mohamed morsi

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Mohamed MorsiFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Mohamed Morsi

5thPresident of Egypt

In office

30 June 20123 July 2013

Prime Minister Kamal Ganzouri

Hesham Qandil

Vice President Mahmoud Mekki

Preceded by Mohamed Hussein Tantawi(Acting)

Succeeded by Adly Mansour

(Acting)
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Secretary General of theNon-Aligned Movement

In office

30 June 2012

30 August 2012

Preceded by Mohamed Hussein Tantawi

Succeeded by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Chairman of theFreedom and Justice Party

Incumbent

Assumed office

30 April 2011

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Saad El-Katatni

Member of thePeople's Assembly

In office

1 December 200012 December 2005

Preceded by Numan Gumaa

Succeeded by Mahmoud Abaza

Personal details

Born 8 August 1951 (age 61)

El-Adwah,Sharqia Governorate, Egypt

Political party Freedom and Justice Party

Other political Muslim Brotherhood
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affiliations

Spouse(s) Naglaa Mahmoud(1979present)

Children 5

Alma mater Cairo University

University of Southern California

Religion Islam

Signature

Mohamed Morsi[note 1](Arabic: ,ALA-LC:Muammad Muammad Murs s

al-Ayy, called EstepnIPA:[mmmd mmmd mosi is (e)l.jjt]; born 8

August 1951) is an Egyptian politician who served as thefifthPresident of Egypt, from 30 June 2012

to 3 July 2013. He is considered by most to be the first democratically elected head of state in

Egyptian history, although his predecessors also held elections, which were generally marred by

irregularities and allegations of rigging. He was, however, the first President to have first assumed his

duty after an election, as opposed to his predecessors who came into power as revolutionaries (e.g.

Nasser) and as appointed successors (Sadat, Mubarak).

Mohamed Morsi was educated in Egyptian public schools and universities; he was later granted a

scholarship from the Egyptian Government to prepare for a PhD degree in the United States. Morsi

was a Member of Parliament in thePeople's Assembly of Egyptfrom 2000 to 2005, and a leading

member in theMuslim Brotherhood. He became Chairman of theFreedom and Justice Party(FJP)

when it was founded by the Muslim Brotherhood in the wake of the2011 Egyptian revolution. He

stood as the FJP's candidate for theMayJune 2012 presidential election.

On 24 June 2012, the election commission announced that Morsi had won Egypt's presidential

election, thus becoming the first democratically elected president.[1][2][3]In his run-off againstAhmed

Shafik, deposed leaderHosni Mubarak's[4]last prime minister, according to official results Morsi took

51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3 percent.[5]As he had promised during his

campaign, Morsi resigned from his position as the head of the FJP after his victory was announced.[6]

After Morsi temporarily granted himself unlimited powers to "protect" the nation in late November

2012,[7][8]and the power tolegislatewithout judicial oversight or review of his acts, hundreds of

thousands of protesters began demonstrating against him in the2012 Egyptian protests.[9][10]On 8

December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree which had both expanded his presidential authority and
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abichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALA-LChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naglaa_Mahmoud


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removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the effects of that

declaration would stand.[11]George Isaacof theConstitution Partysaid that Morsis declaration did not

offer anything new, theNational Salvation Frontrejected it as an attempt to save face, and the6 April

Movementand Gamal Fahmi of the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed to

address the "fundamental" problem of the nature of the assembly that was tasked with drafting the

constitution.[11]

On 30 June 2013,mass protestserupted across Egypt calling for the President's resignation,

following severe fuel shortages and electricity outages that evidence shows were orchestrated by

Mubarak-era Egyptian elites with the intention of causing a coup.[12]This was followed by the army's

threat that if the protesters' demands were not met by 3 July it would step in and build a road map for

the country, while insisting that it did not want to rule the country .[13]Some took this to mean a military

coup, but the next day the army denied that they were referring to a possible military coup .[14]The

plan set up by the military includes suspending the constitution, dissolving the parliament, and

establishing a new administration headed by the chief justice.[15]

Morsi was declared unseated on 3 July 2013 by a council consisting of defence ministerAbdul Fatah

al-Sisi, opposition leaderMohamed ElBaradei, theGrand Imam of Al AzharAhmed el-Tayeb,

andCoptic Pope Tawadros II.[16][17]

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life and education

2 Political career

o 2.1 2011 Political prisoner

o 2.2 Morsi's initial telephone call on behalf of freed prisoners

o 2.3 2012 Egyptian presidential campaign

3 President of Egypt

o 3.1 Domestic policy

3.1.1 November 2012 declaration

o 3.2 2013 Egyptian protests and dismissal declaration

o 3.3 Foreign policy

3.3.1 Arab world

3.3.2 Syria

3.3.3 China

3.3.4 Iran

3.3.5 Russia

3.3.6 Israel and Palestine
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i#Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Arab_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Foreign_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#2013_Egyptian_protests_and_dismissal_declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#November_2012_declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Domestic_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#President_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#2012_Egyptian_presidential_campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Morsi.27s_initial_telephone_call_on_behalf_of_freed_prisonershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#2011_Political_prisonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Political_careerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Early_life_and_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Tawadros_II_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_Al_Azharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_al-Sisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_al-Sisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2013_Egyptian_protestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-alarab912-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_April_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_April_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_(Egypt)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Isaac_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#cite_note-alarab912-12


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3.3.7 Descendants of Apes and Pigs controversy

3.3.8 International summits

3.3.8.1 African Union

3.3.8.2 Non-Aligned Movement

3.3.8.3 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit

4 Personal life

5 Awards

6 See also

7 Citations

8 References

Early life and education[edit]

Mohamed Morsi was born in theSharqia Governorate, innorthern Egypt, of modest provincial origin,

in the village ofEl-Adwah, north of Cairo, on 8 August 1951.[18]His father was a farmer and his

mother a housewife.[18]He is the eldest of five brothers, and told journalists that he remembers being

taken to school on the back of a donkey.[19]He earned a bachelor's and master's degree in

engineering fromCairo Universityin 1975 and 1978, respectively.

Morsi received his Ph.D. in materials science from the University of Southern Californiain 1982 with

his dissertation High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity and Defect Structure of Donor-Doped

Al2O3.[20][21]He was an Assistant Professor atCalifornia State University, Northridge, from 1982 to

1985.[22]In 1985, Morsi returned to Egypt and began to serve as the head of the engineering

department atZagazig University, where he was a professor until 2010.

TheNational University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan(NUST) conferred the honorary

degree of Doctor of Philosophy on Morsi at a special convocation, held at the School of Civil &

Environmental Engineering NUST in Islamabad on 18 March 2013. The degree was awarded in

recognition of his achievements and significant contribution toward the promotion of peace and

harmony in the world and for strengthening bilateral relations with other Muslim countries, especially

Pakistan.[23]Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf, as Chancellor of the University, conferred the degree

on the Egyptian President together with the Rector of NUST, Muhammad Asghar.

Political career[edit]

Morsi was first elected to parliament in 2000.[24]He served as a Member of Parliament from 2000 to

2005, officially as an independent candidate because the Brotherhood was technically barred from

running candidates for office under Mubarak.[25]He was a member of the Guidance Office of the

Muslim Brotherhood until the founding of the Freedom and Justice Party in 2011, at which point he

was elected by the MB's Guidance Office to be the first president of the new party. [citation needed] While
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serving in this capacity in 2010, Morsi stated that "the two-state solution is nothing but a delusion

concocted by the brutal usurper of the Palestinian lands."[26]

Morsi made several controversial comments about theSeptember 11 attacksthat have drawn

occasional criticism in the United States,

[27]

including stating that it is "insulting" to suggest thatdamage from an aircraft collision brought down theWorld Trade Center,[28]that no evidence has

been presented that could identify the Al-Qaeda terrorists who were recorded on video as they

boarded the planes they would fly into the World Trade Center towers, and that in order to address

questions surrounding the events a "huge scientific conference" should be held to determine the real

culprits.[29]

2011 Political prisoner[edit]

Morsi was arrested along with 24 other Muslim Brotherhood leaders on 28 January 2011 .[30]He was

released from prison two days later. The break ofWadi el-Natroun Prisonreceived widespread news

coverage within hours of its occurrence. On 30 January 2011, EST, news were reported from Cairo

as follows:

6:12 a.m.Reuters reported: Thirty-four members of the opposition Muslim Brotherhood,

including seven members of the leadership, walked out of prison on Sunday after relatives of

prisoners overcame the guards.[31]

12:29 a.m.The Guardian reported:Armed gangs took advantage of the chaos in Cairo and

other cities to free the prisoners, starting fires and engaging prison guards in gun battles,

officials said. Several inmates were reportedly killed during the fighting and some were

recaptured.[32]

12:35 a.m. Twitter:Also reports of new prison break at Wadi Natrun #Egypt 5000 escapees.

Still confirming but had 2 similar reports. Prison guards fled #Jan 25[33]

1:13 p.m.Los Angeles Times reported: Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood members escape prison,

rally in Tahrir Square.[34]

2:04 p.m.Israel News reported: Former minister reportedly evacuated from Interior Ministry

building under heavy fire. Thousands of criminals, political prisoners flee local jails, join uprising

against President Mubarak across country. Report: Dozens of bodies found near Cairo prison.[35]

Morsi's initial telephone call on behalf of freedprisoners[edit]

From Morsis first contact with Al Jazeera at the moment of his release and before his decision to

depart prison premises, the call reports:

!

"Inmates escaped from Wadi al Natroun Prison, among them Mohamed Morsi.")
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The 30 January 2011 historic call: Mohamed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brothers, telephonedAl

Jazeerato announce to state authorities that he and 34 of his prison inmates were released from the

prison by a group of approximately 100 unknown people and that the prison guards and officials were

nowhere to be found. Morsi described the situation of the released prisoners, identified the exact

location of the prison and asked the host of Aljazeera to help them find the state official who could

help them with their next move. Morsi shouted: we will not flee, we are present here and need

someone to tell us what to do. He described their location as: Prison at Alexandria-Cairo desert

highway, kilo[metre] 97, close to the town of Sadat. He described himself and his associates

as: Mohammad Morsi, Esam ElAryan, Mohamed Saad AlKatatny, Mahmoud Abu Zead, Mustafi Al-

Goneamy, Saad Al-Husseiny, Zayed Nuzeally, Dr. Ahmed Abdul Rahman, Maged Al-Zummer,

Hassan abu Sheaashaa, Ali Izz, Morsi described their exact location as follows: The walls of the

prison face the desert highway, named Wadi Al Natroun Prison. We were in ward number 3, prison 2,

prison 2, ward 3, prison Wadi Al Natroun, kilo 97, north west Cairo, approximately 100 kilos. During

the call, he went on to add more details: We do not know at all the people who broke in, some

dressed in civil clothes, some in prison clothes, more than 100, did every thing to let us out, took

more than 4 hours. We heard explosions of gas canisters fired by the guards outside, as the chaos

ensued and the prison authority tried to restore order outside, we did not know what was happening,

we did not see any injuries, we did not hear cries. After we exited at 12 Oclock, today, there was no

one but us and the people who tried to let us out, are now in front of the gate of prison 2, negotiating

what to do next.

2012 Egyptian presidential campaign[edit]Main article:Egyptian presidential election, 2012

AfterKhairat El-Shaterwas disqualified from the 2012 presidential election, Morsi, who was initially

nominated as a backup candidate, emerged as the new Muslim Brotherhood candidate.[36]His

campaign was supported by well-known Egyptian clericSafwat Hegaziat a rally inEl-Mahalla El-

Kubra,[37]the epicentre of Egyptian worker protests.[38]

Following the first round of Egypt's first post-Mubarak presidential elections where exit polls

suggested a 25.5 percent share of the vote for Morsi, he was officially announced as the president on24 June 2012 following a subsequent run-off vote. Morsi supporters in Cairo'sTahrir

Squarecelebrated, and angry outbursts occurred at the Egypt Election Authorities press conference

when the result was announced. He came in slightly ahead of former Mubarak-era prime

ministerAhmed Shafikand has been noted for the Islamist character of his campaign

events.[39]Since the initial round of voting on 23 May and 24 May 2012, Morsi has attempted to

appeal to political liberals and minorities while portraying his rivalAhmed Shafikas a holdover from

the Mubarak-era of secular moderation.[40]

On 30 May 2012, Morsi fi led a lawsuit against Egyptian television presenter Tawfiq Okasha, accusing

him of "intentional falsehoods and accusations that amount to defamation and slander". According to
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online newspaperEgypt Independent, an English-language subsidiary of Egyptian dailyAl-Masry Al-

Youm, Okasha spent three hours on 27 May 2012 criticizing the Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi on

air.[41]After Okasha aired a video allegedly depicting Tunisian Islamist extremists executing a

Christian while asking "how will such people govern?", some analysts suggested that this was in

reference to Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood party.[42]The Tunisian government characterized the video

as a farce in a harshly worded statement.[43]

On 24 June 2012, Morsi was announced as the winner of the election with 51.73 percent of the

vote.[44]Almost immediately afterward, he resigned from the presidency of theFreedom and Justice

Party.[45]

President of Egypt[edit]

See also:Timeline of the 20112012 Egyptian revolution under the Muslim Brotherhood

Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012, as Egypt's firstdemocratically electedpresident.[46]He

succeeded Hosni Mubarak, who left the office of thePresident of Egyptvacant after being forced to

resign on 11 February 2011.[47][48]

Domestic policy[edit]

According toForeign Policy, the initial effect of a Morsi presidency on domestic policy was hazy, as

Egypt's bureaucracy remained stocked with Mubarak loyalists and could block any changes that

Morsi might try to push through. In a television interview with Yosri Fouda, he stated that his

preference was an interim period with a mixed presidential-parliamentary system, which would pave

the way for a system in which the legislature held complete sway.[49]Morsi reconvened Parliament in

its original form on 10 July 2012; this was expected to cause friction between him and the military

officials who dissolved the legislature.

Morsi sought to influence the drafting of a newconstitution of Egypt. Morsi favored a constitution that

protectscivil rights, yet that enshrinedIslamic law.[50]

In a speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 30 June 2012, Morsi briefly mentioned that he

would work to freeOmar Abdel-Rahman, convicted in the1993 bombing of the World Trade

Centerin New York City, along with the many Egyptians who were arrested during the

revolution.[51]A Brotherhood spokesperson later said that theextraditionwas for humanitarian

reasons and that Morsi did not intend to overturn Abdel-Rahman's criminal convictions.[52]

On 10 July 2012, Morsi reinstated the Islamist-dominated parliament that was disbanded by

theSupreme Constitutional Court of Egypton 14 June 2012. According to Egypts official news

agency, Morsi ordered the immediate return of legislators elected in 2011, a majority of whom are

members of Morsis Freedom and Justice Party and other Islamist groups.[53][54]A Morsi spokesman

announced that the president-elect would appoint a Christian and a woman as vice-presidents,[55]but

eventually appointedMahmoud Mekki, a Muslim man. On 22 December 2012, Mekki resigned.[56]
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AfterKamal Ganzouri's resignation, Morsi taskedHesham Qandilwith forming the new

government.[57]On 2 August 2012, Qandil was sworn in as Prime Minister.[58]Morsi also objected to a

constitutional provision limiting presidential power.[59]

On 12 August 2012, Morsi askedMohamad Hussein Tantawi, head of the country's armed forces,andSami Hafez Anan, the Army chief of staff, to resign.[60]He also announced that the constitutional

amendments passed by theSupreme Council of the Armed Forces(SCAF) restricting the president's

powers would be annulled.[61]Morsi's spokesman, Yasser Ali, announced that both Tantawi and

Anan would remain advisers to the president. Morsi named Abdul Fatah al-Sisi, currently serving as

chief of military intelligence, as Egypt's new defense minister.[62]The New York Timesdescribed the

move as an "upheaval" and a "stunning purge", given the power that SCAF had taken after the fall of

Mubarak.[62]Al Jazeeradescribed it as "escalating the power struggle" between the president and

military.[61]On 14 August 2012, Mohamed Salem, an Egyptian lawyer, filed a legal challenge over

Morsi's removal of Tantawi and Anan, arguing that Morsi planned to bring back the totalitarian

regime.[63]

Morsi fired two more high-rank security officials on 16 August 2012: intelligence chief Murad

Muwafithe and the commander of his presidential guards.[64]

On 27 August 2012, Morsi named 21 advisers and aides that included three women and two

Christians and a large number of Islamist-leaning figures.[65]He also appointed new governors to the

27 regions of the country.[66]

On 19 October 2012, Morsi traveled to Egypt's northwestern Matrouh in his first official visit to deliver

a speech on Egyptian unity at el-Tenaim Mosque. Immediately prior to his speech he participated in

prayers there where he openly mouthed "Amen" as cleric Futouh Abd Al-Nabi Mansour, the local

head of religious endowment, declared, "Deal with the Jews and their supporters. Oh Allah, disperse

them, rend them asunder. Oh Allah, demonstrate Your might and greatness upon them. Show us

Your omnipotence, oh Lord." The prayers were broadcast on Egyptian state television and translated

byMEMRI. Originally MEMRI translated the broadcast as "Destroy the Jews and their supporters. Oh

Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder," but later revised their translation.[67][68]

Morsi did not attend the enthronement ofCoptic PopeTawadros IIon 18 November 2012 at

Abbasiya Cathedral, thoughPrime MinisterHesham Qandil did attend.[69]

November 2012 declaration[edit]

Main article:201213 Egyptian protests

On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration purporting to protect the work of theConstituent

Assemblydrafting the new constitution from judicial interference. In effect, this declaration immunises

his actions from any legal challenge. The decree states that it only applies until a new constitution is

ratified.[70]

The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of

protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the Constituent Assembly by two
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months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the

revolution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constitutional Constituent Assembly because

they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while members of the Muslim Brotherhood

supported Morsi.[71]

The move was criticized byMohamed ElBaradeiwho said Morsi had "usurped all state powers and

appointed himself Egypt's newpharaoh."[72][73]The move led to massive protests and violent action

throughout Egypt,[74]with protesters erecting tents inTahrir Square, the site of the protests that

preceded the resignation of Hosni Mubarak. The protesters demanded a reversal of the declaration

and the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Those gathered in the square called for a "huge

protest" on 27 November.[75]Clashes were reported between protesters and police.[76]The

declaration was also condemned byhuman rights groupssuch asAmnesty International,Human

Rights WatchandFreedom House.[77][78][79][80]Egypt's highest body of judges decried the ruling as an

"unprecedented assault on the independence of the judiciary and its rulings."[81]Abdel Meguid

Mahmoud, a prosecutor appointed by Hosni Mubarak, declared the decree "null and void. "[70]Morsi

further emphasized his argument that the decree is temporary, and said he wanted dialog with the

opposition.[82]Morsi's statement failed to appease either the judges or citizenry dissatisfied with his

decision and sparked days of protests in Tahrir Square.[83]

Though the declarations's language had not been altered, Morsi agreed to limit the scope of the

decree to "sovereign matters" following four days of opposition protests and the resignation of

several senior advisers. Morsi's spokesman said an agreement, reached with top judicial authorities,

would leave most of the president's actions subject to review by the courts, but preserve his power to

protect the Constituent Assembly from being dissolved by the courts before it had finished its work.

President Morsi also agreed there would be no further retrials of former officials under Hosni

Mubarak, unless new evidence was presented.[84]

On 1 December 2012, the Constituent Assembly handed the draft constitution to Morsi, who

announced that a constitutional referendum would be held on 15 December 2012.[85][86]

On 4 December 2012, Morsi left his presidential palace after a number of protesters broke through

police cordons around the palace, with some climbing atop an armored police vehicle and waving

flags.[87]

On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree which had expanded his presidential authority and

removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the effects of that

declaration would stand.[11][86][88][89][90][91]A constitutional referendum was still planned for 15

December.George Isaacof theConstitution Partysaid that Mursis declaration did not offer anything

new, the National Salvation Front rejected it as an attempt save face, and the6 April Movementand

Gamal Fahmi of the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed to address the

"fundamental" problem of the nature of the Assembly that was tasked with drafting the constitution .[11]
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2013 Egyptian protests and dismissal declaration[edit]

Main article:2013 Egyptian coup d'tat

On 30 June 2013, massive demonstrations were held across Egypt calling for President Morsi's

resignation from office.[92]

Concurrently with these anti-Morsi demonstrations, his supporters held

demonstrations elsewhere in Cairo.[93]

On 1 July, theEgyptian Armed Forcesissued a 48-hour ultimatum which gave the country's political

parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The Egyptian military also

threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then.[94]Four Ministers also resigned on

the same day, includingtourism ministerHisham Zazou, communication and IT ministerAtef Helmi,

state minister for legal and parliamentary affairs Hatem Bagato and state minister for environmental

affairs Khaled Abdel Aal,[95]leaving the government with members of the Muslim Brotherhood only.

On 2 July, President Morsi publicly rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum and vowed to

pursue his own plans for national reconciliation and resolving the political crisis.[96]

On 3 July at 21:00 (GMT+2), Abdul Fatah al-Sisi announced a road map for the future, stating that

Morsi was removed and that the head of the Constitutional Court had been appointed the Interim

President of Egypt.[97]

Foreign policy[edit]

Mohamed Morsi meets withU.S. Secretary of StateHillary Clintonin Cairo, Egypt, July

2012

Arab world[edit]

His first official foreign visit was toSaudi Arabiaon 11 July 2012.[98]During this visit, Morsi stated that

he intends to strengthen ties with the oil-rich monarchy, which also maintained close ties with the

Mubarak government.[99]

Morsi has seen strong support fromQatarwhich has maintained long-held ties with the Muslim

Brotherhood,[100]of which Morsi was a member until his election. Qatar has declared that it would

provide Egypt with US$2 billion just as Morsi announced the reshuffle in the cabinet on 12 August

2012.[101]Meanwhile investors from Qatar have pledged to invest 10 billion in Egyptian

infrastructure.[100]
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Syria[edit]

As a staunch supporter of theopposition forcesin theSyrian civil war, Morsi attended an Islamist

rally on 15 June 2013, wheresalaficlerics called for "holy war" in Syria and denounced supporters

ofBashar al-Assadas "infidels".[102]Morsi, who announced at the rally that his government had

expelled Syria's ambassador and closed the Syrian embassy in Cairo, called for international

intervention on behalf of the opposition forces in the effect of an establishment of a no-fly zone.[103]

Although he did not explicitly call for Egyptians to join the opposition armed forces in the Syrian

conflict, President Morsi's attendance at the 15 June rally was seen by many to be an implicit nod-of-

approval for the Islamist clerics' calls for holy war in Syria .[102][104]Morsi was criticized by Egyptian

analysts for attending and speaking at the rally, while theSupreme Council of the Armed

Forces(SCAF) released a statement the day after the rally saying that its only role is to protect

Egypt's borders, in an apparent ruling out of support for intervention in Syria .

[102]

Morsi's attendanceat the rally was later revealed to be major factor in the largely secular SCAF's decision to side with

anti-Morsi protesters over the Morsi government during the widespreadJuly 2013 anti-Morsi

protests.[102]

China[edit]

Morsi visited China in August 2012. He signed various cooperation agreements during his

visit.[105]Morsi was believed to be trying to attract Chinese investors and tourists ,[105]and diversifying

Egypt's foreign policies currently focused on the United States.[106]

Iran[edit]

During his tenure, Morsi strengthened ties with Iran following pre-revolutionary years of animosity

between the two countries. However, his actions were met with Sunni Muslim opposition both inside

and outside Egypt.[107]

Russia[edit]

Morsi visited Russia in April 2013. During the visit Morsi hailed the ties that bound Egypt and Russia

since Soviet times and he said that he would like to strengthen both economic and political ties with

Russia. Morsi also hoped for Russian assistance in developing the Egyptian energy sector. [108]

Morsi also wanted Russia to help build nuclear power plants in Egypt and to attract Russian tourists

and investors as he is hoping to diversify Egypt's foreign and economic policies which are still linked

to the U.S.[109]

Israel and Palestine[edit]

In October 2012, Morsi wrote a friendly letter toIsraeli PresidentShimon Peres. The letter largely

followed standard diplomatic language. Morsi called Peres "a great and good friend" and went on to

call for "maintaining and strengthening the cordial relations which so happily exist between our two

countries." Morsi closed the letter by expressing "highest esteem and consideration." Gamal
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