module01_intro

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Introduction toNanotechnology

Alberto Quiñonez, Ph.D.

Professor Electronics and Advanced Technologies

Austin Community College

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Obj ectiveThe purpose of this module is to introduce the emergingnanotechnology field to novices of nanotechnology.

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T opics

Nanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of N anotechnology

Current and Future Trends, Research and Applications

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W here does your imagination take you?Figure 1.1:

P refaceIs nanotechnology the gateway to thefuture for human beings on Earth?

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Figure 1.3: Arnold Schwarzenegger¶s character mentionsnanotechnology in ³The Terminator 3´ movie.

³«its arsenal includesnanotechnological transjectors«It cancontrol other machines.´

Figure 1.2: A nanocar made from a single molecule.

Em ergence

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Nanotechnology Language

N anobioN anodots

N anowiresN anoelectronicsN anobotsN anomaterialsN anochondria

Yow!

Figure 1. 4 : Searching for nanotechnology.

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D efinition³N anotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique

phenomena enable novel applications.´

Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology,nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.´

Nat ion al Na no t echno logy Ini t iat ive, 2007

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Figure 1. 5 : N ational N anotechnology Initiative.

S cale of T hings³Nano m eters

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Internships

Figure 1. 6 : Sematech nanoscholar interns of Texas.

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B rief History

Figure 1.7: Stained glass windows. Figure 1. 8 : Picture of gold nano particles .

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The concepts of nanotechnology are not new to nature or tomankind. An early example of a manmade nanoprocess is stainedglass.



B rief History, Continued

Figure 1. 9 : Tokyo Science University.

Birth of N anotechnologyProfessor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science

University used the word ³nanotechnology´to describe the science and technology of processing or building parts with nanometrictolerances. A nanometer is a unit of length in the metricsystem, equal to one billionth of a meter.

Figure 1.10: Equivalent Units

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B rief History, ContinuedDr. Richard P. Feynman

³Why cannot we write the entire 24volumes of the EncyclopediaBritannica on the head of a pin?´

Dr. Richard Feynman, one of America¶s most notable physicists,1918-1988.

Figure 1.11: Richard Feynman.

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B rief History Continued,Dr. Feynman, Continued

³The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to see what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, isultimately developed ± adevelopment which I think cannot beavoided.´

Figure 1.12: Collection of reminiscences byN obel Prize-winning physicist.

S ure ly You¶reS ure ly You¶re

JokingJokingMr. Feynm a n!Mr. Feynm a n! Adventures of a Curious

Character

By Richard Feynman

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B rief History, Continued Atomic Scale

A computer image of the nanoice double helix.

In the nano ice image, oxygenatoms are blue in the inner helix, purple in the outer helix.H ydrogen atoms are white.

Figure 1.13: A nanotechnology self-assembly process.

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M ore History

Figure 1.1 5 : DN A damage.

Figure 1.1 4 : Drexler¶s book.

Engines of CreationEngines of Creation

The Coming EraThe Coming Eraof N anotechnology of N anotechnology

By K. Eric Drexler By K. Eric Drexler

Eric Drexler Coined the term ³Grey Goo´«the

potential problem of self-replicating andautonomous artificial intelligencemachines.

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M ore History, ContinuedEric Drexler, ContinuedCell Repair Machines

³By working along molecule bymolecule and structure bystructure, repair machines will beable to repair whole cells. Byworking along cell by cell andtissue by tissue, they«will be

able to repair whole organs«theywill restore health.´ - Drexler, 1986

Figure 1.1 6 : Stylized example of targeted cell repair.

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M ore History, Continued

Figure 1.17: Scanning probe microscopesystems from nanoscience instruments.

Figure 1.1 8 : Scanning tunneling microscopeimage.

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MetrologyMeasurement of equipment is the cornerstone of

nanotechnology.




Figure 1.1 9 : Carbon-60 buckyball isshaped like a soccer ball.

BuckyballsThree gentlemen² H arold Kroto from the

University of Sussex, Robert Curl andRichard Smalley from Rice University²wereawarded the N obel Prize in Chemistry in1996 for their discovery of a new compositionof carbon, Carbon 60.

Figure 1.20: Example of N obel prizediploma.

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Figure 1.22: Dome over biosphere in Montreal.Figure 1.21: A ³Buckyball.´

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FullerenesCarbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who

went by the nickname ³Bucky.´




Figure 1.23: Moore¶s Law. Figure 1.2 4 : Photolithography.

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Top-Down ApproachTwo approaches used in producing nanotechnology systems.

Top-down method is used by computer chip manufacturers.




Figure 1.2 5 : An example of a molecular self assembly through hydrogen bonds.

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Bottom-Up ApproachBottom-up approach to manufacturing is analogous to the way

biological systems are made.



W elco m e toW elco m e toNano W orld!Nano W orld!

Figure 1.2 6 : Robot image.

S u mm ary

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N anotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emergingfield in all areas of science, engineering and technology.



R eferences

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American Ceramic Society (2006, March). Overview of Safety, Risks. American Ceramic Society Bulletin. Vol. 85 Issue 3, p6, 1/6 p.

Booker, Richard & Boysen, Earl (2005). N anotechnology for Dummies. NJ: W iley Publishing Inc.

Diott, D.D. (2006, April). Thinking big (and small) about energetic materials.Material Science and Technology. Vol. 22 Issue 4. p. 463, 11p.

Drexler, K. Eric (1986). Engines of Creation : The Coming Era of N anotechnology. N ew York : Anchor Books.

Henderson, Donald (2006). Bioterrorism : Interview with Donald H enderson. Asia Pacific Biotech N ews. Vol. 10, Issue 1, p.18, 9p.Intel (2007). Moore¶s Law. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from

http ://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm



R eferences, Continued

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Lane, N eal & Kalil, Thomas (2005). The N ational N anotechnology Initiative : Present at the creation. Issues in Science & Technology; Summer 2005. Vol21, p49, 6p.

Lieberman, Marya (2007). Self-assembled monolayers and multilayers of phthalocyanines. University of N otre Dame : Department of Chemistry andBiochemistry. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http ://www.nd.edu/~mlieberm/

Mandal, Deendayal; Bolander, Mark E.; Mukhopadhyay, Debrabrata;Sarkar, Gobinda;

Mukherjee, Priyabrata (2006, J anuary). The use of Microorganisms for theformation of metal nanoparticles and their application. Applied Microbiologyand Biotechnology. Vol. 69 Issue 5, p. 485, 8p.

Mostow, J onathan (Director). (2003). Terminator 3 : Rise Of The Machines[Motion Picture]. United States : W arner Bros. Pictures.




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Murday, J ames F. (2005). N anotechnology : H ype and H ope in Aerospace Applications. Advanced Materials and Processes. Vol. 163, Issue 12, P. 21,2p.

Nanotechnology at UT Austin (2007). Graduate Portfolio Program.Retrieved 6/27/2007 from http ://www.cnm.utexas.edu/graduateportfolio.html

Nanotechnology N ow (2006, March). N anotechnology documentary to befilmed at nanoTX'06. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http ://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=14281

National N anotechnology Initiative - NN I (2007). W hat is N anotechnology?Retrieved 6/25/2007 from http ://www.nano.gov/html/facts/what IsN ano.html

Rappaport, Tatiana Gabriela (2006). Semiconductors : N anostructures andapplications in spintronics and quantum computation. Vol. 809 issue 1, p.326,17p.




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Ratner, Mark & Ratner, Daniel (2003). N anotechnology : A GentleIntroduction to the N ext Big Idea. N ew J ersey : Prentice H all PTR.

Rouekes, M. L., Fritz, S., Stix, G., W hiteside, G.M., Love, J .C., Alivisatos,

A.P. et al. (2002). Understanding N anotechnology : Scientific American. N ewYork : W arner Books.

Terra, Richard P. (2000, March). N ational N anotechnology Initiative inFY2001 Budget : Clinton Administration Requests $497 million for N T-RelatedR&D Funding. Foresight N anotech Institute. Retrieved 4/02/2007 fromhttp ://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update40/Update40.1.html

UN L N ews Releases (2006, December). Self-assembling nano-icediscovered at U N L; structure resembles D N A. Retrieved 6/28/2007 fromhttp ://ucommxsrv1.unl.edu/unlnews/public/fmpro?-db=unlnews.fp5&-format=newsrelease.shtml&-lay=unlnews&-recid=33994&-find=




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W ikipedia (2007). Moore¶s Law. Retrieved 7/02/2007 fromhttp ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law

W ikipedia (2007). N ature. Retrieved 7/05/2007 from

http ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category :N atureW ong, H .S. Philip (2006, March). N anoelectronics ± Opportunities and

Challenges. International J ournal of H igh Speed Electronics and Systems.Vol. 16, Issue 1, p. 83, 12p.

Yamaguchi, Tomohiko; Epstein, Irving; Shimomura, Masatsugu; &Kunitake, Toyoki (2005, December). Vol. 15, Issue 4, p. N , 3 p.

Zyvex : N anotechnology W ebsite : There¶s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.Retrieved 6/27/2007 from http ://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.

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