.

Annapurna crop model provides a chance to have exercise to body and

protected food crops for a family, if two members of a family work for one hour daily

in the farm. Let us know the details about the model.

22

How to construct Annapurna Model? :-

Selection of ½ acre: - Annapurna crop model meant for family food protection, so ½

acre land needed. Level surfaced land and it should be a mix of alluvial soil, red soil

sand - alluvial soil. If there is availability and opportunity chance, this model can be

adopted in 1 acre also. ½ acre means 50 cents. Selected land should be ploughed and

make the soil soft.

Preparation of Trenches: - Inside edge of ridge 1 ½ feet width and 1 feet deep trench

should be dug around the ½ acre land. When this work done, soil dug up to ½ feet

depth should be kept inside the ridge. Remaining ½ feet soil should be put on the ridge

around.

Benefits of trenches: - Trenches around ridges are useful to absorb water. If rains are

heavy, extra water can be driven out easily and crop won’t be spoiled. As a result

levels of ground water also rise. When water is to be supplied to soil beds, it can be

supplied easily through these canals. Trenches stops erosion of fertile soil.

Soil beds: - North – East direction 7 ft. width soil beds are to be prepared. Spread soft

soil on the surface. Available natural fertilizers, manure alluvial soil vermin

compost pond’s soil etc. one or two manures are to be mixed with soil and spread to

6 inch thickness.

Benefits of soil beds: - Keeps the soil loose. Sinking of plants and crops is prevented.

Retains moisture. Helps the roots to spread deeply and allow the plants to absorb

nutrients easily. In every soilbed, put one or two crops to maintain crop diversity. It

simplifies the crop change. If the soil beds are high, they don’t need ploughing. There

won’t be excess water. Sowing and harvesting is easy. Water Saving during heavy

rains, reduces flow pressure and prevent soil erosion.

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Mother (Main) Canals: - Dibble nine “V’ shaped 2ft width and 1 ft. deep main canal

adjacent to the soil bed. Prepare soil beds and main canals in the whole of ½ acre land.

Benefits of main canals: - Helps to sink water in rainy season and always keeps it

damp. They stops draining fertile soil. Drains the excess water during heavy rains, it

prevents the spoilage of vegetable crops. Wastage of water is prevented. Increases the

ground water levels. Main canals are very useful and convenient to supply organic

fertilizers pesticides and for cultivation of inter crops for sowing and harvesting.

Useful to convert weeds and crop remains as manure. Whenever water is available,

canals supply water to the needy soil beds.

Uses of farm pond :- If a 10 ft. length, 6 ft. width and 4 ft. depth pond dug at one

corner of the field, it stores excess water in rainy season and can also be used as fish

pond also Azolla, feeding to cocks and hens and an alternative to urea for Paddy can

also be raised. Fertile soil brought by water flow can also be protected and used to

crop field. If the pond is covered with a strong wire mesh, cocks and hens can be

reared as an extra income source. When water is scarce, fertile water with cock’s

discretion is useful for boosting the yield.

Crops in Soil beds :- Annapurna Model is meant for family food protection so plan

for multi crops.

1) Fruit Plants: - Leave 6 ft. area from ridge, 1st, 5th, 9th, 13th, 17th, 21st, 25th, 29th …. In

the midst of these soil beds from east to west or west to East mango, 9ft from mango,

drumstick banana papaya curry leaves plants are planted. 18ft from mango, guava

leman sapota grape fruit custard apple bulls heart pomegranate etc., one of these

plants are to be planted. South to North or North to South 36ft away from mango plant

again mango Jack Fruit Arnica One of these plants are to be planted. Plants that are

to be planted at 18 ft. and 9 ft. are not to be planted in this line of plants, this is how ½

acre plantation is done.

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Vegetables: - All the Soil bed where fruit plants are planted, allotted ¼ acre for

Vegetables tubers leafy vegetables can be propagated in crop changing method or

alternate crop method. In second soil bed, leafy vegetables, 3, 4 beds different

vegetables like tomato brinjal Chilli Cauli flower cabbage beans etc. are sown.

As this system is followed worms and diseases that attacked plants on one bed can

easily prevented to spread to another bed. Once the crop is harvested instead of same

crop on that bed, crop variety is to be changed. This is how ¼ acre soil beds are used

for Vegetables.

Food grains Pulses Oil Seeds: - In the remaining ¼ acre, where fruit plants are

already there, tubers and pulses that need shade are to be sown. In soil beds, where

there are no fruit plants, Ragi Sorghum Pearl millets, etc., or oil seeds sesame

ground nuts sunflower linseeds etc. or pulses green gram black gram horse gram

cow peas etc. are sown as single or multi crops.

Inter Crops :- Crop that has long yielding period and grows high and crop that has

less yielding time and less height are grown together is called inter crop or the crop

that yield prior to main crop is called inter crop. How do we raise intercrops in

Annapurna model? on the soil beds with fruit plants, allotted ¼ acre for vegetables

yam onion carrot beetroot potato Turmeric ginger etc. tubers are sown as an

inter crop and at least once a year pulses are also sown. In the ¼ acre allotted for food

grains oil seeds, on fruit plant beds along with ginger, turmeric, jack, pulses also

sown compulsorily. Soil bed without fruit plants Vegetables and following other

varieties crops can be sown as inter crops.

In red gram :- Corn, groundnuts, ragi, green gram, black gram, horse gram, ground

beans, pearl millets.

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In corn :- Groundnuts, ragi, Pearl millets, green gram, black gram, horse gram,

ground beans, sorghum.

In Korra (Tel) :- Groundnuts, soya, cow bobaralu, green gram, black gram.

In Lady’s finger :- Nulecole, carrot, Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, coriander,

hibiscus, bracoti, spinach, onion.

In brinjal :- Leafy vegetables nulecole, cauliflower, cabbage, onion, garlic.

In Chilli :- Leafy vegetables, onion, garlic.

Sesame : Green gram, black gram, horse gram etc. are sown.

Benefits on inter Crops : Ground is covered 2) Global warming is reduced. 3)

Dampness or moisture retained 4) Fertility of soil is increased 5) In case of natural

calamities, one crop is damaged or lost, loss can be compensated through second crop.

Favorable weather conditions give economic returns.

(Companion Cropping)

Mixed Crops: - Different crops with same yielding period, almost equal height and

get ready to reap at a time are called mixed crops. In this model, vegetables and

millets can be sown. Tomato - Brinjal, Brinjal – chilli, green gram – cow peas, black

gram beans, pearl millets – corn, Pearl Millets – sorghum, korra – sajja (Tel),

sunflower – corn, onion – cabbage etc.

Benefits of mixed crops :- Both the crops sown at once and time can be saved.

Checks soil erosion. Solves the problem of pests and diseases. Nutrients of crop can

be supplied by another crop. Provides extra income.

Boundary Crops :- Crops to prevent the entry of creatures and disease that cause

existence of insects warms from outside and from other fields to Annapurna Crop

model as a protection are called boundary crops. Red gram, corm, maize, millets etc.

are sown as boundary crops. If red gram is used as boundary. Sow corn maize in

between two plants. Income from maize first then red gram. Make to crawl beans to

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corn, given extra economic support. Pulses are used as boundary crops. So friendly

insects develop and control the harmful insects.

Benefits of boundary crops :- They stand as protection to crop eating insects.

Control harmful insects by developing friendly insects. Provide extra income.

3) Lude (Trap) Crops :- Insects grow immensely on some crops. To protect and to

minimize the loss in main crop from harmful insects plants lude crops. Scatter here

and there or in lines. They attract or divert the attention of deadly harmful insects of

main crops. Some lude crops are grown here and there or in lines in main crop. Sow

marigold, castor oil, chrysanthemum, sunflowers onion, radish, Lady’s finger as pray

crops to protect the main crop from insects and diseases. Through these lude crops

viral diseases and fungus can also be controlled.

Insects that ration on crops are mainly two types they are 1. Cause loss by eating the

crop 2. Insects that control harmful insects which cause loss to the crop Insects that

spoil the crop are mainly attracted by the colour, smell (odour) softness, size etc. and

attack the crop. So such crops are said to be lude crops. Depending on the variety of

insect lude crop can be selected.

Benefits of lude (Trap) crop : Divert the attention insects from main crop because

they like these plants. Insects and diseases are controlled naturally. No need of

chemical pesticides. No expenses, and yield from lude crop gives income. Chemicals

are not used so no harm to Farman friendly insects. Biodiversity is created by the

development of different useful creatures.

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INSECTS ATTRACTED BY LUDE CROPS – CROP THAT ASSULTED – PREVENTION METHOD

Lude Crop Insects attracted Harmful insects assaulted (Aasindhhu) Crop Prevention method

Mary Gold Pacha Purugu (Telugu)Tomato, Chilli, Groundnuts, Red Gram, Cotton, Lady’s Finger, Sunflower, Cabbage.

Lude Crop, Neemastram, Brahmastram, Splinters (Pangala Karralu (T)

Mary Gold Gulabi Rangu Purugu (Telugu) Along with the above crops it can be seem in Brinjal also. “

Mary Gold Tala Natta Purugu (Telugu) Lady’s finger, cotton, brinjal. “

Caster Oil Pogaku Ladde Purugu (Telugu) Tobacco Tapeworm.

Ground nuts, brinjal, Cotton, Lady’s Finger, Cauliflower.

Caster as lude crop. Neemastram Brahmastram, Splinters.

Caster Dasari Purugu (Telugu) Above crops and tobacco “Caster Red Caterpillar Groundnuts, cotton, red gram. “Chrysanthemum Pacha Purugu (Telugu)

Caster Gulabi purugu, Talanatta Purugu (Telugu)

Mary Gold, Tomato, Chills, Ground Nut Lude Crop, Neemastram

SunflowerTella Doma Yerra Nalli‘Aakumudata Purugu (Telugu)

Red gram, cotton, Lady’s finger, groundnuts, Tomato. Brahmastram, splinters, lude crop.

Sunflower Dasari PuruguPacha Purugu (Telugu)

Red gram, cotton, Lady’s finger, groundnuts, Tomato. “

Radish Aaku Mudata (Telugu) Purugu Tomato, Chilli Lude crop, neemastram, Brahmastram.Onion Tamara Purugu (Telugu) Chilli, Cabbage “

Lady’s FingerAaku MudatapuruguMachala Kaya Toluchu Purugu (Tel)

Paddy, Ground nuts, Sunflower. “

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Boundary Crops For Main Crops :

Main Crop Boundary Crop

Lady’s finger, bottle gourd , Corn, Maize,

Pumpkin, beans, groundnuts, tomato, red gram, bajra, sorghum, pearl millets etc

Ivy gourd, beera (Tel), ehilli, brinjal, cabbage, any one of it.

Cotton etc

Paddy Corn, red gram,

Corn maize, bajra bajra, sorghum, corn, maize

red gram, Sorghum red gram, corn.

Corp diversity – Biodiversity :- There is a facility to grow different crops, fruits,

leafy vegetables, vegetables, pulses, oil seeds, millets in Annapurna Crop model so

diversity of crops also there.

Different crop system is fully implemented. Total failure of crops is minimum

due to natural Calamities. If one crop get spoiled another crop compensate the

income. Variety of plants and crops provide shelter to insects. This leads to bio

diversity and environmental balance.

THINGS TO BE DONE BEFORE THE PLANTATION OF FRUIT PLANTS

1) Dig pits for plants :- In the beds allotted to fruit plants 3 x 3 x 3 ft w,, b,, d,, pits

for Mango, Cashew, Arnica Plants, which are going to sow in 36ft distance are to be

dibbled. For Sapota, Guava, Lemon, Pomagranate, Grape Fruit, Custard Apple. Bull’s

heart etc., Plants 2 x 2 x 2ft W x L x d are measurements for Pits. 9ft away from these

plants for Banna Curry leaves drum stick 1 x 1 x 1 ft. l x b x d pits are to be dug.

While digging, soil is to be laid half of the depth to East side and remaining half to

west. For Mango plants 3 x 3 x 3, l x d x b pits are to be dug by following the above

Procedure. By this process fertile and non-fertile soil is separated. As the damp or

moistened soil is laid in bottom part, fertility is restored. Same procedure is to be

followed for other plants.

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Solarisation of Pits :- As per measurements, once the pits are ready, they should be

dried in the hot Sun, preferably in the months of April May for 20 days. Disease

causing insects and other harmful insects at different stages of their life cycles are

killed. Egg, Larva and Pupa are killed by the scorching hear. So, the problem of

diseases caused by insects and worms is avoided in future.

In some areas, termites are very high, there is a chance to check this problem

potentially. If the solarization is not done properly, diseases and insects attack crops in

future. So to prevent these problems, proper polarization is very essential.

Burning of Pits :- Dry leaves and crop waste are burnt in pits after 20 days of

solariation. Harmful insect egg, pupa, etc, which remain inside the edges of pits erode.

If not, they cause damage to the crops. So after solarisation, burning is essential and

the ash works as potash.

Filling the Pits :- Fill the pits with layers of raw leaves, press the soil well by legs, so

that there won’t be any gap in between. Neem Kagu Visha Musti Vadisa Vavila

Custard Apple black berry (black plum) Bael tree (maredu) tamarind tanner’s

cassia or Avaram (tangedu) eucalyptus tutika vempali subabul senna, etc, one of

these dry leaves or mix of four, five varieties are used for filling. While digging soil

laid on the East is mixed with ½ Kg ash, ¼ Kg Neem Powder Kanuga Powder

Caster Oil seeds Powder Vippa Powder (Flour) Sunflower Powder, 5 kgs, Compost

Vermi Compost sheep manure and then lay it as layers. For every 6 inches press or

trust with legs and same procedure is to be followed to the west side laid soil as the

east.

Bed should come up one feet high as cauline from the surface. Filling the pits

with ash, neem flour, manure, etc , is like construction of an internal fertilizer factory

in the deep soil. Once the seeds of fruit plants are germinated, not only moisture and

softness, but all the nutrients for the plant are reserved and supplied as the plan grows.

30

This process is very helpful to stick the roots of plant deeply in the soil. This helps to

get sustained yields.

Plantation :- Leave the pits in the rains after filling. By the second week of June be

ready for plantation. One feet elevated soil bed after one rain sinks parallel to surface.

If the soil sinks into the pit, it avoids the dumping of water even if the soil sinks. In

the middle of the pit, dig a hole at about the height of the polythene bag, which

contained a sapling. Remove polythene bag and plant it one inch deep. At any cost,

don’t allow storage water or soil to touch the stock. If it happens diseases may catch

and it may deter the growth of plant or kills. So these precautions are necessary.

Things To Be Done After Plantation

Construction of Plate or tray :- After plantation, around the plant at about 4 inches

distance, make a cauline to support the plant. ½ ft away from this place construct a

soil plate like structure. This helps to absorb water and when there are no rains it

provide moisture and coolness to plant.

Internal Cultivation :- Once in every 30 days, dibble thoroughly inside the plate and

add Vadisa mushidili Neem Kaagu Green chiretta (Cereal) custard apple leave

one Kilo each and then pour water. Juice of these leaves is bitter poisonous and helps

to exterminate root worms insects. Plant also tastes bitter and it helps to deter some

kind of insects. In addition to that, leaves decompose and become manure and plants

grow strong and healthy.

Support Maintenance :- Drafted saplings are very sensitive and danger of breaking

by the touch of wind, cattle, sheep and other animals. If the drafted part is broken first,

seed germinates and grow as a normal plant. This is not at all profitable. A sapling is

to be planted or drafted but it will take some more to grow and lag behind in yield. If

the plant bends, it cannot take nutrients from soil properly and the yield comes down.

If the plant grows straight, it absorbs sufficient nutrients and the yield rises. So strong

sticks are to be erected one feet away from the plant base, a little high at the bend of

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the plant to support. Bind the sticks horizontally to the vertical ones, just as a ladder

depending on the height of the plants arrange 2-3 lines. This ladder supports the plant

to grow straight. Sticks look like ladder and support the plants so called as support

sticks. This ladder should be one feet away from the plant so termite spoilage is very

negligible.

Mulching :- Though the Pits are filled with leaves, the surface around the plant is

covered with raw leaves. This retains the moisture and prevents water wastage. Plant

can be grown with little water. As long as dampness prevails, problem of termites

won’t be there.

Water Supply :- Water is to be supplied to fruit plants once in 2 days in summer. In

rainy season if necessary once in 2 weeks and weekly once in winter.

Fertilizers :- Supply decomposed manure and dung, to the fruit plants once in every

six months. If it is done, there is a chance for quick and healthy growth. It boosts up

yield in drumsticks, banana, curry, leaves, papaya, etc., any yield starts, within one

year. By spraying cow dung and urine solution once in every 10 days prevents the

spread of insects and also supplies all nutrients.

Cutting Leaves and Branches :- As the plants grow, branches also grow. Branches

sometimes grow below the drafted area. If they are left as it is, prevent the plant

growth above the drafted area and cause unnecessary growth and yield reduces. So

these branches are to be cut now and then. Usually insects and diseases spread during

flowering and fruit budding. Gradually, they cause damage to the crop in the

following year. So once the crop in the following year. So once the crop is reaped

branch lets are to be cut. This results in stoppage of insect disease spreading. It also

reduce the shady area, which in turn favourable to other crops. If branches are cut

every year, emerge new leaves and yield also increase.

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Annapurna Crop ModelMonth wise work chart

April :- Selection of ½ acre dry wet land, clearing and burning wastage, ploughing

and leveling.

May :- Around the ridge or brim of levelled land 1½ feet width, 1 feet depth, ‘U’

shaped main canal is to be dug or formed. From main canal 7ft width soil beds are

formed and between belts dig 2ft width, 1 ft. depth canals. Prepare pits for fruit plants,

burn and solarise. Enrich the soil beds with Pond’s soil and manure. By the last week

of May, be ready with Beejamrutham (For seed treatment).

June :- Treat the seeds of Vegetables, creepers, boundary crops, millets in

Beejamrutham and sow.

July :- Seeds of Naru (Tel) are to be treated and sown, as a Precautionary to prevent

diseases and insects once in every 15 days cow – dung solution, neemastram should

be sprayed alternately.

August :- Weed out the Vegetable plot, horrow soil with hoe, construct plates,

stalking (stacking) mulching, water supply, spray dung - urine solution or neemastram

once in 15 days.

September :- Slipped soil in main canals is to be redeposited on soil beds. Spray

Dung – Urine Neemastram once in 15 days.

October :- For construction of boundary, collection of sticks, maintenance of plants

and crops. Spray neemastram Cow dung – urine once in every 15 days.

November :- Spray dung – urine, neemastram once in 15 days on maize, corn, radish,

horsegram, green, gram, black gram etc crops.

December :- Spray dung – urine once in 15 days.

January :- Reap red gram, horse gram. Prepare land for next summer crops.

February :- Shower water to fields. Spray dung – urine, neemastram once in 15 days.

March :- Construction of plates, mulching, water supply. Spray dung – urine once in

15 days.

April May :- Dropped or slipped soil and manure into canals is laid on soil beds.

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Estimation of yields is Rain fed ½ acre Annapurna Crop fields

Month Name of the Crop Income

April : - -

May : - -

June : (Celery) Brocoti, Radish, Spinach, Hibiscus, Lady’s

finger. Beans, beera (Tel), Bottle ground, bitter gourd,

red gram corn, Ragi, Brinjal, Tomato, Maize, Janumulu

(Tel) Bobbarlu (Tel), Oodalu (Tel), Samalu (Tel).

-

July : All the above and leafy vegetables. 2000

August : Celery (Bracoti) radish, maize, korra (Tel) beans Lady’s

finger.

4350

Septembe

r

: Ragi, Beera (Tel) Brinjal, Beans, Lady’s finger. 6400

October : Beera (Tel) brinjal, Chilli, bitter gourd, bottle gourd. 4900

November : Samalu, Janumulu, Bobbarlu (Tel) Black gram, green

gram, corn, marry gold, brinjal.

6300

December : Flat beans, brinjal, Tomato, Chilli. 2700

January : Red gram, flat beans, horse gram tomato. 4000

February : Brinjal, Tomato. 1000

March : Brinjal, Tomato. 500

Total 32150

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In Rain fed Annapurna Crop Model from 1st Year to 10th year… so on estimated incomes are given in the following table.

Year

Fruits Plants Trees Vegetables

Pilses Oil Seeds

Food Grains TotalMango

Guava Sapota Lemon

Banana Drumstics

Papaya Curry Leaves

Leafy Vegetables Vegetables

Tubers Turmeric

Ginger

End of 1st

Year - - 2000 22000 - 6000 6000 36000

End of

2nd Year- - 2000 22000 - 6000 6000 36000

End of 3rd

Year- 2000 2000 22000 - 6000 6000 38000

End of 4th

Year4000 4000 2000 20000 2000 6000 6000 44000

End of 5th

Year6000 6000 2000 20000 2000 6000 6000 48000

End of 6th

Year10000 6000 2000 12000 8000 4000 4000 46000

End of 7th

Year20000 6000 - 6000 10000 4000 4000 50000

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Annapurna Crop Samghas

By forming Annapurna Crop Sangha at Village, cluster and project level to get

combined benefits. By knowing the necessity of these sanghas and their work one can

attain knowledge as well as understanding programmes and skills to lead.

Let us discuss about village level Annapurna Crop Sangha.

Structure :- Women working on “½” acre Annapurna Crop Model in Village

collectively start a Sangha. It is called Annapurna Crop Sangha. Also called as

Annapurna Crop Producers Sangha.

Before starting the sangha, they should complete certain formalities. To elect

their members, they should discuss about the importance of its formation at least in 2

or 3 meetings. They should discuss about their leader to lead the Sangha in a

democratic way.

Working Committee :- President, Vice President, treasurer should be elected from

Annapuram Crop Farmers through direct election. These three office bearers should

open a bank account in a nearest bank.

Aims :- Make the Annapurna Crop Model Women Farmers to understand how to

improve their yields. 2) They should take steps to get profitable price for the produce.

Duties and Responsibilities of Sangha :-

1) Should convene a meeting with Annapurna Crop Model members atleast

once in every week.

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2) Invite Encourage discussions to make aware of diseases insects

worms and their prevention, about yield etc.

3) Implement the slogan “our seed, the best seed”.

4) Encourage women farmers of Annapurna Crop Model with rewards.

5) Earn extra income by collective buying and selling.

6) Instead of selling raw materials directly, by implementing value added

programmes to enhance working days for women farmers. It will give

economic benefit to their product.

Ex :- Vegetable grading, selling of Packed items, Remove husk, Pack and sell millets.

Make turmeric Powder, Pack and Sell etc.,

Records to be maintained :-

1) Minutes Book :- Minutes book to record the details of special or weekly

meeting preside over by President. Important decisions reviews on progress,

agenda of meeting and resolutions are to be recorded.

2) Cash Book :- Income and expenditure of Sangha are recorded every day.

Balance in Bank Pass Book and Cash Book are to be checked. All the

important financial responsibilities are maintained by treasurer.

3) Individual Pass Book :- Money and others received by every woman farmer

from Government Organization are recorded. Daily yields of Annapurna Crop

Models are recorded year long.

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Village level Annapurna Crop Sanglha :- Business chain marketing linkage is

in the following way at Village Level.

Reaming crop after the Personal use of woman farmer is handed over to

Annapurna Crop Sangha.

Annapurna Cluster Sangha (Auto)

From grama sangha reach by selling

directly to Residential Schools

Hotels and local weekly markets,

Rytu bazaar Rest will be handed over

to cluster sangha.

Notice :- Annapurna Crop Sangha has got the freedom to sell their. Product wherever

they get high price.

38

ANNAPURNA CROP SANGHA CLUSTER LEAGUE

In the previous pages, we learnt about Village level Annapurna Crop Sanghas.

Crop Sanghas of 10 – 15 Villages are formed as Annapurna Sangha Cluster League.

Structure :- Annapurna Crop Sangha Cluster League elects a working committee

from 10-15 Village level Annapurna Crop Sangha’s Presidents, Secretaries and

Treasurers. The elected president, secretary and treasurer should open a bank account

in a local bank. Village level Sangha Presidents, treasurers are members of working

committee.

Duties and Responsibilities :- 1) Convenes Village level meeting of Annapurna Crop

Sangha working committee. 2) Reviews the work of grama (Village Sangha). 3)

Encourages the marketing of Annapurna Products. 4) Selects proper market and tries

to get Profitable price.

Aims :- By expanding the area (Paridhi – Tel) Sangha from Village to cluster level,

following aims are to be achieved.

1) Activities, Experiences, Success stories of different Villages can be shared with

others. So that others gain knowledge.

2) Solution can be find easily by sharing different problems faced by farmers….

Like insects, diseases, marketing.

3) Stocks left over with Village Sangha can be sold collectively and gain profits.

This gives protection to their products.

4) Value can be enhanced to some items at cluster level.

Ex :- Removing husk from millets etc.

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II. Marketing Linkage :-

Cluster Level Annapurna Crop League

Residential Schools Hotels Directly In Annapurna Crop Sangha Max

products are stored in Vegetable

markets Rythu bazaar and sell.

(Store and sell agricultural Products

in Private markets).

Annapurna Crop Samgha (Makes) Max :-

Learnt about Village level cluster level Annapurna Crop Sanghas in previous

pages, Established a sangha at project level to conduct activities of crop sanghas in a

wider range and to maintain a strong chain system can be called as Annapurna crop

sangha max.

Max is formed to coordinate the Annapurna crop sanghas from Village to

cluster level.

Its aims are : a) By making wide marketing system (marketing chain) providing

assurance to farmer’s products b) Arrange storages c) Provide cost benefit d) Paying

advance to farmer’s products.

2) Along with extra income ‘Value Addition’ centers. Start agricultural end

product centers to provide work for farmer’s families.

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I. Marketing linkages (Value Chain) :-

Cluster level Annapurna Crops Sangha max committee

Annapurna Crop Sangha Max

Added Value Productive Centers Marketing welfare for end products Programme.

Village level Annapurna Crop Sangha to max

Respondents

Annapurna Annapurna Crop Annapurna CropCrop Sangha Cluster Sangha Sanghas Max

Village Level Cluster working Max. workingAnnapurna Crop Committee CommitteeSangha WorkingCommittee

C.R.P Cluster Coordinator Project Manager

Technical Head Advisor quarter

C.C.

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Village Level Sangha’s to max level

Income Sources

Village level Cluster level AnnapurnaAnnapurna Crop Sangha Annapurna Crop Sanghs Crop Sangha Max.

Through Village level 30% of Max Surplus From 50% of max Crop Sangha Projects Sustained Profits1) 10% of Selling price Remaining 50%2) 20% of sustained profit of Cluster sangha.3) 20% of sustained profits of max. Welfare programmes

8. Maintenance of insects diseases in natural methods

Maintenance Of Insects And Diseases In Natural Methods :-

In Annapurna crop model, insects and diseases that damage different crops are

evented through nature agriculture methods. Following programmes must be followed

to maintain.

1) Treatment of Seed.

(Purification of Seed).

To get better yields, good seeds are necessary. Though the farmer prepares

good and healthy seeds, climatic conditions, tools used etc., spread the sources of

diseases and they symbiose with seeds. While sowing the seed, sources of disease

spread and develop through seed and earth and damage the crop. So seeds are to be

treated. For traditional treatment of seeds urine, dung, ash, milk, etc, are used. Prior

extermination (Prevention) is done effectively by “Beejamrutham”.

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Preparation of Beejamrutham :-

Items (for ½ acre crop)

Dung 2.5 Kgs

Urine 2.5 tls

Calcium 25 gms

Water 10 lts

Procedure :- Tie the dung in cloth. Take Water, Urine and Calcium in container and

stir thoroughly. Tied dung is to be hanged in water, urine, calcium mixture half

merged. This is to be fermented for 24 hrs. while fermentation process going on once

in every 8 hrs. stir the mixture right to left, and left to right 12 times each. After 24

hours, stir it thoroughly and squeeze the dung into the container for 5 minutes and

then filter it. Beejamrutham is read now.

How to use :- Before sowing or planting the tender plants, (Naru natemundu – Tel)

seed is to be purified. Beejamrutham can be used for all seed plant treatment of all

crops except groundnuts. Soak the seed in Beejamrutham for 10 minutes and dry it in

shade for 4 hours. Then the seed is ready to propagate. (Naaru) Tender plants are to be

merged in Beejamrutham for 10 minutes and then plant them. All variety crops,

Vegetables naru (Tel) tubers, banana Pilakalu (Tel), Sugercane, turmeric etc can be

treated in Beejamrutham.

Uses :- 1) Seeds germinate fast and in vast number. 2) Insects and diseases that are

communicated through seeds and soil are prevented. 3) Immunity in plants increases.

4) Seedlings and naaru (Tel) grow healthy. 5) By treating seeds with Beejamrutham,

micro and macro nutrients are supplied.

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Cattle Dung, Urine Solution :-

There are different insects in crops. Some are helpful and friendly, some other

insects are harmful to crops. To cut down the loss incurred to crop and to improve the

yield by reducing austerity of harmful insects, use dung urine solution.

Preparation Of The Dung – Urine Solution :-

Items (for ½ Acre crops).

Dung 2.5 Kgs

Urine 2.5 lts

Calcium 50 gms

Water 2.5 lts

Preparatory Method :- Take dung and urine into container and mix it well. Cover it

with a cloth and leave it to ferment for 4 days in shade. 3 times a day i.e. once in 8

hours remove the cover and stir the solution 12 times in anti-clock wise direction and

place the cover intact. On 5th day filter the contents by a mesh and then with a cloth.

Collect the solution and mix 50gms calcium. This reduces the acidity in dung and

urine.

Method of use :- By adding 50 lts water to the filtered solution can be sprayed on all

crops. It can be sprayed at the age of 10 days. To prevent aggi telugu (Tel) mix 75

gms asafetida powder and spray.

Uses :- While fermenting dung and urine several micro organisms develop and supply

nutrients to crops. Useful to hinder diseases.

2) Strong smell of this solution repell the insects to lay eggs on crops.

3) Immunity of crops increase.

4) Micro nutrients like nitrogen, Prosperous, Potash are supplied.

5) Increase microbes and earth warms in soil. Soil becomes healthy.

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NEEMASTRAMNeemastram can be used to prevent diseases and larvae that eat away the crop

and insects that suck the juice from plants.

Items :-

Cow urine 5 lts

Dung 1 Kg

Neempaste 5 Kgs

Water 100 lts

Method :- Neem leaves are to be pasted. Fill the drum with 100 lts of water and mix the dung and then urine. Add neem paste to it and cover with a cloth and keep it in shade. Leave to ferment for 2 days. Take a stick and stir it thoroughly, once in 8 hours. While mixing, stir it from right to left 12 times and left to right 12 times in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. After 2 days neemastram is ready to use. This can be stored for 30 days.

How to Use :- Once neemastram is ready filter with a cloth and spray on crops directly.

Uses :- 1) In fermentation process of dung and urine, micro-organisms develop and

supply nutrients to crops.2) Nitrogen, Phosphorus, potash are supplied.3) Ajaderactine in neem work as insecticide.4) Neemastram dropped on insects and their eggs make them impotent so no

chance of reproduction.5) All types of insects worms are controlled.6) Controls diseases also.

Notice :- Technical information and pictures in this book are collected Taken

from the Publications of sustained agriculture center, CMSA, Agriculture Almanac

and Prakruthi Nestham.

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