monalisa 2.0 – activity 4 guidelines for contingency...

MONALISA 2.0 - GUIDELINES FOR CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN PORTS 1

MONALISA 2.0 – Activity 4

Guidelines for Contingency Planning in Ports

Document No: MONALISA 2 0_D4.1.1


Table of Contents

Page 1 Documentsummary............................................................................................... 62 Introduction........................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Preliminaryconsiderations............................................................................. 72.2 Analysisofinternationallawaboutcontingencyplanstobemadeavailableat

ports................................................................................................................ 112.3 AnalysisofEuropeanlegislationonportsafetyandsecurity......................... 122.4 AnalysisoftheorganisationforrespondingtoemergenciesinEuropean

Unionports..................................................................................................... 132.4.1 QuestionnaireconcerninganalysisoftheexistingRegulationsofeach

EUcountryaboutportsafety............................................................. 142.4.2 Questionnaireconcerninganalysisoftheemergency/contingencies

PlansofthemajorportsineachcountryoftheEuropeanUnion...... 152.5 Otherguidelinesorrecommendationsregardingportsafetythatany

institutionorinternationalorganizationhaspublished................................. 173 Potentialrisksinaportwhichrequiretheimplementationofa

Contingency/EmergencyPlan.............................................................................. 183.1 Emergenciesarisingfromaccidenttoanypersonnelwithinportarea.......... 293.2 Emergenciesarisingfrompersonnelentrapmentandorrescue

(machinery,confinedspaces,highangle,etc.)............................................... 303.3 Emergenciesarisingfromfireinportbuildings:offices,warehouses,

passengerterminals;cargo-handlingequipment;electricalsubstations;storednon-dangerousgoods,etc.,etc........................................................... 32

3.4 Emergenciesarisingfromvehicularcollisionsonportroads,yards,etc........ 363.5 Emergenciesarisingfromaccidentalfallingofvehiclesintoportwaters....... 373.6 Emergenciesarisingfromaccidentalfallingofcargoduringloadingor

unloadingoperations(intowateroronquay)................................................ 383.7 Emergenciesarisingfromdangerousgoods(fire,explosion,leakage,gas

releases:flammableortoxiccloud,etc.)notstoredinport’sSEVESOfacilities........................................................................................................... 39

3.8 EmergenciesarisingfromportfacilitiesunderDirectivesSEVESOIIandIII(tankfarms,etc.)............................................................................................. 65

3.9 Emergenciesarisingfromportrailwayincidentsoraccidents....................... 663.10 Emergenciesarisingfromcollapseordamageofportinfrastructure:

cranes,bridges,etc......................................................................................... 683.11 Emergenciesarisingfromwatercontrolstructure:tidallocks,dams,etc...... 693.12 Emergenciesarisingfromfloodingwithintheportarea................................ 703.13 Emergenciesarisingfromsevereweatherconditions.................................... 71


3.14 Emergenciesarisingfromgeologicalhazards:earthquake,tsunami,etc....... 743.15 Emergenciesarisingfromnuclearhazards(iftheportislocatedin

proximitytoanuclearpowerplant)............................................................... 793.16 Emergenciesarisingfrommaritimeornauticalaccidentsonshipsorcrafts. 813.17 Emergenciesarisingfrommarineoilspillagesintheportwaters(IMO

ConventionOPRC1990).................................................................................. 863.18 Emergenciesarisingfrommarinehazardousandnoxioussubstances

spillagesintheportwaters(IMOConventionOPRC-HNS1990).................... 893.19 Emergenciesarisingfromamasscasualtyincident........................................ 943.20 Otheremergenciesnotspecifiedabove......................................................... 97

4 Basicrecommendationsfordrawingupandimplementingcontingencyor

emergencyplansinaport................................................................................... 984.1 Coordinationofcontingencyoremergencyplansinaport............................ 1014.2 Scalabilityofcontingencyoremergencyplansinaport................................ 1024.3 Structureandcontentofcontingencyoremergencyplansinaport............. 103

5 Proposedstructureandcontentofacontingencyoremergencyplanina

port.......................................................................................................................... 1045.0 AncillarypagesofthePlan............................................................................... 106

5.0.1 CoverofthePlandocument.............................................................. 1065.0.2 InformationaboutdrawingupandapprovingthePlan..................... 1075.0.3 MainchangesinthePlancomparedtothepreviousversionor

amendment........................................................................................ 1075.0.4 Plandistributionlist............................................................................ 1075.0.5 Tableofcontents............................................................................... 1075.0.6 Glossaryofabbreviationsandacronyms........................................... 1085.0.7 Glossaryofdefinitions........................................................................ 108

5.1 Legalfoundations,objectivesandscopeofthePlan....................................... 1095.1.1 LegalfoundationsofthePlan............................................................. 1095.1.2 DefinitionofthePlan.......................................................................... 1095.1.3 ObjectivesofthePlan........................................................................ 1095.1.4 ScopeofthePlan............................................................................... 110

5.2 Detaileddescriptionoftheportandtheactivitiescarriedoutthere.............. 1125.2.1 Descriptionoftheport........................................................................ 1125.2.2 Maintypesofvesselsthatregularlycallattheport........................... 1155.2.3 MainannualstatisticsontrafficinthePort........................................ 1165.2.4 Classificationanddescriptionofportusers....................................... 1165.2.5 Descriptionofaccess.Accessibilityforexternalassistance................ 117

5.3 InventoryofrisksintheportwhichareincludedinthePlan.......................... 1185.3.1 IdentificationofrisksinthePort......................................................... 118


5.4 InventoryofavailableresourcesinthePortEmergencyPlan......................... 1195.4.1 Fire-fighting......................................................................................... 1195.4.2 Medicalcare........................................................................................ 1205.4.3 Vesselsavailableintheport............................................................... 1205.4.4 Underwaterwork................................................................................ 1205.4.5 Heavyequipmentandvehicles........................................................... 1215.4.6 CombatingmarinepollutionbyoilandHNS....................................... 1215.4.7 Weatherinformationsystems............................................................ 1215.4.8 Portableelectricityandfluidsequipment........................................... 1225.4.9 Portpolice........................................................................................... 1225.4.10 ThePort’sEmergencyControlCentreanditssystems....................... 1225.4.11 Otherequipment................................................................................ 123

5.5 Maintenanceandreviewprogrammeforresourcesusedtohandleemergenciesandotherstrategicoressentialservices.................................... 1245.5.1 Maintenanceprogrammeformaterialresourcesusedtohandle

emergencies....................................................................................... 1245.5.2 Maintenanceofotherfacilitiesandserviceswhicharestrategicfor

theport.............................................................................................. 1255.5.3 Safetyinspectionsinaccordancewithcurrentregulations................ 126

5.6 Emergencyactionplan.................................................................................... 1275.6.1 Identificationandclassificationofemergencies................................ 1275.6.2 Emergencyresponseorganisationalstructure................................... 1285.6.3 EmergencyManager.......................................................................... 1295.6.4 Port’sEmergencyControlCentre........................................................ 1305.6.5 IncidentCommandPost..................................................................... 1325.6.6 EmergencyResponseUnits................................................................ 1335.6.7 OperativeTeam................................................................................... 1345.6.8 LogisticSupportTeam......................................................................... 1375.6.9 MedicalTeam...................................................................................... 1385.6.10 SecurityTeam...................................................................................... 1395.6.11 EmergencyAdvisoryCommittee......................................................... 1405.6.12 PublicRelationsOffice........................................................................ 1415.6.13 Diagramoftheemergencyresponseorganisationalstructure........... 142

5.7 IntegrationofthePlaninotherhighertierPlans............................................ 1435.7.1 Emergencynotificationprotocols..................................................... 1435.7.2 CoordinationbetweenthePortEmergencyPlanandtheExternal

EmergencyPlan................................................................................... 1435.8 CoordinationofthePortEmergencyPlanwiththePortSecurityPlan............ 1445.9 ImplementationofthePlan............................................................................. 145

5.9.1 Identificationofthepersoninchargeofimplementation.................. 145


5.9.2 TrainingandinformationprogrammeforallpersonnelactivelyinvolvedinthePlan............................................................................ 145

5.9.3 TrainingandinformationprogrammeforallpersonnelaboutthePlan............................................................................................................ 145

5.9.4 GeneralinformationprogrammeaboutthePlanforvisitorstotheport..................................................................................................... 146

5.9.5 Examplesofinformationleafletsaboutwhattodoinanemergency 1465.10 MaintainingtheeffectivenessofthePlanandkeepingitupdated................. 152

5.10.1 Trainingandinformationrecyclingprogrammes.............................. 1525.10.2 Programmeforreplacingresourcesandequipment.......................... 1535.10.3 Programmeofexercisesanddrills..................................................... 1535.10.4 Programmeforreviewingandupdatingallthedocumentation

formingpartofthePlan..................................................................... 1555.10.5 Programmeofauditsandinspections................................................ 156

5.11 AnnexestobeincludedinthePortEmergencyPlan....................................... 1575.11.1 CommunicationDirectory................................................................... 1575.11.2 Mapsandothergraphicdocumentation............................................ 1585.11.3 Functionlistforeachmemberoftheplan.......................................... 1595.11.4 Actionproceduresheetsforeachtypeofemergency........................ 1605.11.5 Rulestobefollowedbyvesselsandportfacilitiestointegratetheir

emergencyplansinthePortEmergencyPlan..................................... 1625.11.6 Emergencyplansoffacilities,terminalsandentitiesincludedinthe

PortEmergencyPlan........................................................................... 1655.11.7 OtherVoluntaryannexes................................................................... 167

ANNEX1 QuestionnaireconcerninganalysisoftheexistingRegulationsof

eachEUcountryaboutportsafety.................................................... 168ANNEX2 Questionnaireconcerninganalysisoftheemergency/contingency

plansofthemajorportsineachcountryoftheEuropeanUnion..... 175


1. DocumentsummaryTheMONALISA 2.0 project features sub-activity 4.1 concerning safety in ports,which in turnincludesdrawingup a guide to thepreparationof contingency/emergencyplans todealwithincidents,accidentsoremergenciesthatmayoccurintheport.Themainobjectivesofthisdocumentareto:

• Provide a classification of port safety hazards and potential risk events which couldaffectnormaloperationsatports.

• Establishalibraryofportsafetyscenarioscoveringthewholeoperationalframeworkofpassengersandgoodstraffics.

• Provideguidelinesforcooperationstrategiesamongportstakeholders.

• Identify best practices and success case of cooperation and information exchangeprocessesrelatedtoportsafetyoperations.

In addition the contents of this document may be helpful if the European Union enacts aDirective or Recommendation requiring all European ports to have minimumcontingency/emergencyplansinplaceastheydoforsecurity.


2 Introduction2.1 PreliminaryconsiderationsCurrently, at a port, a wide range of activities and operations take place, which are mainlyrelated to the loading and unloading of goods and the embarking and disembarking ofpassengers. Other activitiesmay be complementary to the previous ones. However activitiesnot being related to any of the above may also be carried out, but being related to otherauthorisedportuses.Itisnecessary,therefore,firstlytodescribealltheseactivitiesortransactionsthatcurrentlycanbedoneinaport,althoughnotallofthemarecarriedout inallports.However,thescopeofthisworkhad toconsider theeffectsofanyactivityor transaction thatmay takeplace in theportintermsofsafety.PortconceptForthepurposesofthisdocument,aportisalocationonacoast,shore,ormaritimewaterwaythathassomeofthefollowingelements,structures,andfacilities(singlebuoymoorings;anchorbuoys; quays; jetties; quays; wharfs; piers; locks; terminals; storage infrastructures: yards,sheds, warehouses, tanks, silos, etc.; vehicle traffic roads/ways; railway tracks; pipeline/hoseconnections; handling machinery: cranes, conveyor belts, terminal tractors, forklift-trucks,straddle-carriers, etc.;)where ships canmoor or dock in a safe and secureway, and transferpeopleorcargotoorfromland.Theportarea iscomposedof landspaces, shelteredwaterswhereshipscanmoor,andothernotshelteredwaters,usedasanchorages,andaccesschannelstodocks.Intheportarea,therecanbefacilitiesforleisureyachts,fishingboats,sportsactivities(sailing,rowing,canoeing,kayaking,etc.),andforport-cityrelations,suchasmuseumsandpromenades.Inaddition,historical,religious,orsportingeventscanbeperformedinitswaters.Atthesametime,theportareacanalsohavebunkeringfacilities,shipyards,factoriesandotherfacilities covered byDirective 2012/18/EUon the control ofmajor accident hazards involvingdangeroussubstances(SEVESOIII).TypesofcargohandledataportForthepurposesofthisdocument,thegoodscanbeofanytypeandcomeinanyformatsuchas general cargo (including containerized and Ro-ro cargo) or solid and liquid bulk. Some ofthem can be classified as dangerous or polluting goods, by the codes in Part 7 of SOLASConventionorAnnexesI,IIandIIIofMARPOL73/78Convention.Portstoragefacilities


Forthepurposesofthisdocument,portstoragefacilitiesmaybeforshorttermstorage,orbespecializedprocessingfacilitiesorfacilitiesforthestorageofsolidorliquidbulkcargoessuchasoilrefineriesandpetro-chemicalcomplexes,whichmaybeincludedintheSevesoIIIDirective.PortoperationswithgoodsFor thepurposesof thisdocument,portoperationswithgoodsare considered tobe loading,unloading, transhipment, consolidation, deconsolidation of cargoes, etc.., with the goodssubjecttovariousinspections:customs,health,quality,etc.ShipscargohandlingsystemsFor the purposes of this document, cargo vessels can be classified by their cargo handlingsystemoraccordingtothemethodbywhichthecargoisloaded:• lift-on/lift-off(Lo-lo):byraisingortakingdowncargousingcranes,conveyorbelts,orship

built-inhullsidefreightlifters,etc.• roll-on/roll-off (Ro-ro):bymovingrollingcargothroughshipbuilt-inrampsusingterminal

tractors,etc.,whencargoisnonself-propelled.• roll-on/lift-off(Ro-lo):acombinationofRo-roandLo-losystems,bymovingrollingcargoin

shipholdsandLo-locargoonshipupperdeck.• float-on/float-off(Flo-flo):bysubmergingtheshipcargoupperdeckandrefloatingthedeck

oncefloatingcargohasbeenproperlypositioned.• bymeanofpumps(pumpedcargo):movingliquidanddrybulkcargothroughloadingarms,

manifolds,hoses,pipelines,etc.PortoperationswithpassengersFor the purposes of this document, port operations with passengers may be embarking ordisembarking,oraship’sstayinportwithoutdisembarkingofpassengers.Thefollowingtypeofshipsmay be used: ocean liners, cruises; ferries; high speed craft, cargo ships, luxury yachts,harbourpassengerboats,etc.TypesofshipsandboatsattheportForthepurposesofthisdocument,theshipsandboatsatportcanbeofthefollowingtypes:commercialvessels,militaryvessels,fishingvessels,leisureboats,andspecializedvessels.TypesofportownershipForthepurposesofthisdocument,theportownershipcanbeofanyofthefollowing:publicport,mixedport,landlordport,ornon-Government(private)operatingport.TypesofphysicalharbourconfigurationForthepurposesofthisdocument,theharbourmayhaveanyphysicalconfiguration.AccordingtotheclassificationbytheMaritimeSafetyOfficeoftheUnitedStatesGovernment’sNationalGeospatial-Intelligence Agency, harboursmay be classified into one ormore of the followingtypes:


TypeA–Coastal(Natural)

A coastal harbour sheltered from thewind and sea byvirtueofitslocationwithinanaturalcoastalindentationorintheprotectiveleeofanisland,cape,reeforothernaturalbarrier.

Example:PortofKingston(Jamaica)

TypeB–Coastal(Breakwater)

Acoastalharbourlyingbehindaman-madebreakwaterconstructed to provide shelter, or supplementinadequateshelteralreadyprovidedbynaturalsources.

Example:PortofValencia(Spain)

TypeC–Coastal(Tidegates)

Acoastalharbour, thewatersofwhichareconstrainedbylocksorothermechanicaldevicesinordertoprovidesufficientwatertofloatvesselsatallstagesofthetide.

Example:IndiraDocks,PortofMumbai(India)

TypeD–River(Natural)

A harbour located on a river, the waters of which arenot retained by any artificialmeans. The facilitiesmayconsistofquaysorwharvesparalleltothebanksofthestream,orpiersorjettieswhichextendintothestream.

Example:PortofJacksonville(Florida,U.S.A.)


TypeE–River(Basins)

A river harbour in which slips for vessels have beenexcavated in the banks, obliquely or at right angles oftheaxisofthestream.

Example:WeserRiver,PortofBremen(Germany)

TypeF–River(TideGates)

Ariverharbour,thewatersofwhichareconstrainedbylocks or other mechanical devices in order to providesufficientwatertofloatvesselsatallstagesofthetide.

Example:MerseyDocks,PortofLiverpool(UnitedKingdom)

TypeG–CanalorLake

A harbour located in the interior portion of a canal orlake that is connected with the sea by a navigablewaterway.

Example:OldPortofBruges,PortofBruges-Zeebrugge(Belgium)

TypeH–OpenRoadstead

A port which has no natural or artificial barrier toprovideshelterfromthewind,seaandswell.

Example:OilPortofRasTanura(SaudiArabia)


2.2 Analysisof international lawabout contingencyplans tobemadeavailable at

portsThere are two main plans to be considered in international law or rules about possiblecontingencyplansthatshouldbeavailableatports:• Oil pollution emergency plan in accordance with IMO’s Article 3.3 of International

ConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operation,1990(OPRC1990).• Pollution incident emergency plan in accordance with IMO’s Article 3.2 of Protocol on

Preparedness,ResponseandCo-operationtoPollutionIncidentsbyHazardousandNoxiousSubstances(OPRC-HNSprotocol2000).

Theseemergencyplansor similararrangementsare required fromauthoritiesoroperators inchargeofseaports,andarealsorequiredtoOIL/HNShandlingfacilitiesunderitsjurisdiction.According to the information provided by the IMO, not all EU countries have ratified bothConventions,sofortheportsofsomecountriesisnotmandatorytohaveeitheroftheplans.Theabovestatementdoesnotmeanthatsomeofthoseportsdonothaveotherplansforsuchevents[emergencyplansforsuchtypeofincidents].

OPRCConvention

90

OPRC/HNS2000

OPRCConvention

90

OPRC/HNS2000

Austria Italy X

Belgium Latvia X

Bulgaria X Lithuania X

Croatia X Luxembourg

Cyprus Malta X X

CzechRepublic Netherlands X X

Denmark X X Poland X X

Estonia X X Portugal X X

Finland X X Romania X

France X X Slovakia

Germany X X Slovenia X X

Greece X X Spain X X

Hungary Sweden X X

Ireland X UnitedKingdom X

ListofEuropeanUnioncountrieswhichhaveratifiedtheOPRC90andOPRC/HNS2000Conventionstodate.SourceIMOweb.


2.3 AnalysisofEuropeanlegislationonportsafetyandsecurityThe EU has focused almost all of its legislative efforts on the safety of ships and theenvironment1, strengthening different IMO Resolutions and including the work by the ParisMemorandumofUnderstandingonPortStateControl.MorelegislativereferencesforportsecuritycanbefoundinRegulation(EC)No725/2004oftheEuropean Parliament and of the Council, on enhancing ship and port facility security, andDirective 2005/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, on enhancing portsecurity.ThelattersetsoutthateachEuropeanportshallhaveaPortSecurityPlanthatmustbedeveloped,maintainedandupdated.However,thereisnoEuropeanlegislationthataddressessafetyinthewholeportarea,andtheEuropeanUnionhasnotpublishedguidelinesorrecommendationsontheneedforandscopeoftheEmergency/ContingencyPlansatEuropeanports.The absence of European legislation on thematter urges a review and study of the possiblerulesenactedbyeachmembercountryoftheEuropeanUnion.

1 Directive 2009/16/EC on "New Inspection Regime" (NIR) of the ParisMoU; Regulation 391/2009/ECimproving the system of EU-wide mutual recognition of Classification Societies; Directive 2002/59/ECsetting up a notification system for all ships bound for or leaving EU ports; Regulation 417/2002/ECsetting a timetable for phasing out single-hull oil tankers worldwide; Directive 2000/59/EC requiringprovisionofadequatewastereceptionfacilities inallEUports includingrecreationalportsandmarinas;Directive2005/35/EConship-sourcepollutionandontheintroductionofsanctionsforpollutionoffences;Directive96/98/ECaboutuniformapplicationofinternationaltestingstandardsandproceduresfortype-approvalofmarineequipment;Directive2010/65/EUonreportingformalitiesforshipsarrivinginand/ordepartingfromportsoftheMemberStates.


2.4 Analysisof theorganisation for responding toemergencies inEuropeanUnion

portsTwo questionnaires were drawn up to gain greater insight into the type of organisationEuropeanUnionportshaveinplaceforrespondingtoemergencies:• One of the questionnaires was designed to analyse the existing Regulations of each EU

countryaboutportsafetyinthecompulsoryemergency/contingencyPlansthateachportmusthave.Itwasaddressedtonationalgovernments.

• The other questionnaire was designed to analyse the aspects comprising emergency /

contingency plans of the major ports in each country of the European Union. It wasaddressedtotheportauthoritiesshownonthemapbelow:

2.4.1Questionnaire concerning analysis of the existingRegulations of each EU country about

portsafety.


Thesurveyconsistedofaseriesofquestionstoeachofthenationalgovernmentsinchargeofthecountry’sports.ItisattachedtothisdocumentasAnnex1.Themostrelevantresultsincludethefollowing:• The institutional structureof Europeanports is notuniform, i.e. theentity thatmanages

eachportisnotthesame.Inonecountry,portsmaybemanagedbypublic-sectorentitiesdepending on a National Government, in others by public-sector entities depending onState/Regional Government, and in others by public-sector entities depending onLocal/Municipal Government. In some, they may even be managed by private orindependententities.

• Inmostcountries,themaritimeadministration’sfunctionsatports(portstatecontrol,etc.)

areusuallymanagedbyOfficersfromtheNationalMaritimeAdministration,whileinothersthesefunctionsareperformedbyportauthorityofficers.

• In all the countries there are national regulations requiring ports to have Emergency or

ContingencyPlansfortheportarea(landsideorwaterside).However,therequirementsfortheplansinsomecasesdonotcoveralloftheemergenciesthatmighthypotheticallytakeplaceinaport,suchas:- Emergenciesarisingfromdangerousgoodsintheportarea.- Nautical accidents in port water area: fire or explosion on ship, collision, capsizing,

adrift,abandon,etc.- Marineoilspillagesintheportarea(IMOConvention,OPRC1990).- Marine hazardous and noxious substances spillages (IMO Convention, OPRC-HNS

1990).- EmergenciesarisingfromportfacilitiesundertheSEVESOIIandIIIDirectives.- Emergenciesarisingfromportrailwayincidentsoraccidents.

• NearlyallportsmusthaveaPortEmergencyCo-ordination/ControlCentre.

• Onlyaveryfewportsarerequiredtohavetheirownfire-fightingservices.


2.4.2Questionnaireconcerninganalysisoftheemergency/contingencyplansofthemajorports

ineachcountryoftheEuropeanUnionThesurveyconsistedofaseriesofquestionstoeachoftheportsabouttheiremergencyplans.ItisattachedtothisdocumentasAnnex2.Themostrelevantresultsincludethefollowing:• Portsdonothaveanoverallplanorspecificplanstomeetanyemergencythatmayoccur

intheport,suchas:- Emergencies arising from staff accidents within port areas: medical attention,

evacuation,etc.- Emergenciesarisingfromstaffentrapmentandorrescue(machinery,confinedspaces,

highangle,etc.).- Emergencies arising from fire in port buildings: offices, warehouses, passenger

terminals; cargo-handling equipment; electrical substations; stored non-dangerousgoods,etc.,etc.

- Emergencies arising from vehicular collisions on port roads, yards, etc. (with possiblecasualties;spillages;trafficcuts,etc.).

- Emergenciesarisingfromvehiclesaccidentallyfallingintoportwaters.- Emergenciesarisingfromcargoaccidentallyfallingduringloading/unloadingoperations

(intowateroronquay).- Emergencies arising from packed dangerous goods (fire, explosion, leakage, gas

releases:flammableortoxiccloud,etc.).- Emergencies arising from port facilities under the SEVESO II and III Directives (tank

farms,etc.).- Emergenciesarisingfromportrailwayincidentsoraccidents.- Emergenciesarisingfromcollapseordamageofportinfrastructure:cranes,bridges,etc.- Emergenciesarisingfromwatercontrolstructure:tidallocks,dams,etc.- Emergenciesarisingfromfloodingwithintheportarea.- Emergenciesarisingfromsevereweatherconditions.- Emergenciesarisingfromgeologicalhazards:earthquake,tsunami,etc.- Emergencies arising fromnuclearhazards (if theport is locatednear anuclearpower

plant).- Emergenciesarisingfrommaritimeornauticalaccidentsonships.- Emergencies arising frommarine oil spillages in port waters (IMO Convention, OPRC

1990).- Emergencies arising from marine hazardous and noxious substance spillages in port

waters(IMOConvention,OPRC-HNS1990).- Emergenciesarisingfromamasscasualtyincident.- Otheremergenciesnotspecifiedabove.

• Almostalltheportshavetheirownfirewaterhydrantsystem.

• The entrance of dangerous goods in portsmust be notified in advance to obtain theportauthority’spermission.


• Not all the ports have storage facilities for bulk dangerous cargo. Likewise, not all of

themhavestoragefacilitiesundertheSEVESOIIandIIIDirectives.


2.5 Otherguidelinesorrecommendationsregardingportsafetythatanyinstitution

orinternationalorganisationhaspublishedThissectionlooksattheonlyexistinginternationalguideorrecommendationsforthesafetyofaportasawhole,whichisthe“EmergencyPreparedness&ContinuityofOperationsPlanning.Manual for Best Practices”, drawn up in 2006 by Phyllis Saathoff,Managing Director of PortFreeport(Texas,USA),andsupportedbytheAmericanAssociationofPortAuthorities(AAPH).AAPA convenedanEmergencyPlanning&DisasterRecoveryWorkingGroup shortly after thedevastatinghurricanesof2005.Thegroupsponsoredfiveworkshopsoversixmonths inorderto collectmemberexperienceswith regards toemergencyplanninganddisaster recovery.Asports told their stories,many best practices and cautionary tales emerged to form themainareasof consideration tobeaddressed in thisManual.WorkgroupChairPhyllis Saathoff thencombined these areas of consideration with hours of research and writing to produce thiscomprehensiveandextensivemanual.TheManualisdividedintothefollowing16mainsections:SectionA BasicPlan

SectionB EmergencyOperationsCentrePlans

SectionC Communications

SectionD Evacuation

SectionE Fire&Rescue

SectionF LawEnforcementandSecurity

SectionG Operations

SectionH DamageAssessmentandFacilityRepair

SectionI Accounting,FinanceandAdministration

SectionJ RiskManagementandInsuranceClaims

SectionK FEMAClaims

SectionL LegalIssues

SectionM HumanResourceIssues

SectionN GeneralPublicAssistance

SectionO ExamplesandForms

SectionP Glossary This document is not intended to provide the level of detail contained in the above AAPAmanualforeachsection.However, itdoessetoutaseriesofrecommendationsandprinciplesthatmaybeusefultoEuropeanportswhenestablishingorrevisingacontingencyoremergencyplanfortheport.


3 Potential risks in a port which require the implementation of a

Contingency/EmergencyPlanPortRiskAssessment.Aport riskassessment canbedefinedas theactof identifyingpossible risks, calculatinghowlikelytheyaretohappenandestimatingwhateffectstheymighthave,especiallyinthecontextofaPortAuthorityorentitywhomanages theport, takingresponsibility for thesafetyof thewholeport’speople,propertyandenvironment.It is essential to know the meaning of the following terms in order to conduct a Port RiskAssessment.Hazard.The meaning of the word hazard can be confusing. Often dictionaries do not give specificdefinitionsorcombineitwiththeterm"risk".Forexample,onedictionarydefineshazardas"adangerorrisk"whichhelpsexplainwhymanypeopleusethetermsinterchangeably.A hazard can be defined as any source of potential damage, harm or adverse effects onsomethingorsomeoneundercertainconditionsespeciallyfor:

• People• Property• Environment

Hazards canbe found in countlessobjects, substances,materials, processes, practices, and inmany settings (home, work, industrial, weather, etc.). These simple examples help us betterunderstandtheconcept.SETTING HAZARD POSSIBLEHARMCAUSEDHome Knife CutWork Welding BurnsIndustrial Asbestos CancerWeather Lightningstorm WildfireHome/Work/Industrial/Other Wetfloor Slips,fallsItisimportanttounderstandthatahazardisapotentialcauseofapossibleaccidentordisaster.Noteveryhazardwillresultinanaccidentordisaster,buteveryaccidentordisasterwillresultfromahazardous condition,whetheror not that conditionwas recognized in advanceof theevent. In practice, hazards will normally have a range of consequences and associatedprobabilities.Hazards can be broadly grouped based on their nature: natural hazards, naturally occurringphenomena(weather,topographic,geological,hydrological,etc.);human/technologicalsystemsdeveloped,causedbyhumanactivity,infrastructure,industry,transportation,etc.;orconflictbasedhazards(civilwar,terrorism,nuclearwar,etc.).


NATURALHAZARDS HUMAN/TECHNOLOGICALHAZARDSAtmospherico Hurricanes,Cycloneso Thunderstormso Lightningo Hailstormso Tornadoeso Windstormso DustandSandstormso Avalancheso WinterStormso Cold/Exposureo ExtremeSummerHeato Globalweather

Geologico Landslideso Mudslideso LandSubsidence/Sinkholeso ExpansiveSoils

Hydrologico FloodsandFlashFloodso StormSurgeso Coastal/RapidErosiono Droughts

SeismicandVolcanico Earthquakeso Tsunamiso Volcanoes

OtherNaturalDisasterso Wildfireo Animal/InsectInfestationo Disease/Biological(Natural)o NaturalHAZMATo Materialfromspace

StructuralFailure/Accidento Dam/LeveeFailureo BuildingCollapseo BridgeCollapseo TunnelAccident/Fire

Fires/Explosionso Buildingo Industrialo Residentialo HealthCareo Arsono Bomb/Explosion

Energy/UtilityIncidentso FuelShortageo PowerOutageo WaterShortageo CommunicationProblemso WinterStormso Cold/Exposureo ExtremeSummer/Winter

WeatherTransportationIncidentso SurfaceVehicleAccidentso AviationRelatedIncidentso Ships,Boats,Barges,Cruises

&Ferrieso Train/SubwayCrasho BridgeCollapseo TunnelAccident/Fire

Hazardous&PollutantMaterialso HAZMATincidents.o Oil&HNSSpills

Biologicalo BiologicalWMDo InfectiousDiseaseo Critters

Radiologicalo NuclearAccidentso RadiologicalWMD

WeaponsofMassDestructiono BiologicalWMDo ChemicalWMDo RadiologicalWMD

CivicDisruptiono Hostageo Bomb/Explosiono Stand-offo CivilUnresto Sabotageo MassHysteria/Riot

Terrorismo Generalo Agro-Terrorismo Eco-Terrorismo Cyber-Terrorism

Violenceo atHomeo atWorko atSchoolo atHospitalo PublicViolence

Informationo CyberAttackso DenialofServiceso E-mailHoaxeso ComputerViruses

Someoftheabovehazardscanbefoundinaport,someofwhicharespecifictoitsoperationswhileothersareunconnectedorexternaltothem.RiskRisk is the chance or probability that a person, a property, and/or the environment will beharmedorexperienceanadverseeffectifexposedtoahazard.Examples:


The risk of developing cancer from smokingcigarettes could be expressed as "cigarettesmokers are 12 times (for example) morelikely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers".Another way of reporting risk is "a certainnumber, "Y", of smokers per 100,000smokers will likely develop lung cancer"(dependingontheirageandhowmanyyearstheyhavebeensmoking).

The risk of a serious ship collision in a portanchorage area could be expressed as “onesinkingperhundredcollisionsofships”.Another way of reporting this risk is "acertain number of years, "Y", will likelyhappenashipsinkingintheportanchorage"(dependingonthenumberofshipsanchoredper year, and the number of collisions peryear).

Theserisksareexpressedasaprobabilityorlikelihood:a)inthecaseofsmokingcigarettesofdeveloping a disease or getting injured,whereas hazards refer to the possible consequences(e.g., lung cancer, emphysema andheart disease from cigarette smoking); and in the case ofserious ship collisions in the port anchorage area, whereas hazards refer to the possibleconsequences(e.g.,shipsinking).Factorsthatinfluencethedegreeofriskinclude:• howmuchsomeoneorsomethingisexposedtoahazardousthingorcondition,• howsomeoneisexposed(e.g.,breathinginavapour,skincontact),and• howseverearetheeffectsundertheconditionsofexposure.VulnerabilityIfsomeoneorsomethinghaveahazard,theymayormaynotbevulnerabletoit.Vulnerabilityisan assessment of how well or how poorly protected someone or something are against anevent.Vulnerabilityisanassessmentofthedegreeofprotectionsomeoneorsomethingenjoyagainst possible hazards. It is important to understand that vulnerability exists atmacro andmicrolevelsandthatitisnotuniform.Forexample,atownlocatednexttoariverisobviouslyvulnerabletothehazardoffloodingatsomelevel.Theentiretownmaybeassessedashighlyvulnerable, a macro vulnerability. However, people resident in an area of the city locatedseveralmetresabove the riverarenotvulnerable (atany realistic level)–anassessmentofamicrovulnerabilitywithinthelargercommunity.Vulnerabilities may be reduced by mitigation measures (building construction, operationalprocedures,control,maintenance,etc.).Orbytheachievedlevelofpreparedness(welltrainedandequippedemergencyteams,plans,exercises,etc.).Vulnerabilityisnotstatic.Changesinprocesses,population,regulations,andotherfactorsmaysignificantly increase vulnerability from year to year. At the same time vulnerability can bereduced throughwell designedmitigationprogramsormeasures andby increasing individualand organizational preparedness. Relatively small changes in either direction can havesignificant impacts, making it very important that emergency management organizationsconstantlywork to reduce vulnerabilitymore than it increases through changes thatmay, ormaynot,bevisibleandeasilyunderstood.


Threefactorsmayinfluencethedeterminationofvulnerability• Criticality–howimportantistheassetorfunctionthatissubjecttoimpact.• Exposure–tohowmuchoftheforceoftheeventistheresourceexposed.• Time–doesvulnerabilityfluctuateovertimeofday,month,season?ImpactImpactcanbeexpressedas therelationshipbetweenhazardeffectsandvulnerability. As thehazardgrowsinpotentialmagnitudeanditspotentialeffectsincreaseequivalently,theoverallimpactgrowsifvulnerabilityremainsthesame.Ifvulnerabilityalsoincreasestheprogressioninimpactmaybegeometrical.Ifpositivemeasuresreducevulnerability,impactmayremainatthesamelevelorevendecreasesinspiteofintensityincreases.It is important to note that we can characterize impacts as either hazard specific or asfunctionality specific. Forexample,a fire inanelectricity transformer station (hazard specific)will leavealltheportfacilitiesitsupplieswithoutpower(functionalityspecific).Understandingimpactsbothwaysare important. Thehazard specific approach informsplanning for specificevents.Thefunctionalapproachis importanttodecreasingthevulnerabilitiesoffunctionsandsystems.Inthiscase,affectedportfacilitiescanbepoweredbyotherlines.

Impactscalarbasedonthetwokeyvariables–hazardstrengthandvulnerabilitylevel

High hazard and high vulnerability conditions combined suggest that impact will be high.Conversely a weak hazard with low vulnerability should result in a low impact. Moderateimpactcouldbeexpectedwitheitheroftwocombinations–stronghazardandlowvulnerabilityorweakhazardwithhighvulnerability.Reducingvulnerabilitiesmayhavethegreatestpracticalimpact with natural hazards, as a vulnerability reduction strategy would move High impacteventsintotheModeratecategory(forhighvulnerabilitysituationswithstronghazards)orintotheLowcategory(forModerateimpactwithweakhazards).Iwouldsuggestthatthereverseistrueforhumangeneratedhazards.Twootherfactorsarerelatedtoimpact• Magnitude–theabsolutesizeandpoweroftheevent• Intensity–themeasurementoftheeffectsoftheevent–howitisfelt


Allelsebeingequalaneventwithgreatermagnitudewilltendtobeamoreintenseeventandgenerategreaterimpacts.Thismeansthatwehavetounderstandtwofactorsthatcharacterizeimpact.Magnitudeisanabsolutemeasurementofthesizeandpowerofanevent.Whenwespeakofa200cubicmetersoil spill, we are attributing magnitude to the event. Intensity is a measurement of how theeffectsof theeventare felt inaspecificplace, forexample inport innerwatersorportouterwaters.ConsequencesConsequenceshavebeendefinedinanumberofways.Inmanycases,consequencehasbeenusedsynonymouslywithimpact.Possibly,itismoreaccuratetoviewconsequencesasoutcomeoftheinteractionoftheimpactwithhowhumansperceiveandreacttotheevent.Ineffectiveor dysfunctional interaction may allow more events of a similar nature to occur; effectivecoursesofactionmayresultinmitigationandpreparednessprogramsthatreducevulnerabilitytofutureevents.Theborderbetweenconsequenceandimpactisfuzzy,but• Impactstendtobedirectlyrelatedtotheeffectsof theevent,consequencesmoresecond

order.• Impacts tend to be shorter term (minutes to decades), consequences longer term (days,

weekstocenturies).• Althoughcoupledtoimpacts,consequencesareneitherautomaticnorirreversible• Consequences tendtobemorehuman-centric, impactsmoreevent-centric–wemakethe

consequences,theeventmakestheimpact.The border between impact and consequences is also a fuzzy one. If the event creates theimpactandhowweinteractwiththeimpactcreatestheconsequences:• Consequencesbecomesecondorderoutcomes,logicallyfollowingtheimpacts.• The impactwill tendtobethefirst tooccuronthetimeline,withconsequencesextending

beyondthecessationofimpact.• Consequencesmay be variable and not automatic, theymay be reversible – and the bad

consequences may be preventable by relatively simple changes in attitudes, beliefs, andvaluesystems.


ProbabilityProbability isamathematicalassessmentofthefrequencyofspecificeventsorhowlikely it isthat a specific event will occur. Unfortunately it is not static. Historical data provides aretrospectiveviewofprobability.However, if therearesignificantchanges in theactivity,youcanexpectprobabilitiestochange.For example, if there are no SEVESO facility in a port, the potential of amajor accidentwithhazardoussubstancesisverysmall.AnewSEVESOfacilityinaportandthatchanges.Probability, is based on awide variety of factors (history, statistics, changes in activities andprocesses,etc.).Probabilityisexpressedinavarietyofways.Forecastingdisastersisaninexactscience,butwedosee forecastsofexpected levelsofactivity. Theseareprobability statementsmeasured intermsoftheconfidencelevelofthemethodandtheconfidenceinthepersonororganizationissuingtheforecast.Moreeasilyrecognizedasprobabilitystatementsarenumericalexpressions(usuallypercentages)oftheprobabilityofacertainevent,eithergenerallyorwithinaspecifictimeframe.Thesecanbeseenoperationallyasalertlevelswhichcoverarangeofprobabilityvalues. Oneconfusingexpressionofprobability istheuseoftimeframesasawaytoexpressprobabilities.The100yearflood,forexample, iscommonlymisinterpretedasmeaningthat, ifthis isyear99sincethe lastsuchflood,the100yearfloodwilloccurnextyear. Inreality,thismeansthatthereisa1%chanceofafloodofthatmagnitudeoccurringeachandeveryyear,butthatyoucouldhavetwo100yearfloodsinconsecutiveyears,andnomorefloodsofanysortfor400moreyears.LikelihoodLikelihoodisacolloquialexpressionofprobability,oftencouchedinbroadbandsofprobability.Itisaninexact,qualitativestatementofhowsomeoneassessesprobability.Generallyexpressedin broadbands that cover a range of probability values:HIGH= “likely” or LOW= “unlikely”.Easilyunderstood,butalsomisleading– likely is interpretedas“yes, itwill,”unlikelyas“no, itwillnot”.Thedifficulty is someone’s likelihood,absenta cleardefinitionofwhat thatpersonmeansbythe gradations selected, may be very different from others likelihood. For example, I mightreasonably think that a 51% probability is very likely, youmight believe in a 75% probabilitythreshold,andourthirdobserver,whothinksofverylikelyas95%ormore.Likelihoodisalsooftendescribedintermsthataresubjecttowideinterpretation.


ThreatThreat is hazard translated intomovement. As probability of occurrence increases the threatincreases.Thiscaneitherbeinageneraloraneventspecificsense.For example, the onset of winter in a port increases the threat of bad weather conditions,simplybecause conditionsare favourable for severeweather. This increase in threatmaybesmall, but theonsetofwinter season is still taken seriouslybyemergencymanagers in thosejurisdictionsthatarevulnerablebyreasonofgeography.Ontheotherhandthethreatincreasesmeasurablywhenstrongwindsaretheportiswithinthepotentialrangeofsuffertroublesforsuchtypeofwindspeeds.The operationalisation of vulnerability, expected impact of a developing hazard, and theprobabilitythatimpactwillworkagainstyourvulnerabilities.Threatmeanssomethingbadiscomingyourway.Highthreatmeansitishighlylikelytohityouanditwillbeverybad.Itisimportanttonotethatchangesinpotentialimpactandinvulnerabilitycanchangethelevelof the threat. A weak potential impact combined with increased readiness will reduce theoverallthreat.


Source:compiledbyauthorbasedonworkbyWalterG.GreenIII(UniversityofRichmond)


PossiblemethodstodoaPortRiskAssessmentRiskassessmentandanalysismethodsandtechniquesandtoolsconsistofasystematic,logicalsetofactionsusedtoidentifyhazards,assessrisk,andimplementcontrolstomitigatehigh-riskconditions.Thesetechniquesandtoolscanbedescribedbytheirlevelsofformality,thetypesofanalysisperformed,andtheworkprocessestheyareattemptingtoaddress.The followingmethodsbyseparatedorcombinedcouldbeusedbyaPortAuthorityorentitywhomanagesaporttodoariskassessment:• Useawhat-ifanalysis to identify threatsandhazards.What-ifquestionsareaskedabout

what could gowrong and aboutwhatwould happen if things do gowrong. This type ofanalysisisabrainstormingactivityandiscarriedoutbypeoplewhohaveknowledgeabouttheareas,operations,andprocessesthatmaybeexposedtohazardouseventsandconditions.

• Use a checklist of known threats and hazards to identify your threats and hazards. The

valueofthistypeofanalysisdependsuponthequalityofthechecklistandtheexperienceoftheuser.

• Useacombinationofchecklistsandwhat-ifanalysisto identifyyourthreatsandhazards.

Checklists are used to ensure that all relevant what-if questions are asked anddiscussed,andtoencourageacreativeapproachtoriskassessment.

• Use ahazard and operability study (HAZOP) to identify your threats and hazards. If you

need to do a thorough analysis, this method is for you. However, it requires strongleadership and is costly and time consuming. It also assumes that you have a veryknowledgeableinterdisciplinaryteamavailabletoyou,onewithdetailedknowledgeaboutthe areas, operations, and processes that may be exposed to hazardous events andconditions.

• Useafailuremodeandeffectanalysis(FMEA)toidentifypotentialfailuresandtofigureout

whateffectfailureswouldhave.Thismethodbeginsbyselectingasystemforanalysisandthenlooksateachelementwithinthesystem.Itthentriestopredictwhatwouldhappento the systemas awholewheneachelement fails. Thismethod is oftenused topredicthardwarefailuresandisbestsuitedforthispurpose.

• Use a fault tree analysis (FTA) to identify all the things that could potentially cause a

hazardous event. It starts with a particular type of hazardous event and then tries toidentifyeverypossiblecause.

• Use a fault tree analysis (FTA) to identify all the things that could potentially cause a

hazardous event. It starts with a particular type of hazardous event and then tries toidentifyeverypossiblecause.


• Useanaslowasreasonablypracticable(ALARP)methodology,oftenusedinthemilieuofsafety-critical and safety-involved systems, to demonstrate that the cost involved inreducingtheriskfurtherwouldbegrosslydisproportionatetothebenefitgained.

Whichevermethod is used, in all of them the following actionshave tobeperformedby thePortAuthorityorentitywhichmanagesaport:• Identifytherangeofhazards,threats,orperilsintheport:

w Identifythehazards,threats,orperilsthatimpactormightimpactportactivity.w Identifythehazards,threats,orperilsthatimpactormightimpactportinfrastructure.w Identify the hazards, threats, or perils that impact or might impact the port

surroundingarea.w Identify theexternalhazards, threats,orperils that impactormight impact theport

area.• Determinethepotentialimpactofeachhazard,threat,orperilby:

w Estimatingtherelativeseverityofeachhazard,threat,orperil.w Estimatingtherelativefrequencyofeachhazard,threat,orperil.w Estimatingthevulnerabilitytoeachhazard,threat,orperil.

− Estimatehowvulnerablepeopleintheportistoeachhazard,threat,orperil.− Estimate how vulnerable port operations and activities are to each hazard,

threat,orperil.− Estimatehowvulnerableportpropertyistoeachhazard,threat,orperil.− Estimatehowvulnerableportenvironmentistoeachhazard,threat,orperil.

• Categorizeeach hazard, threat, or peril according to how severe it is, how frequently it

occurs,andhowvulnerableportelementsare.• Developstrategiestodealwiththemostsignificanthazards,threats,orperils.

w Developstrategiestopreventhazards,threats,orperilsthat impactormight impactportareaanditspeople,operations,activity,property,andenvironment.

w Developstrategiestomitigatehazards,threats,orperilsthatimpactormightimpactportareaanditspeople,operations,activity,property,andenvironment.

w Develop strategies to prepare for hazards, threats, or perils that impact or mightimpactportareaanditspeople,operations,activity,property,andenvironment.

w Develop strategies to respond to hazards, threats, or perils that impact or mightimpactportareaanditspeople,operations,activity,property,andenvironment.

w Develop strategies to recover from hazards, threats, or perils that impact or mightimpactportareaanditspeople,operations,activity,property,andenvironment.

Anumberofemergenciesoraccidentsthatmayoccur inaportaredescribedinthefollowingpages of this section in order to helpwith performing the port risk assessment and port riskmanagement.


Notalltheemergenciesoraccidentswillhappeninallportsduetotheirgeographicallocation,typeofgoodshandled,etc.However, practically all theemergenciesor accidentshavehappenedat some time in aport,andalmostalloftheseinveryrecentyears.TheEmergencyPlanimplementedintheportshouldincludetheapplicablehazards,regardlessofwhethertheemergenciesoraccidentscausedbythemhaveneveroccurredintheportbutmighttakeplaceinthefuture.


3.1 Emergencies arising from accident to any personnelwithin port area:medical

attention,evacuation,etc.This involvesmedical care for anyone who is in the port area (on board ships, in passengerterminals, freight terminals, etc.) and who has suffered an occupational accident, trafficaccident,afall,suddenillness,etc.Usuallyanambulancewithmedicalpersonnelwillbeneeded tocare for thepersonand takethemtohospitalifneedbe.Itmayalsobethattheambulancepicksupapersonwhoisputashorefromaboatwhichtakesthemfromavesselinwatersoutsidetheporttoland. 2

Itconsistsoftheusualmedicalcarethatmaybeprovidedintheport.ThePortEmergencyPlanshould set out the procedures andmeasures to be implemented in these cases, which mayincludethefollowing:• Notifying the port’s Emergency Control Centre about the need formedical carewith an

ambulanceandifnecessaryalsowithaboattotransferthepersonfromashiptoshore.• Ifneedbe,deploymentbytheECCofaboatwithmedicalstafftocareforthepersonon

boardthevesselandtransferthemtoland.• Deploymentby theECCofambulance(s)and ifneedbearrangingameetingpoint in the

portwiththeportpoliceorotherPortAuthoritystafftoguideandescorttheambulancetothepreciseplacewhereitisneeded,followedbyguidingandescortingitoutoftheport.

• DeploymentoftheportpoliceorotherPortAuthoritystafffortheaboveactions.

• Receivingtheportpolicereportabouttheincidentandthedetailsofthepersonattendedto,etc.

2 Ifthetransferisnotcarriedoutbyhelicopter.


3.2 Emergencies arising from personnel entrapment and or rescue (machinery,

confinedspaces,highangle,etc.)This involves the rescue of people trapped or confined in places in the port for a variety ofreasons: fault or breakageof the item (crane, etc.); sudden illness of the personwith loss ofconsciousness(incranes,insideliquidcargotankswhilecleaningthem,etc.);accidentorillnessofpeopleonboardshipsinvariousplaces(decks,holds,etc.);oranyothercause.Usually the fire services are required and in some cases also an ambulance with medicalpersonneltocareforthepersonandtakethemtohospitalifneedbe.Thefireserviceshouldhavetherightequipment(either itsownorbelongingtotheterminal)foreachcase:containertopsafetycagesorpersonalsafetycagesforaccessingvesseldecksorholds;fireservicevehiclesequippedwithaladderorplatform;rescuestretchers;harnessesforremovingpeoplefromconfinedspaces;etc.

ThePort EmergencyPlan should set out theprocedures andmeasures tobe implemented inthesecases,whichmayincludethefollowing:• Notifying the port’s Emergency Control Centre about the need for the fire service and

medicalcarewithanambulancetorescuethepersonconcerned.• Deployment by the ECC of the fires service and ambulance, and if need be arranging a

meetingpoint in theportwith theportpoliceorotherPortAuthority staff toguideand


escort the vehicles to thepreciseplacewhere theyareneeded, followedbyguidingandescortingthemoutoftheport.

• Ifneedbe,deploymentbytheECCofaboattotakefireserviceandmedicalpersonneltothevesseltorescueandcareforthepersononboardandtransferthemtoland.

• DeploymentoftheportpoliceorotherPortAuthoritystafffortheaboveactions.

• Receivingtheportpolicereportabouttheincidentandthedetailsofthepersonattendedto,etc.


3.3 Emergenciesarising from fire inportbuildings:offices,warehouses,passenger

terminals; cargo-handling equipment; electrical substations; stored non-dangerousgoods,etc.

These are possible fires in a wide variety of scenarios in the port not involving ships ordangerousgoods.Yardsandoutdoorareasfortemporarycargostorage

Closed,openorroofedwarehousesfortemporarycargostorage.

Storage tanks for flammable materials (vegetable oils, vegetable fats or esters, MARPOL I wastes, etc.).

If there are several tanks in thesame bund, the accident mightspread to other nearby tanks andsetthemonfire.


Grainstoragesilosandfacilitieswheretheremaybeapriordustexplosioninsidethem

Firescanalsoaffectportequipmentandvehicles

Similarly,firescanalsooccurinotherportbuildingsandfacilities

Offices

Portequipmentmaintenance

workshops

Electricalstationsandsubstations

Portpassengerterminals

Temporarywastestorageareas

Otherfiresinportbuildingsand

facilities


Theconsequencesoftheaccidentwouldprobablybeconfinedtotheconcessionitself,althoughtheymightaffectadjoiningconcessionsdependingontheirsize.All buildings and cargo warehouses in the port must be fitted with at least themanual andautomaticfire-fightingequipmentrequiredbynationallegislation.

Quaysandopenaircargostorageareasmustalsohavewaterforputtingoutfireswhichmaybesuppliedinanumberofways:• Fire-fightingnetworksconsistingofhydrants(postorintheground),pipes,shutoff

valvesandwaterpumpingstations.

If there are separate hydrant networks, it is recommended that they should beinterconnectedsothateachnetworkcanhavearedundantwatersupply.


Manual or remotecontrol valves tointerconnect firehydrantnetworks.

• Mobilesystemsforcollectinganddistributingfire-fightingwater

• Usingwaterfromtugboatfi-fisystemstotacklefiresonland

ThePortEmergencyPlanshouldsetoutthemeasuresandprocedurestobeimplementedinallthefirescenariosdescribedinthissectionwhichmaybepresentintheport.


3.4 Emergencies arising from vehicular collisions on port roads, yards, etc. (withpossiblecasualties;spillages;trafficcuts,etc.)

Theseareaccidentsofvehiclesormachineryon quays, in terminal yards and concoursesandonportroads.Their consequences may lead to injuriesand/or fatalities; fuel spills on the roadway;shedding loads; crushing people or othervehicles;etc.Someofthevehiclesinvolvedintheaccidentmaybecarryingdangerousgoods.Themost frequent causes of such accidentsarespeedingand/ordriverdistraction.The Port Emergency Plan should set out theproceduresandmeasurestobeimplementedin these cases, which may include thefollowing:- Medical care for people involved in the

accident.- Controlling traffic in the area of the

accident.- Cleaning upoil and/or fuel spills on the

roadwayandpickingupbrokenpiecesofthevehicle.

- Cranes or special equipment to removethe vehicles involved if they cannotmovebythemselves.

- Equipmenttoremovetheloadfromtheroadway.


3.5 EmergenciesarisingfromaccidentalfallingofvehiclesintoportwatersThisistheaccidentalfallingofvehiclesofanykind (cars, passenger buses, heavy goodsvehicles,etc.)intotheport’swaters.Theremaybeanumberofreasonsforthesefalls: driver distraction, driver's suddenillness,previouscollisionswithothervehicles,mechanical failure of the vehicle, speeding,etc.

Particularly important are accidents involving abus with passengers which could become anaccidentwithmultiplevictims.Publicunderwaterrescueservicesandunderwaterwork companies should be part of the responseteamsforthistypeofaccident.

Quays should be equipped with ladders or otherdevicesthatenablepeoplewhohavefallenintothewaterandcanfendforthemselvestogetoutofit.


3.6 Emergencies arising from accidental falling of cargo during loading/unloading

operations(intowateroronquay)This involves accidental falling of cargo intothewaterorontolandwhilebeingloadedonor unloaded from vessels. It also includesaccidental falling of cargo stacked intemporarystorageareas.Theremaybeanumberofreasonsforthesefalls: human error in handling machinery;excess weight of the cargo; equipmentfailure; speedingbyequipment; stronggustsofwind,etc.The consequences of these accidents maycauseinjuriesorfatalities.Some of the goods involved may bedangerous.

If the cargo falls into thewater, underwaterworkcompanieswillbeneededtofindwherethe sunken goods are, mark them and liftthemouttoland.


3.7 Emergenciesarisingfromdangerousgoods(fire,explosion,leakage,gasrelease:

flammableortoxiccloud,etc.),notstoredinport’sSEVESOfacilitiesTheseareemergenciesoraccidentswhichtakeplacewithdangerousand/orpollutinggoodsorsubstances(notstored inSEVESOfacilities)while intheportarea,bothonboardshipsand inportfacilities.Thereare6meansof intermodalfreighttransportwhichincludedangerousgoods.Shippingislinkedtoalloftheminaportexceptforairtransport.

Inportsthemodeoftransportchangesfromseatransporttotheotherfourmeans.

Dangerous goods in European ports have to comply with various regulations coming fromseveralsourcesincludingthefollowing:


ThefollowingIMOConventionsandCodesmustbecompliedwithduringmaritimetransportofdangerousgoodsinEuropeanUnionports.


In each port all national and international regulations affecting dangerous goods must becompliedwith.Theyaresummarisedinthetablebelow:

ClassificationofdangerousorpollutinggoodsDangerous substances are classified on the basis of their dangerous properties that maymaterialiseintheeventofanaccidentasshownbelow:


Class1.EXPLOSIVESComprises:1) explosivesubstances(asubstancewhichisnot itselfanexplosivebutwhichcanformanexplosive atmosphere of gas, vapour or dust is not included in class 1), except those which are toodangeroustotransportorthosewherethepredominanthazard isoneappropriatetoanotherclass; .2)explosivearticles,exceptdevicescontainingexplosivesubstancesinsuchquantityorofsuchacharacterthat their inadvertent or accidental ignition or initiation during transport shall not cause any effectexternaltothedeviceeitherbyprojection,fire,smoke,heatorloudnoise;and3)substancesandarticlesnotmentionedunder.1and.2whicharemanufacturedwithaviewtoproducingapractical,explosiveorpyrotechniceffect.CLASSSUB-DIVISIONS DANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

1.1 Substancesandarticleswhichhaveamassexplosionhazard.

1.2 Substances and articles which have a projection hazard but not amassexplosionhazard.

1.3Substancesandarticleswhichhaveafirehazardandeitheraminorblasthazardoraminorprojectionhazardorboth,butnotamassexplosionhazard.

1.4 Substancesandarticleswhichpresentnosignificanthazard.

1.5 Veryinsensitivesubstanceswhichhaveamassexplosionhazard.

1.6 Extremely insensitive articleswhich do not have amass explosionhazard.

«Placeforcompatibilitygroup.Tobeleftblankifexplosiveisthesubsidiaryrisk.


Class2.GASESComprises:compressedgases,liquefiedgases,dissolvedgases,refrigeratedliquefiedgases,mixturesofoneormoregaseswithoneormorevapoursofsubstancesofotherclasses,articleschargedwithagasandaerosols.CLASSSUB-DIVISIONS DANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

2.1

Flammablegases.Gaseswhichat20°Canda standardpressureof101.3kPaare ignitablewhen in amixture of 13% or less by volumewithair;orhavea flammable rangewithairof at least12percentagepointsregardlessofthelowerflammablelimit.

2.2

Non-flammable,non-toxicgases.Gases which: 1) are asphyxiant – gases which dilute orreplacetheoxygennormally intheatmosphere;or .2) areoxidizing–gaseswhichmay,generallybyprovidingoxygen,cause or contribute to the combustion, of other materialmore than air does; or .3) do not come under the otherclasses.

2.3

ToxicgasesGases which are known to be so toxic or corrosive tohumansas toposeahazardtohealth;orarepresumedtobe toxic or corrosive to humans because they have a LC50valueequaltoorlessthan5,000mℓ/m3(ppm).

Class3.FLAMMABLELIQUIDSDANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

Comprise: liquids, or mixtures of liquids, or liquids containingsolids in solution or suspension (such as paints, varnishes,lacquers,etc.,butnot includingsubstanceswhich,onaccountoftheirotherdangerouscharacteristics,havebeenincludedinotherclasses) which give off a flammable vapour at or below 60°Cclosed-cuptest(correspondingto65.6°Copen-cuptest),normallyreferredtoasthe“flashpoint”.Thisalsoincludes:1)liquidsofferedfortransportattemperaturesat or above their flashpoint; and 2) substances transported oroffered for transport at elevated temperatures in a liquid state,which give off a flammable vapour at temperatures equal to orbelowthemaximumtransporttemperature.Thisclassalsocomprises liquiddesensitizedexplosiveswhichareexplosivesubstancesthataredissolvedorsuspendedinwaterorotherliquidsubstances,toformahomogeneousliquidmixturetosuppresstheirexplosiveproperties.


Class4.FLAMMABLESOLIDS;SUBSTANCESLIABLETOSPONTANEOUSCOMBUSTION;SUBSTANCESWHICH,INCONTACTWITHWATER,EMITFLAMMABLEGASESCLASSSUB-DIVISIONS DANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

4.1

Flammablesolids.Comprise: Readily combustible solids (fibres,powdered, granular, or pasty substances) which aredangerous if they can be easily ignited by briefcontact with an ignition source such as a burningmatch, and if the flame spreads rapidly. The dangermay comenotonly from the firebutalso from toxiccombustion products. Metal powders are especiallydangerousbecauseofthedifficultyofextinguishingafire,sincenormalextinguishingagentssuchascarbondioxideorwatercanincreasethehazard.Self-reactivesubstances.Comprise: thermally unstable substances liable toundergo a strongly exothermic decomposition evenwithout participation of oxygen (air). Self-reactivesubstancesareclassifiedintoseventypesaccordingtothedegreeofdangertheypresent.Thedecompositionofself-reactivesubstancescanbeinitiated by heat, contact with catalytic impurities(such as acids, heavy-metal compounds, bases),friction or impact. The rate of decompositionincreases with temperature and varies with thesubstance. Decomposition, particularly if no ignitionoccurs,may result in the evolution of toxic gases orvapours. For certain self-reactive substances, thetemperature shall be controlled. Some self-reactivesubstancesmaydecomposeexplosively,particularlyifconfined. This characteristicmay bemodified by theaddition of diluents or by the use of appropriatepackaging. Some self-reactive substances burnvigorously.Soliddesensitizedexplosives.Comprises: explosive substances which are wettedwith water or alcohols or are diluted with othersubstances to form a homogeneous solidmixture tosuppress theirexplosiveproperties.Thedesensitizingagent shall be distributed uniformly throughout thesubstanceinthestateinwhichitistobetransported.Wheretransportunderconditionsoflowtemperatureis anticipated for substances containing or wettedwithwater,asuitableandcompatiblesolvent,suchasalcohol,mayhave tobeadded to lower the freezingpointoftheliquid.Someofthesesubstances,whenina dry state, are classified as explosives. Wherereferenceismadetoasubstancewhichiswettedwithwater,or someother liquid, it shallbepermitted fortransport as a class 4.1 substance only when in the


wettedconditionspecified.

4.2

Substancesliabletospontaneouscombustion.Comprise: 1) Pyrophoric substances, which aresubstances,includingmixturesandsolutions(liquidorsolid),which,even insmallquantities, ignitewithin5minutes of coming into contact with air. Thesesubstances are the most liable to spontaneouscombustion;and2)Self-heatingsubstances,whicharesubstances,otherthanpyrophoricsubstances,which,incontactwithairwithoutenergysupply,areliabletoself-heating.Thesesubstanceswilligniteonlywheninlarge amounts (kilograms) and after long periods oftime(hoursordays).

4.3

Substances which, in contact with water, emitflammablegases.Comprise:eitherliquidsorsolidswhich,byinteractionwith water, are liable to become spontaneouslyflammable or to give off flammable gases indangerousquantities.Certain substances, in contact withwater,may emitflammable gases that can form explosive mixtureswith air. Such mixtures are easily ignited by allordinarysourcesofignition,forexamplenakedlights,sparking handtools or unprotected light bulbs. Theresultingblastwaveandflamesmayendangerpeopleand the environment. A test method is used todeterminewhether the reaction of a substancewithwater leads to the development of a dangerousamountofgaseswhichmaybeflammable.


Class5.OXIDIZINGSUBSTANCESANDORGANICPEROXIDESCLASSSUB-DIVISIONS DANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

5.1

Oxidizingsubstances.Comprise:Substanceswhich,while inthemselvesnotnecessarily combustible, may, generally by yieldingoxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion ofothermaterial.Suchsubstancesmaybecontained inanarticle.

• Substancesofclass5.1incertaincircumstancesdirectlyor indirectly evolve oxygen. For this reason, oxidizingsubstances increase the risk and intensity of fire incombustible material with which they come intocontact.

• Mixtures of oxidizing substances with combustiblematerial and even with material such as sugar, flour,edible oils, mineral oils, etc., are dangerous. Thesemixturesarereadilyignited,insomecasesbyfrictionorimpact. They may burn violently and may lead toexplosion.

• Therewillbeaviolentreactionbetweenmostoxidizingsubstancesandliquidacids,evolvingtoxicgases.

• Toxicgasesmayalsobeevolvedwhencertainoxidizingsubstancesareinvolvedinafire.

• Additionally, some substances possess specificproperties, which shall be taken into account intransport.

5.2

Organicperoxides.Comprise: Organic substances which contain thebivalent –O–O– structure and may be consideredderivativesofhydrogenperoxide,whereoneorbothofthehydrogenatomshavebeenreplacedbyorganicradicals. Organic peroxides are thermally unstablesubstances which may undergo exothermic self-acceleratingdecomposition.In addition, they may have one or more of thefollowingproperties:• beliabletoexplosivedecomposition;• burnrapidly;• besensitivetoimpactorfriction;• reactdangerouslywithothersubstances;• causedamagetotheeyes.


Class6.TOXICANDINFECTIOUSSUBSTANCESCLASSSUB-DIVISIONS DANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

6.1

Toxicsubstances.Comprise:substancesliableeithertocausedeathorseriousinjuryortoharmhumanhealthifswallowedorinhaled,orbyskincontact.

• Thedangersofpoisoningwhichareinherentinthesesubstancesdependupon contactwith the humanbody, that is by inhalation of vapours byunsuspectingpersonsatsomedistancefromthecargoortheimmediatedangers of physical contact with the substance. These have beenconsidered inthecontextoftheprobabilityofaccidentoccurringduringtransportbysea.

• Nearlyall toxic substancesevolve toxic gaseswhen involved ina fireorwhenheatedtodecomposition.

6.2

Infectioussubstances.Comprise:substanceswhichareknownorarereasonablyexpectedtocontain pathogens. Pathogens are defined as micro-organisms(including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites, fungi) and otheragentssuchasprions,whichcancausediseaseinhumansoranimals.

• CategoryA:An infectioussubstancewhich istransported inaformthat,when exposure to it occurs, is capable of causing permanent disability,life-threateningorfataldiseaseinotherwisehealthyhumansoranimals.

• CategoryB:Aninfectioussubstancewhichdoesnotmeetthecriteriaforinclusion in Category A (only UN 3373 “BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE,CATEGORYB”).

Class7.RADIOACTIVEMATERIALComprises any material containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration and the totalactivityintheconsignmentexceedspecifiedvalues.RadioactivematerialshallbeassignedtooneofthespecifiedUNNumbersdependingon theactivity levelof the radionuclides contained inapackage, thefissileornon-fissilepropertiesoftheseradionuclides,thetypeofpackagetobepresentedfortransport,andthenatureorformofthecontentsofthepackage,orspecialarrangementsgoverningthetransportoperation.

PACKAGELABELS TRANSPORTUNITPLACARDS

CategoryI–White CategoryII–Yellow CategoryIII–Yellow FISSILEMATERIAL


Class8.CORROSIVESUBSTANCESDANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

Comprise:substanceswhich,bychemicalaction,willcauseseveredamagewhenincontactwith livingtissueor, inthecaseof leakage,willmateriallydamage,orevendestroy,othergoodsorthemeansoftransport.• Someofthemcancause(severe)burnstoskin,eyesandmucousmembranes.• Many substances are sufficiently volatile to evolve vapour irritating to the nose and

eyes.• A few substances may produce toxic gases when decomposed by very high

temperatures.Wheninvolvedinafire,theyevolvestoxicgases.• Poisoningmayresultiftheyareswallowed,oriftheirvapourisinhaled;someof• themevenmaypenetratetheskin.• Allsubstancesinthisclasshaveamoreorlessdestructiveeffectonmaterialssuchas

metalsandtextiles.• Any metal likely to be present in a ship, or in its cargo, may be attacked by the

substanceoritsvapour.• A few substances in this class can corrode glass, earthenware and other siliceous

materials.• Manysubstances inthisclassonlybecomecorrosiveafterhavingreactedwithwater,

orwithmoistureintheair.Thereactionofwaterwithmanysubstancesisaccompaniedbytheliberationofirritatingandcorrosivegases.Suchgasesusuallybecomevisibleasfumesintheair.

• Afewsubstancesinthisclassgenerateheatinreactionwithwaterororganicmaterials,includingwood,paper,fibres,somecushioningmaterialsandcertainfatsandoils.

Class9.MISCELLANEOUSDANGEROUSSUBSTANCESANDARTICLESANDENVIRONMENTALLYHAZARDOUSSUBSTANCESDANGEROUSPROPERTIES PLACARDSORLABELS

Comprise: substancesandarticleswhich,duringtransport,presentadangernotcoveredbyotherclasses.• Substanceswhich,oninhalationasfinedust,mayendangerhealth(asbestos,etc.).• Substancesevolvingflammablevapour(polymericbeads,plasticmouldingcompound,

etc.).• Lithiumbatteries.• Electricdoublelayercapacitors• Life-savingappliances(airbagsinflators,seatbeltpretensioners).• Substancesandarticleswhich,intheeventoffire,mayformdioxins.• Substancestransportedorofferedfortransportatelevatedtemperatures.• Environmentallyhazardoussubstances.• Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMO s) and genetically modified organisms

(GMOs)


MARINEPOLLUTANTS.DANGEROUSPROPERTIES MARK

Environmentally hazardous substances include, inter alia, liquid or solidsubstances pollutant to the aquatic environment and solutions andmixtures ofsuchsubstances(suchaspreparationsandwastes).The basic elements for classification of environmentally hazardous substances(aquaticenvironment)are:(a)acuteaquatictoxicity(b)chronicaquatictoxicity(c)potentialfororactualbioaccumulation;and(d)degradation(bioticorabiotic)fororganicchemicals;Marinepollutantsshallbetransportedundertheappropriateentryaccordingtotheirpropertiesiftheyfallwithinthecriteriaofanyoftheclasses1to8.Iftheydonotfallwithinthecriteriaofanyoftheseclasses,theyshallbetransportedundertheentry:ENVIRONMENTALLYHAZARDOUSSUBSTANCE,SOLID,N.O.S.,UN3077or ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, N.O.S., UN 3082, asappropriate,unlessthereisaspecificentryinclass9.


Riskandconsequenceassessmentinaccidentswithdangeroussubstances.Intheeventofanaccidentinvolvingdangeroussubstances,theconsequencesforeachclassofthemmayfitintoanyofthefollowingtypes:

• Thermal:thermalradiation.• Mechanical:pressurewavesandflyingfragments.• Chemical:emissionintotheatmosphereordischargeofsubstances.

DANGEROUSSUBSTANCECLASS ACCIDENTRISK POSSIBLECONSEQUENCES

Class1(explosives)FireandExplosion.Explosion

• Overpressure(blastwaves)• Projectiles• Thermalradiation

Class2.1(flammablegases)

Leakagefromtankorpipelineinoutdoororindoorspaces:flammable

gascloud.3

• ConfinedVapourCloudExplosion(CVCE)

• UnconfinedVapourCloudExplosion(UVCE)

• Thermalradiation(flashfire4or

fireball5)

• Overpressure(blastwaves)• Projectiles

3 Volatilescanformvapourcloudswhentheyarereleasedinanuncontrolledmannerfromcontainmentvessels.

Material that are at elevated temperatures and/or pressures are particularly of concern. Released volatile,flammablematerialscanflashdirectlyintothevapourstateand/orflowtothegroundandformapoolofliquidwhichconsequentlyevaporatestoformavapourcloud.Afteravapourcloudisformed,threethingcanhappen:1)itcandisperseandhavenofireorexplosiononneighbouring;2)itcanigniteandburn(vapourcloudfire);or3)itcandetonateorexplodeandcausehighpressureshockwaves.Foravaporcloudtoigniteandburnorexplode,itsconcentrationinairmustbewithinitsflammablelimits.ConfinedVapourCloudExplosion(CVCE)occursinaconfinedspace,suchasabuilding.UnconfinedVapourCloudExplosion(UVCE)occursinanunconfinedspace(outdoors).

4 Aflashfireisthecombustionofaflammablegas/airmixturethatproducesrelativelyshorttermthermalhazardswithnegligibleoverpressure(blastwave).Aflashfireburnsthroughapre-mixedvapourcloudlargelyhorizontallyasavertical”wallofflame”.Ifaflashfireburnsbacktothesource,itcanbecomeajetfireorapoolfire.

5 A fireball is formed when a two-phase composition cloud (vapour and droplets of flammable liquid) burns,presentinganapproximately spherical shape.Dependingon the typeof fuel involvedcombustioncanbequitegood,releasingalargeamountofradiantenergy.Thisphenomenoncanoccurwithpropaneorbutane,whilebycontrastitisunusualwithLNG.



Class2.1(flammablegases) Leakagefromtankorpipelineandfire:

• Poolfire6

• Jetfire7• Flashfire• BoilingLiquidExpansiveVapourExplosion(BLEVE)8

• Thermalradiation• Overpressure(blastwaves)• Projectiles

Class 2.2 (non-flammable, non-toxicgases)

Leakage • Asphyxiating gas atmosphere inconfinedspaces.

Class2.3(toxicgases) Leakages • ToxicgascloudClass3(flammableliquids) Leakages from tank or

pipeline in outdoor orindoor spaces: flammablegascloud:• Poolfire• Flashfire• ConfinedVapourCloudExplosion(CVCE)

• UnconfinedVapourCloudExplosion(UVCE)

• Toxicgascloud.• Thermalradiation• Overpressure(blastwaves)• Projectiles

Class3(flammableliquids) Tankfire• BoilingLiquidExpansiveVapourExplosion(BLEVE)


6 Aliquidpoolfireisafireinvolvingaquantityofliquidfuelspilledonthesurfaceofthelandorwater.Anignition

sourcemuststartthepooldire.Primaryhazardsofliquidpoolfirestopeopleandpropertyinvolveexposuretothermalradiationand/ortoxicorcorrosiveproductsofcombustion(FEMA,DOT,EPA1989).

7 Transportationandstoragetanksorpipelinescontainingcompressedorliquefiedgasesmaydischargegasesathighspeedifsomehowpuncturedorrupturedduringanaccident.Thegasdischargingorventingfromtheholewillformagasjetthat”blows”intotheatmosphereinthedirectiontheholeisfacing,allthewhileentrainingandmixingwith air.When the gas is flammable and it encounters an ignition source, a flame jet of considerablelengthmayform.Forchemicals thatare liquidunderambientconditions,nogas jetwill form; liquidorvapourmightleakoutthroughapunctureorbreak,butwillnotblowout.

8 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVEs) occur when sealed tank or liquid or gaseous hazardousmaterialsareexposedtofire,whichmaycauseexcessivepressureswithinthetankcombinedwithweakeningoftankwalls.ThesuddenfailureofthevesselandrapidvaporizationandexpansionofitscontentistermedBLEVE.BLEVEsalsogenerallyresult in ignitionofthevapourcloudwhenthesubstanceisflammable,andalargerisingfireballmayform,thesizeofwhichwillvarywithdeaccidentconditionsandthetypeandamountofhazardousmaterialpresent.Althoughthefireballisgenerallyofshortduration,theintensethermalradiationgeneratedcancause severe and possibly fatal burns to exposed people over relatively considerable distances in amatter ofseconds (FEMA,DOT,EPA1989).Overpressuresandcontainer fragmentsprojectilesalsomaybegeneratedbyBLEVEs.BLEVEsarenotalwaystheprincipalcauseofadisasterbutcanoccursecondarilywhen,forexample,flamesfromanignitedvapourcloudimpingeuponcontainerswithflammable/explosivecontents.



Class4.1(flammablesolids) Fire • ThermalradiationClass4.1(self-reactivesubstances) Fire • Thermalradiation

Class4.1(soliddesensitizedexplosives) FireandExplosion.Explosion

• Overpressure(blastwaves)• Projectiles• Thermalradiation

Class 4.2 (substances liable tospontaneouscombustion) Fire • Thermalradiation

Class 4.3 (substances which, in contactwithwater,emitflammablegases) Fire

• Thermalradiation• Flammable and/or toxic gasclouds.

Class5.1(oxidizingsubstances) FireExplosion


Class5.2(organicperoxides) FireandExplosion.Explosion


Class6.1(toxicsubstances) LeakageFire

• People’stoxicconsequences• Thermalradiation• Flammable and/or toxic gasclouds.

Class6.2(infectioussubstances) Leakage • Biologicalinfection.• Thermalradiation

Class7(radioactivematerial) LeakageFire

• Thermalradiation• Radioactiveemission.

Class8(corrosivesubstances) LeakageFire

• Skincorrosion• Thermalradiation.• Flammable and/or toxic gasclouds

Class9(Miscellaneousdangeroussubstancesandarticlesandenvironmentallyhazardoussubstances)

FireLeakage

• Thermalradiation• Carcinogenicparticles.• Others

Emergencyplanningzones(EPZs)foraccidentswithdangerousgoods.Tofacilitateapre-plannedstrategyforprotectiveactionsduringanemergencywithdangerousgoods, at least twoemergencyplanning zones (EPZs) theremust identifiedaround thepointwheretheaccidenthastakenplace.• InterventionZone:oneinwhichtheconsequencesoftheaccidentproducealevelofdamage

that justifies the immediate implementation of measures to protect people, such asevacuation,confinement,etc.

• Alert Zone: one in which the consequences of the accident cause effects which although

noticeable by people do not justify intervention, except for certain groups: the elderly,children,pregnantwomen,etc.

The exact size and shape of each zone will vary according to the quantity of dangeroussubstance involved, the type of consequence (thermal radiation, overpressure, and/orflammable and/or toxic gas clouds), and the parameters that each country has specified oradopted todetermine theextentof theseareasdependingon the thermaldose: (kW/m2 )4/3


second;pressureunits:bars,pascals,lbs/squareinch,etc.;concentrationoftoxicgasesintheairinpartspermillion(ppm)ormilligramspercubicmetre(mg/m3),etc.


UsingsoftwaretodeterminetheextentoftheEmergencyPlanningZones(EPZs)There is a varietyof software (paid-for and free) on themarket todetermine theextent andharmfuldistanceofeachconsequenceinanaccidentwithdangerousgoods.BywayofexamplethereistheALOHA(ArealLocationsofHazardousAtmospheres)program,developedbytheEPA(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency)andtheNOAA(NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration)intheUnitedStates.TheALOHAprogram is freeand is thehazardmodellingprogramusedwidely toplan forandrespondtochemicalemergencies.ALOHA allows to enter details about a real or potential chemical release, and then it willgeneratethreatzoneestimatesforvarioustypesofhazards.ALOHAcanmodeltoxicgasclouds,flammablegasclouds,BLEVEs(BoilingLiquidExpandingVapourExplosions),jetfires,poolfires,andvapourcloudexplosions.ThethreatzoneestimatesareshownonagridinALOHA.Theredthreat zone represents the worst hazard level, and the orange and yellow threat zonesrepresentareasofdecreasinghazard.ALOHAcanshowthedangerzonesoncartographicplansusingMARPLOTandGOOGLEEARTH,both ofwhich are also free programs.When usingMARPLOT cartographic information aboutthe area of the emergency is required beforehand in vector files such as shapefiles or rasterimagessuchasGeoTIFFfiles.CalculationsmadebyALOHAareacompromisebetweenaccuracyandspeed:it isdesignedtoproducegoodresultsquicklyenoughforthemtobeusedbyemergencyservicesmanagers.

ExampleuseoftheALOHAprogram:bywayof example, calculations by the ALOHAprogramareshownonaGoogleEarthimageforthehypotheticalleakof1m3ofammoniafromthereliquefactioncircuitofanammoniacarrier while entering and berthing at thePort of Sagunto. The point of the leak was39º37.60’00’’N-00º12.30’00”W. Wind speedwas4m/sanditsdirectionwas135º.Graphic image of the extent of the possibledispersion of the heavy cloud generated bytheaccident.


Possibleaccidentscenariosinwhichdangerousorpollutinggoodsareinvolveda) Traffic intheportofdangerousand/orpollutinggoodscarried inpackagedformor in

transportunits.These are accidents involving dangerous and/or polluting goods covered by the IMDGCodeinforceatthattime:

Thegoodscanbepackagedinarangeofcontainers:


In turn, the dangerous goods in packaged form or in bulk may be contained in thetransportunitsadmittedbytheIMDGCode.

Possiblescenariosofaccidentsinvolvingdangerousgoodsofthistypeare:

• Fireinthetransportunitwhileintheterminaloronboardtheship.

• Breakageofthetransportunitswhileintheterminalduetocollapseofstacks,poorhandling,trafficaccidents,fallingbecauseofstrongwinds,etc.,andsubsequentleakorspillofthedangerousorpollutinggoods.

• Breakage of the transport units during loading or unloading operations on boardships (falling toground, fallingoverboard,etc.),andsubsequent leakorspillof thedangerousorpollutinggoods.

• Otheraccidents.The Port’s Emergency Plan should set out the procedures and measures to beimplemented inall thescenariosdescribed in this section ifdangerousand/orpollutinggoodsofthiskindarebeinghandled.


b) Liquiddangerousgoodscarriedinbulkbyships

These are accidents with dangerous or polluting liquid bulk goods covered by the IBCCode (chemical liquids), the IGC (liquefied or refrigerated gases) and the MARPOLConventionAnnex I (oil products) in forceand carriedbygas carriers, chemical tankersandoiltankers.

Theriskofexplosionandfireduringloadingorunloadingofflammabledangerousgoods,whichcancauseextensivedamagetotheterminalandtheship,isespeciallyrelevant.

On1stJanuary2004thechemicaltanker“PanamSerena”sufferedasevereexplosionandcaughtfireatPortoTorres in Sardinia, Italy. The blast caused the loss of life of two crew members, damages to the vesselamounting to constructive total loss, substantial damages to the shore facility and serious environmentalprejudiceintermsofairpollution.ThetankerhadarrivedatPortoTorreson31December2003withacargoof Benzene and cut C6 (C6), the benzene discharge had been completed and the vessel was close tocompletionofdischargeoftheC6.Atapproximately11:55on01January2004,asthecargodeckwatchwaschanging,thevesselwasshakenbythefirstinaseriesofviolentexplosions,whichresultedinanintensefireamidships,withinthecargotankareaofthevessel.The port facilities where flammable, toxic or corrosive dangerous goods are loaded orunloaded fromvessels are inmost cases included in those considered tobe SEVESO IIIfacilities.


Firesystemsavailableattheseterminalsmustbepermanentlyoperationalandespeciallycoverthestoragetanksoftheproductsandtheareaoftheshiploadingarm.

Possible scenarios for accidents involving dangerous goods of this type are explosionand/or fire, emission of flammable and/or toxic clouds and marine pollution due toignitionofanexplosiveatmosphereorbreakageinvariousparts:

• Onboardtheshipwhileloadingorunloading.

• Intheshipmanifold–terminalloadingarmconnectionwhileloadingorunloading.

• Intheproduct’sstoragetanksintheterminal,or intheirplumbingconnectionwiththeloadingarmorotheritems:vehicleloadingbays,etc.

Toavoidaccidentswhile loadingorunloadingthiskindofgoodsinaportitishighlyrecommendedtomeet at least the requirements set out in thecurrent “The International Safety Guide for OilTankersandTerminals(ISGOTT)”,publishedjointlyby The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS),the Oil Companies International Marine Forum(OCIMF)andtheInternationalAssociationofPortsandHarbors(IAPH).

IMO has recognized ISGOTT as one of the principal industry referencemanuals on thesafeoperationofoil tankersand the terminals that serve them,and it is referred to inmanyIMOregulationsandrecommendations. The Port’s Emergency Plan should set out the procedures and measures to beimplementedinallthescenariosdescribedinthissectionifdangerousorpollutingliquidsinbulkarebeinghandled.


c) Dangerousgoodsinsolidforminbulkcarriedbyships

These are accidents with dangerous goods in solidforminbulk(exceptliquidsinbulkandgasesinbulk),covered by the current International Maritime SolidBulkCargoesCode(IMSBCCode).

The carriage of solid bulk cargoes other than grainshallbe incompliancewiththerelevantprovisionsoftheIMSBCCode.

The IMSBC Code classifies goods into the following three groups for purposes of bulkshipping:• GroupA:consistsofcargoeswhichmay liquefy if shippedatamoisturecontent in

excessoftheirtransportablemoisturelimit.• GroupB:consistsofcargoeswhichpossessachemicalhazardwhichcouldgiverise

toadangeroussituationonaship. • Group C: consists of cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy (Group A) nor to

possesschemicalhazards(GroupB).DangerousgoodsinGroupBincludethefollowing:

ALUMINIUMFERROSILICONPOWDERUN1395ALUMINIUMNITRATEUN1438AMMONIUMNITRATEUN1942.Ifthesubstancedonotexhibitpropertiesofclass1whentestedinaccordancetoTestSeries1and2ofclass1(UNManualofTestsandCriteria,part1).AMMONIUMNITRATEBASEDFERTILIZERUN2067AMMONIUMNITRATEBASEDFERTILIZERUN2071CHARCOALFERROSILICONUN1408MAGNESIUMNITRATEUN1474POTASSIUMNITRATEUN1486SODIUMNITRATEUN1498

SomeofthegoodslistedintheIMSBCCodearematerialshazardousonlyinbulk(MHB)meaningmaterialswhichmaypossesschemicalhazardswhencarriedinbulkotherthanmaterials classified as dangerous goods in the IMDG Code. For example: fertilizerswithoutnitrates;bauxite,borax,etc.Possible scenarios of accidents involving dangerous goods of this type include thefollowing:• Poisoning, corrosive and asphyxiation hazards: Some solid bulk cargoes are

susceptible to oxidation, which may result in oxygen depletion, emission of toxic


gasesorfumesandself-heating.Somecargoesarenotliabletooxidizebutmayemittoxicfumes,particularlywhenwet.Therearealsocargoeswhich,whenwetted,arecorrosive to skin, eyes and mucous membranes or to the ship’s structure. Whenthesecargoesarecarriedparticularattentionshallbepaidtoprotectionofpersonnelandtheneedforspecialprecautionstobetakenpriortoloadingandafterunloading.

Appropriate attention shall be paid that cargo spaces and adjacent spacesmaybedepleted in oxygenormay contain toxic or asphyxiating gases, and that an emptycargospaceortankwhichhasremainedclosedforsometimemayhaveinsufficientoxygentosupportlife.Many solid bulk cargoes are liable to cause oxygen depletion in a cargo space ortank. These include, but are not limited to, most vegetable products and forestproducts,ferrousmetals,metalsulphideconcentratesandcoalcargoes.

• Healthhazardsduetodust:Tominimizethechronicandacuterisksassociatedwithexposure to the dust of some solid bulk cargoes, the need for a high standard ofpersonal hygiene of those exposed to the dust cannot be overemphasized.Precautions, including the use of appropriate breathing protection, protectiveclothing,protectiveskincreams,adequatepersonalwashingandlaunderingofouterclothing,shallbetakenasnecessary.

• Flammableatmosphere:Dustofsomesolidbulkcargoesmayconstituteanexplosion

hazard,especiallywhile loading,unloadingandcleaning.Thisriskcanbeminimizedby ventilating toprevent the formationof a dust-ladenatmosphere andbyhosingdownratherthansweeping

Somecargoesmayemitflammablegasesinsufficientquantitiestoconstituteafireorexplosionhazard.WherethisisindicatedinthecargoscheduleintheISMBCCodeor by the cargo information provided by the shipper, the cargo spaces shall beeffectively ventilated as necessary. The atmosphere in the cargo spaces shall bemonitoredbymeansofanappropriategasdetector.Dueconsiderationshallbepaidtotheventilationandmonitoringoftheatmosphereintheenclosedspacesadjacenttothecargospaces.

• Fireinsubstancesstoredonquaysorinwarehouses:becauseofpossiblehazardous

properties of spontaneous combustion under normal conditions encountered intransport,ortoheatingupincontactwithair,andbeingthenliabletocatchfire.

• Pollution: if loading or unloading is not performed in a closed circuit between the

ship and terminal, dust or particles of the goodswill be released into the air andsubsequentlyfallonlandorinwaterwiththeaddedriskofdamagetoothergoodsintheportarea.


Fireoncoalpile

Dustinsuspension

Firesystemsavailableintheterminalsshouldbepermanentlyoperationalandespeciallycoverthepilesofgoodsstoredinthem.

The Port’s Emergency Plan should set out the procedures and measures to beimplementedinallthescenariosdescribedinthissectionifsoliddangerousorpollutinggoodsinbulkarebeinghandled.


d) Dangerous substances stored in tanks and needed for production or own use by the

concessionorfacilityThese are accidentswith dangerous or polluting substances in port facilities andwhichare needed for production or own use by the concession or facility (heating, refuellingvehicles,etc.).Themostcommondangeroussubstancesofthistypeare:

Petrol and diesel tanks (above or below ground) forsupplyingportequipment.

Petrol and diesel tanks (above or below ground) inpleasurecraftandfishingboatrefuellingstations.

LGP (butane, propane, etc.) tanks for heating orindustrialprocesses.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks for heating,industrialprocesses,orsupplyofportequipment.


Cryogenicoxygentanksforindustrialprocesses.

Liquefied carbon dioxide tanks for industrialprocesses.

Liquefiednitrogentanksforindustrialprocesses.

Other liquids and gases in port facilities for theirproductionprocessesorownuse.

The Port’s Emergency Plan should set out the procedures and measures to beimplementedifthereisanaccidentwiththiskindofdangeroussubstances.


e) Dangerousgoodsanddangerousproductstransportedbyroadintheport

These are traffic accidents on the port’sinternal roads involving vehicles carryingdangerousgoods:• Fromoutsidetheporttotheterminal.• Fromtheterminaltooutsidetheport.

• Betweenportterminals.

The consequences of the accident may be accompanied by explosions, fires, leaks,emissionofflammableortoxicgases,etc.,generatedbythedangerousgoodsinvolved.Special attention should be paid to these accidents if they take place on roads overbridgesorinoverpasses,tunnelsorunderpassesintheport.

The Port’s Emergency Plan should set out the procedures and measures to beimplementedifthereisatrafficaccidentontheport’sroadsinvolvingdangerousgoods.


3.8 EmergenciesarisingfromportfacilitiesunderDirectiveSEVESOIII(oilrefineries;

gas/oil/chemicalstoragetankfarms;factories;warehouses,etc.)Theseareaccidentswhich takeplace inportfacilities comingunderDirective2012/18/EUon the control of major-accident hazardsinvolving dangerous substances, andcommonlycalledSEVESOIII.The Directive refers to "establishments"meaning the whole location under thecontrol of an operator where dangeroussubstances are present in one or moreinstallations, and “installations” meaning atechnical unit within an establishment andwhether at or below ground level, in whichdangerous substances are produced, used,handled or stored; it includes all theequipment, structures,pipework,machinery,tools, private railway sidings, docks,unloading quays serving the installation,jetties, warehouses or similar structures,floating or otherwise, necessary for theoperationofthatinstallation.

IntheestablishmentsincludedintheDirective,dangeroussubstancesarepresentinquantitiesequaltoorinexcessofthequantitieslistedinit.Theriskorconsequencesofaccidentsthattakeplaceinportfacilitiesofthistypemayaffectthefacility itself, theportasawholeandpeopleoutsidetheport,especially if flammableortoxiccloudsareproduced.TheDirective lays down that theoperatormust drawup an internal emergencyplan for themeasures to be taken inside the establishment, while the national competent authority orauthoritiesresponsibleforcarryingouttheduties laiddowninthisDirectivemustdrawupanexternalemergencyplanforthemeasurestobetakenoutsidetheestablishmentThePortEmergencyPlanshouldbecoordinatedwithbothoftheSEVESOIIIinstallation’splans(internalandexternal)andsetouttheproceduresandmeasurestobeimplementedifthereisanaccidentinsuchfacilities.


3.9 EmergenciesarisingfromportrailwayincidentsoraccidentsThese are accidents and incidents that mayoccurontherailwaynetworksoftheportanditsterminals.The consequences of these accidents maycauseinjuriesorfatalitiesortotalstoppageofrailtraffic.Some of the goods involved may bedangerous.

Railaccidentslikelytocauseinjuryordeathincludethefollowing:• Trainderailment:accidentwhenrollingstockcomesofftherails.• Train collision: accident involving front to front, front toendor a side collisionbetween

rollingstock.Italsoincludescollisionswithobstacleswithintheclearancegaugeandonesbetweenrollingstockandothervehicles(cars, lorries,etc.) inroadcrossingareassuchaslevelcrossings.

• Accidentsatlevelcrossings:accidentduetocollisionbetweenroadandrailvehiclesona

levelcrossing.Itincludespeoplebeingrunoveronlevelcrossings.• Fire:accidentduetofireinrollingstockorspreadingfromittotheoutsidewheninmotion.• Runningoverpeople: accidentwhenpeopleare runoveror there isa collisionbetween

themandrollingstockinmotion.• Falling:accidentduetooneormorepeoplefallingoutofrollingstockinmotionorwhen

gettingintooroutofitandnotinvolvingrunningover.Railincidentsmayincludethefollowing:• Shifting of load when on the track: incident when the load of the train shifts during

carriageontherailwaywiththepossibilityitmayfallcausinginjurytopeopleanddamageto railway infrastructure, rolling stock, theenvironmentandotherobjects (roadvehicles,roadways,etc.).

• Trainstopsonthetrack:incidentwhenthetrainisstationaryonthetrackforalongtime

duetotechnicalreasons.


• Incursiononthetrackbeingusedoradjacenttracks: incidentwhenthetrackbeingusedoradjacenttracksareblockedforanyreason.

• Pantographgettingsnagged:incidentwhenthe train’spantographsnagsforamomenton

theoverheadpowerlineandmayflyoffthetrainordragasectionoftheoverheadlineandcauseittofall.

• Incidentsinspecialrailtransport:incidentwithspecialrailtransportloads.Specialmeans

when the load presents particular difficulties due to its size,weight or packaging, takingintoaccounttherail infrastructureorcarstobeusedandwhichcannotbeallowedotherthanunderspecialtechnicaloroperationalconditions.

• Going throughsignals: incidentwhen the traingoes througha signal indicating it should

stopforvariousreasons.• Imminentcollision: incidentwhenthereistheimminentpossibilityofacollisionbetween

rolling stock, between rolling stock and other vehicles (cars, lorries, equipment, etc.), orbetweenrollingstockandobstacleswithintheclearancegauge.


3.10 Emergencies arising from collapse or damage of port infrastructure: cranes,

bridges,etc.These are accidents that leave portinfrastructuresoutofservice(duetocollapseor severe damage) which are essential forhandling port traffic, such as cranes,mobileandbasculebridges,etc.Theseaccidentsmaybedue to anumberofreasons: collision of vessels; collision ofvehicles; strong gusts ofwind; human error,etc. ThePortEmergencyPlanshouldsetoutthebasicproceduresandmeasurestobeimplementedonceanincidentofthiskindhasoccurred.

PortofGenoa.May8,2013

ShipcrushesVTSTowerofControl

PortofRotterdam.June2,2010

ShiphitsCalandBridge

PortofAntwerp.Aug17,2011

Cranecollapsedontoship"Marajo"

PortofValencia.July18,2011

Shiphitscontainercrane


3.11 Emergenciesarisingfromwatercontrolstructures:tidelocks,lockgates,etc.Theseareaccidentsor incidentswhich leavewater level control structures in the portinoperative,suchastidelocks,lockgates,etc.They can be due to a number of reasons:vessels colliding with the gates; collapse ofthegates;breakdowninthedrivemachinery;powercuts;etc.Theconsequencesoftheseaccidentsmaybeveryseriousfortheport’soperations.The Port Emergency Plan should set out thebasic procedures and measures to beimplemented once an incident of this kindhasoccurred.


3.12 EmergenciesarisingfromfloodingwithintheportareaThis is flooding that may take place in theport area of ports located on the banks ofrivers,atpointsnearthemouthsofriversorwhere rainwater may collect, or at pointswhereanextremeproxigeanspringtideoranunusually high tidemay overflow the heightofthequays.There may be a number of causes:overflowing of the river where the port issituated or overflowing of rivers or canalsnear theport;heavyrainfall in theportareawhich collects at variouspoints; breakageofwatercontrolstructures;tidaleffects;etc.In ports where there is risk of flooding, thePortEmergencyPlanshouldsetoutthebasicproceduresandmeasurestobeimplementedbothwhen there isa floodwarningandalsooncefloodinghastakenplace.Under all circumstances items suchasdikes,pumping stations and water pumpingequipment, land drainages, power breakers,etc., should be permanentlymaintained andavailable.


3.13 EmergenciesarisingfromsevereweatherconditionsThe World Meteorological Organisation(WMO)oftheUnitedNationsdefines“severeweather” as dangerous meteorological orhydro-meteorological phenomenon, ofvarying duration, with risk of causing majordamage,serioussocialdisruptionand lossofhuman life, requiring measures forminimizing loss, mitigation and avoidance,andrequiringdetailed informationaboutthephenomenon (location, area or regionaffected, time, duration, intensity andevolution) to be distributed as soon aspossible to the public and responsibleauthorities.

In European Union ports, general severeweathermay include events like heavy rain; strongwind/wind gusts; hail; lightning; tornadoes; flash floods; extreme temperature; snow storms;hightides;extendedareaoffogfortransport;etc.The procedures andmeasures to be takenby the port in cases of severeweather conditionsshould be part of a Contingency or Emergency Plan for such incidents or part of the port’sEmergencyPlan.Thesemeasuresandproceduresinaportcanbeclassifiedintodifferentphasesdependingoncertainmeteorologicalparameterssuchaswindspeedorwaveheight.Theactionstobetakenineachphasemayconsistofanyorallofthefollowing:Ships:• Allvesselsshouldactivatetheirheavyweathercontingencyplan.• Allbunkeringoperationsshallbesuspended.• Thetransferofhazardousorpollutingcargobetweenvesselsandwaterfrontfacilitiesshall

besuspended.• Loadingand/orunloadingoperationsshallbesuspended.• Novesselshallbenestedwithanothervessel.• Allshipsananchorageshallhavetheirengineson-line• Allshipsmooredmusthavetheirenginesonline.• Allshipsshallhaveadequatemooringarrangementsfortheexpectedwindconditions,with

sufficientmooring lines and/orwires to resist the effects of forcewinds. Sparemooringlinesand/orwiresshallbereadilyavailableondeck,forwardandaft.

• At leastone firewarpof sufficient strength to tow thevessel shallbe riggedatboth thebowandatthesternofthevessel,nomorethansix(6)feetfromthewater’sedge.

• Theoutboardanchorshallberiggedatshortstay.Sufficientofficersandcrewshallbeon

boardtotendmooringlines,thevessel’smainpropulsionunit,andothermachinery.


• Thevesselshallbeballastedtoensuremaximumsafety.• Allsideports,hatches,portholesandotheropeningsshallbeclosedandsecured.• Bilgepumpsshallbetestedandingoodoperatingconditionandreadyforimmediateuse.• Allfirefightingequipmentshallbereadilyavailable.• A gangway or other suitable means of access between the vessel and the pier shall be

rigged.• Complete port closure affecting all commercial operations. Tugs assisting other

vessels/bargesandemergencyvesselswillnormallybetheonlyvesselsallowedtooperateduringtheseconditions.

• AllshipslessthanXXXGTmustabandonanchoragetofacethestormatsea.• Allshipsmustabandonanchoragetofacethestormatsea.

Port of Valencia. 28 September 2012. Two shipswere stranded on the beach south of the port after losing theiranchorsandgoingadriftduringaheavystormandnotbeingabletostarttheirenginesPortFacilitiesandTerminals• Alert personnel to commence heavyweather preparations to secure elements facility or

terminalelements.• Interruptionorsuspensionofhazardousorpollutingcargooperations.• Interruptionorsuspensionofcargooperations.• Secureallfacilitycranesagainsthighwindsandmoveawayfromanyvesselsremainingat

thefacility.• Secureallfacilitymachineryagainsthighwinds.


• Secureormovehazardousmaterialsanddangerouscargoestoasafelocation.• Groundedcontainersshouldbestackednomorethan3highifpossible.• Emptycontainersshouldbemovedtolessfloodproneareasifpossible.

Port of Jacksonville. 14 August 2008. A fastmoving storm caused 2 container cranes to collapse on Blount IslandMarineTerminal.Oneofthecranesskidded700feetandsmashedintotheothercrane.


3.14 Emergenciesarisingfromgeologicalhazards:earthquake,tsunami,etc.

Earthquakesareoneof thegeologicalhazardswith greatest capacity to have catastrophicconsequences for large areas of territorysubject to this riskandcan result inextensivedamage to buildings, infrastructure and otherproperty, seriously disrupt the operation ofessential services and cause many victimsamongthepopulationaffected.

SomeEuropeanportsarelocatedonpartsofthecoast,especiallytheMediterranean,withthehighestprobabilityofanearthquake.

TheEuropeanSeismicHazardMap.©SHARE

Basically, an earthquake is an unexpected event which cannot be predicted in advance. If itaffectsaport,andbasedonthemagnitudeoftheearthquake,apercentageofdestructionordamage to various elements can be expectedwhich precludes the use of some areas of theport, even if the earthquake construction national requirements have been met forthem.


At all events, the Port Emergency Plan should include and publicise protectivemeasures forpeople that the regionalornationalauthoritieshaveestablished in theiremergencyplans forearthquakes.Someoftheseprotectivemeasuresforpeoplemayinclude:WHATTODODURINGANEARTHQUAKE:- DROP to theground; takeCOVERbygettingundera sturdy tableorotherpieceof furniture; and

HOLDONuntil theshakingstops. Ifthere isn’tatableordesknearyou,coveryourfaceandheadwithyourarmsandcrouchinaninsidecornerofthebuilding.

- Stayawayfromglass,windows,outsidedoorsandwalls,andanythingthatcouldfall,suchaslightingfixturesorfurniture.

- Use a doorway for shelter only if it is in close proximity to you and if you know it is a stronglysupported, load-bearing doorway. Brace yourself on the side with the hinges to avoid the doorswingingatyou.

- Stay insideuntil shaking stopsand it is safe togooutside.Researchhas shown thatmost injuriesoccurwhenpeopleinsidebuildingsattempttomovetoadifferentlocationinsidethebuildingortrytoleave.

- Beawarethattheelectricitymaygooutorthesprinklersystemsorfirealarmsmayturnon.- DONOTusetheelevators,eveniftheyareworking.Theremaybeaftershocks.- Ifithappenswhenyouareworkingonthequay,moveoutoftheareainwhichcranes,equipment

andgoodsstoredoutdoorsmayfall.WHATTODOAFTER- Expectaftershocks.These secondary shockwavesareusually lessviolent than themainquakebut

canbe strongenough todoadditional damage toweakened structures and canoccur in the firsthours,days,weeks,orevenmonthsafterthequake.

- Stayawayfromdamagedareas.Stayawayunlessyourassistancehasbeenspecificallyrequestedbyportemergencyresponseunits.

- Beawareofpossibletsunamisthatmayreachtheport.Thesearealsoknownasseismicseawaves(mistakenly called "tidal waves").When local authorities issue a tsunamiwarning, assume that aseriesofdangerouswavesisontheway.

- Help injured or trapped persons. Give first aidwhere appropriate. Do notmove seriously injuredpersonsunlesstheyareinimmediatedangeroffurtherinjury.Callforhelp.

The Port Emergency Plan should also specify the inspections to be made of the extent ofdamageaftertheearthquakeandthemeasurestobetakenincertaincases:• Damagetovesselsdockedintheport.• Damagetobreakwaters,quaysandtidallocks.• Damagetomachinery.• Damagetogoodsstorageareasandwhetherdangerousgoodshavebeenaffected.• Damagetopowerlines,gasandwatermains,etc.• Damagetootherinfrastructure.


Tsunamis are a series of large ocean wavesgenerated bymajor earthquakes beneath theoceanfloorormajorlandslidesintotheocean.When the waves enter shallow water, theymay rise toseveral feetor, in rarecases, tensof feet, striking the coast with devastatingforce. People on the beach or in low coastalareas need to be aware that a tsunami couldarrive within minutes after a severeearthquake. The tsunami danger period cancontinue for many hours after a majorearthquake. A tsunami can occur during anyseason of the year and at any time, day ornight.

Asinthecaseofearthquakes,someEuropeanportsarelocatedonpartsofthecoast,especiallytheMediterranean,withthehighestprobabilityofatsunami.However,theeffectsofapossibletsunamiinsidetheportwouldbelessdevastatingthanonthenearby coast since the energy of the wave would be absorbed by the port’s breakwaters,althoughitcouldstillcausemajordamageintheinlandportarea.

EffectsofthetsunamiontheeastcoastofJapanon11March2011.ScatteredcontainersintheterminalyardatSendai-Shiogamaport.


Europe:tsunamihazardmap.Project1.3.1TheSpatialEffectsandManagementofNaturalandTechnologicalHazardsinEurope

EuropeanSpatialPlanningObservationNetwork(ESPON)

At all events, the Port Emergency Plan should include and publicise protectivemeasures forpeople that the regionalornationalauthoritieshaveestablished in theiremergencyplans fortsunami.


Someoftheseprotectivemeasuresforpeoplemayinclude:WHATTODOBEFOREATSUNAMIWARNING:- Knowthesafeheightabovesealeveltoreachincaseoftsunamiwarning.- Knowtheevacuationroutesfromtheporttoareas100feet(30meters)abovesealevelorgoasfar

as2miles(3kilometres)inland,awayfromthecoastline.Ifyoucannotgetthishighorfar,goashighorfarasyoucan.Everyfootinlandorupwardmaymakeadifference.Youshouldbeabletoreachyoursafelocationonfootwithin15minutes.

- Practiceyourevacuationroutes.Familiaritymaysaveyourlife.WHATTODOAFTERATSUNAMI:- Returnportonlyafteremergencyauthoritiestellyou it issafe.Atsunami isaseriesofwavesthat

maycontinueforhours.Donotassumethatafteronewavethedangerisover.Thenextwavemaybelargerthanthefirstone.

- Checkyourselfforinjuriesandgetfirstaidasneededbeforehelpinginjuredortrappedpersons.- Ifsomeoneneedstoberescued,callprofessionalswiththerightequipmenttohelp.Manypeople

havebeenkilledorinjuredtryingtorescueothers.- Help peoplewho require special assistance: infants, elderly people, thosewithout transportation,

peoplewithdisabilities,andotherswhomayneedadditionalhelpinanemergencysituation.- Avoiddisaster areas. Yourpresencemight interferewith emergency responseoperations andput

youatfurtherriskfromtheresidualeffectsoffloods.- Stayoutofanybuildingthathaswateraroundit.Tsunamiwatercancausefloorstocrackorwallsto

collapse- Use cautionwhen re-entering buildings. Tsunami-driven floodwatermay have damaged buildings

whereyouleastexpectit.Carefullywatcheverystepyoutake.- Toavoidinjury,wearprotectiveclothingandbecautiouswhencleaningup.The Port Emergency Plan should also specify the inspections to be made of the extent ofdamageafterthetsunamiandthemeasurestobetakenincertaincases:• Damagetovesselsdockedintheport.• Damagetobreakwaters,quaysandtidallocks.• Damagetomachinery.• Damagetogoodsstorageareasandwhetherdangerousgoodshavebeenaffected.• Damagetopowerlines,gasandwatermains,etc.• Damagetootherinfrastructure.


3.15 Emergenciesarisingfromnuclearhazards(iftheportislocatedinproximitytoa

nuclearpowerplant)9Producingelectricityinnuclearpowerplantsisauthorised in many industrialised countriesbecauseitbringsbenefitstosociety.However,it should be done in compliance with strictnuclear safety and radiation protectionrequirements which must be met throughoutthelifeofthenuclearpowerplantfromdesigntodecommissioning.

Europeancountrieswithnuclearpowerplants(June2015).

Source:EuropeanNuclearSocietyEnsuringthatoperationalnuclearreactorsaresafeiscomplexbecauseitaffectsmultiplefields.Althoughtheoperatingorganisationswhohaveprimaryresponsibilitystrivetoensurethatthey

9 Measures to protect persons, property, society, and the environment from malicious acts involving nuclear

materialorotherradioactivematerialthatcouldcauseunacceptableradiologicalconsequencesmustbespecifiedinthePortSecurityPlan.


are, they nevertheless acknowledge that there may be shortcomings, as has been seen inseriousaccidentssuchasThreeMile Island(1979) intheUSA,Chernobyl (1986) intheformerUSSR,andmorerecentlyFukushima(2011)inJapan.Actual experience thus suggests that although the likelihood of such accidents, i.e. onesinvolving serious damage to the reactor core that could lead to the release of significantamountsof radioactivesubstances into theenvironment, is small,nevertheless thispossibilitymust be addressed not only by the nuclear power industry and its operators but also by theauthoritiestoachieveanacceptablelevelofconfidenceandsafetyforall.If the port is in one of these emergency planning zones (EPZs)10 for nuclear power plantaccidents,itsEmergencyPlanshouldincludethishazard.The procedure for responding to such an accident should be the one set out in the nuclearpowerplant’splanforoff-sitenuclearemergencypreparednessandresponse(EP&R).PossibleprotectivemeasuresforthePortmayincludeoneormoreofthefollowing:• Sheltering.• Evacuation.• Iodineprophylaxis.• Foodanddrinkingwaterrestrictions.• Relocation.• Decontaminationofthebuiltenvironment.

10 Accordingtothe“ReviewofCurrentOff-siteNuclearEmergencyPreparednessandResponseArrangementsinEU

Member States and Neighbouring Countries” report drawn up by ENCO in December 2013: “The principlesunderlying the establishment of EPZ are common inmost countries. Notwithstanding this, the sizes of EPZ inpracticedifferconsiderablybecauseoflargedifferencesintheassumptionsadoptedwithrespecttotheassumedmagnitudeoftheaccident,weatherandinterventionlevel.


3.16 EmergenciesarisingfrommaritimeornauticalaccidentsonshipsThissectiondescribesthepossiblenauticalaccidentsthatvesselsorshipsmoored,anchoredorsailinginthewatersofaportmaysuffer.Theidentifiedaccidentsareasfollows:

1. Fire,deflagrationorexplosionintheengineroom,livingquarters,orinthevessel’stanksorholds.

2. Collision.

3. Contactwiththequayoritsfacilitiesduringdockingorundocking.

4. Groundingorstranding

5. Overturningorcapsizing

6. Driftingvessel

7. Sinking.Theconsequencesofeachoneandtheirpossiblecausesarebrieflydescribedbelow.Inthecaseoffires,deflagrationsorexplosionsonboardthevessel,victimsorinjuriesaretobeexpected,especiallyifitisapassengershiporacruiseship.Anyfumesproduced,andespeciallyif thevessel iscarryingdangerousgoodsonboard,willbehighlytoxicor flammableandmayaffectpeopleoutsidetheport.In virtually all these accidents marine pollution of varying severity should also be expected,whichmayinvolvebothonboardfuel(diesel,fueloil,lubricatingoils,etc.)aswellasthecargoestheshipmaybecarrying(oilorbulkchemicals,dangerousgoodsofvariouskindsincontainersorpackages,etc.).Anysuchaccidentmayalsobetheresultofanattackorsabotagecommittedagainstthevessel.


1) Fire,deflagrationorexplosion in theengineroom,livingquarters,orinthevessel’stanksorholdsFireonboardcanbeofanyclassoracombinationofclassA,B,CorDfires.Fire isoneofthegreatestdangersthatcanthreatenthe life of a ship if it is not quickly brought undercontrolornotlocatedintime,asitputsthecrewandeventheshipitselfatseriousrisk.Fires on ships may be the most difficult to control,generatinglotsofnoxiousfumesandflamesandcanbegin anywhere on the vessel (engine room; livingquarters:kitchen,creworpassengeraccommodation;orintanksandholdsforcargospaces).Similarly,thefuelsonboardandthecargoitself(bulk,containerised, etc.) may be the source of the fire,deflagration or explosion: explosive atmospheres,flammable dangerous goods, self-igniting, whichreactviolentlyincontactwithwater,explosives,etc.,whether the ship is moored, anchored or sailing inportwaters.Theseaccidentsareespeciallyimportantifthevesselis operating in a flammable liquid bulk dangerousgoodsterminal.Itisalsopossiblethatthefireonboardbreaksoutasa resultof thedominoeffectofanaccidenton landwhile the vessel is docked or by any of the otheraccidentsthataredescribedbelow.Thereactionofthecrewwillvarydependingontheirleveloftrainingandleadership,butoncivilianvesselsonly firstaidcanbeexpected.Hence invariably theywillneedoutsideassistance.Action by tugs with fire-fighting systems is crucialassistanceonmanyoccasionstodealwithafireonaship.

Theeffectsofafire/explosionaboardashipwhileit is sailing or entering or leaving the port mayleave it out of control and make it necessary toanchoritimmediatelyortakesomeotheractiontocontrolit.


2)CollisionCollision means when two vessels, whatever theirclassorsize,runintoeachotherwithvaryingdegreesofviolence.The result of a collision between vessels can rangefrommassivedamagetothemtovirtuallynoharm.Insomeport collisions pollution of portwaters can beexpected.Serious accidents, even fatalities, may also beexpected. Inmany cases it is not the initial collisionthatcausedtheproblemsbutsecondaryoutcomesintheshapeoffireorexplosion.Various causes: followingapreviousaccidentofoneof the vessels (fire or explosion on board, loss ofsteering, etc.), vessel adrift due to breaking cables,pilot error, strong storm, bad weather conditions(fog,strongstorm),etc.Inturntheconsequencesofthecollisioncan leadtoother accidents of the vessels involved (sinking,shipwreck,grounding,fire,leaks,shipadrift,etc.).

3)Contactwith thequayor its facilitiesduringdockingorundockingIfthevesseloritscargocollideswithaquayoroneofits facilities (cranes, etc.), the results of the impactrange from a dent in the hull, breaking the quay’sdefences and part of its cargo falling, to theweakening of the quay’s structures, overturning ofcranesandthevesselsinkingorthequaycollapsing.Various causes: pilot or towing error, loss ofpropulsion or steering during the approachmanoeuvre, bad weather conditions (strong wind,fog),etc.


4)GroundingorstrandingGrounding or stranding occurs when a ship touchesbottomorasandbankandistrappedin it,unabletocontinue to float and sail and running the risk ofbeingdestroyedorsinkingifitcannotgetoff.Attempts to refloat the vessel must be organisedquickly taking advantage of the prevailing weatherandbearinginmindthattideswillbeoflittlehelpintheMediterranean.

Variouscauses: followingapreviousaccidentof thevessel (collision, fireorexplosiononboard, lossofsteering,leak,etc.),piloterror,strongstorm,badweather,etc.Thegroundingmayalsobejustifiedwhenithasbeenvoluntarilyinordertoavoidanothermoreseriousaccident.5)OverturningorcapsizingWhen a vessel’s metacentre is below its centre ofgravity,thevesselhasnostabilityandwhenitlistsitturnsover.The word ‘capsize’ refers to the turning over andsinking of a boat: the bottom part, the keel, isuppermost and the upper part, the deck, is at thebottom.Various causes: loss of stability due to load shifting,poor stowage in theweight distributionof the load,errors in fuel tank or ballast water transfer, strongstorm,badweather,etc. 6)DriftingvesselThismeans the vessel has no propulsion or steeringand is floating at themercy of the elements (wind,current,etc.).Insuchconditions itmayhavesufferedorwillsufferanyoftheothernauticalaccidentsreferredtohere.Various causes: following a previous accident of thevessel (collision, fire or explosion on board, loss ofsteeringorpropulsionsystems),orbreakingmooringsintheport,etc.


7)SinkingA ship sinks when it goes under with total loss ofbuoyancy.If it happenswithin the port, and depending on thedepth of water, it might be grounded with its keelrestingontheseabedwithoutthewaterreachingthegunwaleortopdeck.Various causes: following a previous accident of thevessel (collision, fire or explosion on board, leak),overturning or capsizing due to cargo shifting, poorstowageintheweightdistributionoftheload,errorsin fuel tank or ballast water transfer, strong storm,bad weather, running aground on a rocky bottom,collision against a derelict, structural failures in thevessel,etc.


3.17 Emergencies arising from marine oil spillages in the port waters (IMO

ConventionOPRC1990).Marine oil pollution in a port can be caused by any kind of oil (crude oil, fuel oil, sludge, oilrefuseandrefinedproducts)carriedbythevesselascargoorasfuelforitsoperations.

Fueloil

Marinegasoil

Enginelubricatingoil

Article 3.3 of the INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE AND CO-OPERATION,1990,laysdownthateachPartyshallrequirethatauthoritiesoroperatorsinchargeofseaports andoil handling facilitiesunder the jurisdictionof aParty, as it deemsappropriate,have oil pollution emergency plans or similar arrangementswhich are co-ordinatedwith thenational system established in accordance with article 6 and approved in accordance withproceduresestablishedbythecompetentnationalauthority.Although the Convention applies to sea ports with facilities which present a risk of an oilpollutionincident,thistypeofpollutionmaybecausedbyvesselsaccidentallyspillingtheirownfuelorrefuseofit.Accidental spills can result fromvarious causes in theport’s internal andexternalwatersandthereisariskofthepollutionreachingnearbyplacesonthecoastofhighecological,fishingortourismvalue.

Thepollutioncanalsoaffectexistingwater intakes inthevicinityforprocesses indesalinationplants,factories,aquariums,etc.


Theremaybeanumberof causesof incidentsofmarinepollutionbyoil in theportwith thefollowingasthemostcommon:

Nautical accident of the ship: fire, deflagration or explosion;collisionwith another ship; contactwith thequayor its facilities;groundingorstranding;overturningorcapsizing;sinking.

Breakage of the loading arm or the ship-terminal or the ship-monobuoy connections in port facilities handling bulk petroleumproducts.

Operational failure when bunkering moored or anchored vesselsbytender.

Operational failure when bunkering moored vessels by tankerlorry.

Operational failure when discharging MARPOL I waste due tobreakageinconnections,etc.

Operational failure by vessels in the transfer of fuel or bilge oilsbetweentanksonboard.

Operational failurewhenbunkering fishingandpleasureboatsbyfixedpost.

Othercauses.


Oilweatheringprocesses.(CourtesyofITOPF)

Notallweatheringprocessesaretobeexpected inasmallormediumvolumeoil spill inportwatersasitisassumedthatthespillwillbecontainedand/orrecoveredquitequickly.Mechanicaloilspillrecoveryinanoilpollutionincidentwillbeaseffectiveoraspoorasanyofthe links in the chain of human teams and material resources involved in combating thepollution.

No matter how strong a link may be (with lots ofresourcesavailable), itwill onlybeas strongas theweakestoftheotherlinks.Essentiallythereneedstobe a balance between the following types ofresourcesorlinks:• Containmentand/orsweepresources(barriers,

boats,etc.).• Recoveryresources(skimmers,boats,etc.).• Temporarystorageresources(onboardand/or

ashore). Thehumanandmaterialresourcesinaporttobeusedinoilpollutionincidentsmaycomefromthe Port Authority, other national bodies responsible for combating pollution, privatecompaniesortheportfacilitiesthemselvesifthespillhastakenplaceinthem.


3.18 Emergenciesarisingfrommarinehazardousandnoxioussubstancesspillagesin

theportwaters(IMOProtocolOPRC-HNS1990)AHazardousandNoxiousSubstance(HNS) isdefinedasanysubstanceotherthanoilwhich, ifintroduced into themarineenvironment is likely to createhazards tohumanhealth, toharmlivingresourcesandmarinelife,todamageamenitiesortointerferewithotherlegitimateusesofthesea.TheHNSconceptincludes:• Noxious liquid substances described in Annex II ofMARPOL 73/78 and the International

BulkChemicalCode(IBCCode).• DangerousgoodsdescribedintheIMODangerousGoodsCode(IMDGCode).• SolidcargoescoveredbytheInternationalMaritimeSolidBulkCargoesCode(IMSBCCode).Article3.2of thePROTOCOLONPREPAREDNESS,RESPONSEANDCOOPERATIONTOPOLLUTION INCIDENTSBYHAZARDOUS AND NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES (HNS) 2000, lays down that each Party shall require thatauthorities or operators in charge of seaports and facilities handling hazardous and noxioussubstances under its jurisdiction as it deems appropriate, shall have pollution incidentemergencyplansorsimilararrangementsforhazardousandnoxioussubstancesthat itdeemsappropriate,which are co-ordinatedwith the national systemestablished in accordancewitharticle4,andapproved inaccordancewithproceduresestablishedby thecompetentnationalauthority.TheBONNAGREEMENTCOUNTER-POLLUTIONMANUALsaysthattheprobabilityofanaccidentislimitedbut always present as recent ship incidents involving chemicals have shown. Dealing withindividual chemicals during a chemical spill is complex and requires chemical expertise.Chemical substances have therefore been grouped in behaviour categories and hazard effectcategoriestofacilitatedecisionmakinginthecaseofachemicalspill.Thisisinordertolimitthenumber of standard response approaches to chemical spills. The choice of the appropriateapproach is based on (1) short term behaviour of a spill released into thewater and (2) thepotentialhazardsofapossiblerelease.Shorttermbehaviourofaspillreleasedintothewater.When gases, liquids or solids enter the marine environment various types of behaviour arepossible.Thisdependsonthesolubility,densityandvapourpressureofthesubstanceinvolved.Releasedsubstancescanformgasclouds,evaporatefromthewatersurface,floatonthewatersurface, dissolve into the water column, sink to the bottom, or show combinations of thesebehaviour types. Physic-chemical properties such as solubility, density and vapour pressuremainlydeterminetheshort-termbehaviourofthesubstancesinthemarineenvironment.


Based on the short-term behaviourwhich is most relevant for responseactions, released chemical substancescanbedividedintofourmajorbehaviourcategories and ten sub-behaviourcategories

PotentialhazardsofapossibleHNSrelease.Human populations as well as themarine environment can be exposed to spilled hazardouschemical substances. Nine potential hazards can be distinguished when chemical substancesenterthemarineenvironment.Thehazardsarelistedinabovefigureanddescribedaccordinglyforeachbehaviourcategory.


Substancesreleasedintothemarineenvironmentcouldpassintotheair(gasclouds),ontothewatersurface(floaters),intothewatercolumn(dissolvers),tothewaterbottom(sinkers),oracombinationofthese.Eachbehaviourhasitsownrelevanthazardaspects.Forexample,toxicitytohumanpopulationsandexplosivityaretypicalhazardaspectsofsubstanceswhichpassintotheairafterarelease.

Someexamplesofchemicalsinthedifferentbehaviourgroups..

SourceHelcom,ManualonCo-operationinResponsetoMarinePollution


PossibleresponsesintheeventofanHNSreleaseTheadvantageofsuchanapproach is that it limits theresponseactionplans thatneedtobeworkedout,andthere isnoneed foranactionplan foreachseparatechemical substance. Inaddition,trainingcoursesonhowtodealwithchemicalspillsaresimpleranddonotrequireathoroughknowledgeofchemicalsubstances.Aslongasonecanputplaceaspilledchemicalinthecorrectresponsecategory,itwillbeeasiertotakedecisionsonhowtodealwiththespilledsubstance.Seven response categories are distinguished based on the behaviour class and the relevanthazardaspects(potentialeffects).

The fate and effects of the released substance should be ascertained taking into account itsbehaviour, the local oceanography and meteorology, the proximity of sensitive organisms,habitatsorresources,andtheirvulnerabilitytothechemicalsinvolved.Dividingthechemicalsintodifferentsubcategories(E,ED,FE,F,FD,FED,DE,D,SD,andS)leadstoaneedforarelativelysmallnumberofgenerallyapplicableresponseoptionsintheeventofanaccident.Itisimportanttobeawareofthehazardsthatchemicalscancausewhenreleasedintothemarineenvironment.Themostimportantaspectofsituationanalysisisdeterminingthehazardsofanaccidentalspillinordertoprepareaplanofaction.In theeventofanaccidentatsea,pollutantsmaycontaminatetheair, thewatersurface, thewatercolumnand/ortheseafloorand,indirectly,alltheorganismsinthesecompartmentsandotherusersofthesecompartments.Thedegreeofseriousnessdependsamongstothersonthepropertiesofthesubstancereleasedandthefateandtransportofthesubstanceinthemarineenvironment.


Lost packages could contain very dangeroussubstanceswhichcouldescape intothewaterbecause of damage to the package or, in thelong term, due to corrosion and thereforeneed to be recovered. Packages could float,submerge or sink. Their potential danger isdealtwithinthesamewayasbulksubstances.It should be recognized, however, thatpackaged chemicals would always be presentinsmallervolumestanbulkchemicals.

Ascenariowhich isnotcoveredbytheresponsecategoriesbasedonbehaviourandpotentialhazards is the scenario in which chemicals react or where there is a potential danger forreaction.Polymerisation,reactionsbetweendifferentchemicalsonboard,reactionofchemicalswithwater or reaction caused by heat or fire are some examples. In all such circumstances,decisionmakingismorecomplexasexpertsarerequiredtopredictthepossibleconsequencesof such reactionsnotonly to theenvironmentbutalso to the ship’s construction.Althoughasubstance may not be particularly harmful in itself, the results of any reaction could beextremelydangerous.Informationisthereforeneededaboutthetypeofreactionproductsthatare formedwithwater, acids, bases,metals, organic compounds, flammable substances, andoxidisingandreducingagents.Otherfactorswhichmustbetakenintoaccountwhenassessingthe hazards associated with particular substances are the subsidiary phenomena thataccompany these reactions, such as: formation of foam; formation of fog; change of colour;reactions in which poisonous or flammable substances are formed; fire; spattering; heatrelease.Thebehaviourofaspillageinwaterofasubstancethatistransportedinbulk(drum,IBC,bag,etc.)or ina transportunit (drycontainer, tankcontainer,etc.) cannotbepredicted.Asnotedabove,giventhewidevarietyofpossibledangerousorpollutingsubstancesthatcouldbespilledand the diversity of their hazards and properties, the expertise of the chemical industry,especially the productmanufacturer, should be drawn onwhen planning responsemeasureswhich in turnmay be very diverse to ensure that practical and safe procedures are used toremoveandrecover itor toapplymitigation,remedial,correctiveorneutralisingmeasurestothechemicalpollutant.


3.19 Emergenciesarisingfromamass-casualtyincidentAMassCasualtyIncident(MCI)canbedefinedas any incident in which customary responsemedical services can handle. The resources,suchas:personnel,equipmentandvehiclesareoverwhelmed by the number and severity ofcasualties.Types of accidents or incidents that canproduce mass casualties include, but are notlimited to: multiple vehicle collision; buildingcollapse;hazmataccidents;chemicalexposure;transportaccidents:airplane,railwayandship;terrorist incident using war weapons orweaponsofmassdestruction(WMD),involvingchemical, biological, radiological, nuclear orhigh-yield explosive weapons; multiple-shootingvictims;etc.

CruiseshipCOSTACONCORDIA

GiglioIsland(Italy)–January201232dead,64injured(3serious)

3,206passengersand1,023crewrescued

Someoftheaboveincidentscanoccuraccidentally.Otherscanbeintentionallycaused.UnintentionalMCIsthatmightoccurwithacertaindegreeofprobabilityinaport,inadditiontothose that might occur in SEVESO facilities or with certain dangerous goods, may involvepassengerbuses(crashingorfallingintothewater)andpassengervessels(passengertransportboats inside the port, passenger ferries, ro-pax ferries, and cruise ferries) that might haveaccidents(fires,collisions,terroristattacks,etc.).ThePort’sEmergencyPlanshouldsetouttheproceduresandmeasurestobeimplementedinthesecases,almostallofwhichwillrequiretheactivationofotherexternalemergencyplansofthecity,regionornation.MassevacuationsofpassengershipsThe specific response actions formass evacuation of a passenger ship to be included in thePort’s Emergency Plan need to be planned as there may be a number of scenarios forconductingtheevacuationincludingthefollowing:a) Theevacuationhas tobeperformedunexpectedly fromapassenger shipberthed in the

port.Therearealsoanumberofpossibilitiesinthiscase:

• Theshipisberthedataquaywhichhasapassengerterminalandevacuationtoshoreisconductedthroughthisterminal.

• Theshipisberthedataquaywhichdoesnothaveapassengerterminal,orif itdoes

haveonetheevacuationtoshoreisnotconductedthroughit.


b) Theevacuationhastobeperformedunexpectedlyfromapassengershipanchoredinportwaters.

c) Theevacuationhastotakeplaceafterthearrivaloftheshipinportbecausethepassengershipisindistress.

d) The evacuation has to take place after the arrival of one or more vessels or ships(passenger or otherwise) in the port because they have rescued passengers at sea whohaveleftthepassengershipindistress.

Intheabovescenariositshouldbenotedthatwhileincasesc)andd)theresponseteamswillhave time to get into position and plan their actions in advance of the arrival of the ship orships,incasesa)andb)thefirstactionstakenbytheportteamand,ifneedbe,thepassengerterminalteamarecrucialtorespondeffectivelytotheincident.Foranyoftheabovescenarios,thePortEmergencyPlanshouldsetoutat leastthemeasuresandprocedureslistedbelow:- Need toensureongoingcommunicationwith the ship:Ongoingcommunicationbetween

the ship (once it has reported the emergency and the need for evacuation), the port’sEmergency Control Centre and the Incident Command Post handling the emergency isessentialintheresponseactionsplannedformassevacuationfromapassengership.

- Areas needed to address the mass evacuation: In case of a real mass evacuation the

followingspecificareaswouldberequired:• Sufficient spaceon thequay forparking response teamvehiclesand resources: fire-

fighters,medicalcare,coachestotransportpassengerstoasafearea,etc.• Sufficientsafespaceindoorstocareforandidentifyuninjuredevacuatedpassengers.

- Obtainingpassengerandcrewlists.- Initial count of evacuated passengers and crew: An initial and essential factor for the

effectivemanagementofthistypeof incident involvingamassevacuationofapassengershipisaccountingforallthepeoplewhohavebeenevacuatedfromtheship

- Searchforpassengersandcrewunaccountedforafterthecount.- Identificationofevacuatedpassengersandcrew.- Psychologicalcareforevacuatedpassengersandcrew- Accommodationforpassengersandcrewnotinhospital- Informingthemediaabouttheincidentanditsconsequences- Information and assistance to passengers and their relatives and psychological care if

needed


- Needforastockofdrugs/medicinesforcommonchronicdiseases.


3.20 OtheremergenciesnotspecifiedaboveAlthough they are not accidents, the Port Emergency Plan should also set outmeasures andprocedurestomitigatetheconsequencesofcertainsituationsthatmayaffectportoperations.Thesesituationsinclude:

- Entryintoportbyshipsindistress.

- Quarantineor contagiousdiseaseson vessels in partnershipwithnational borderhealthservices.

- Faultsincriticalcomputersystems.

- Powercuts.

- Fire-fightingwatercutoff.

- Drinkingwatercutoff.


4 Basic recommendations for drawing up and implementing

contingencyoremergencyplansinaportAsnotedinsection2above,entitiesoperatingaportinsomecaseshaveaglobalcontingencyor emergency plan for the port as awhole,while in other cases they have several individualplansthataddresseachriskspecifically.Anexampleisshowninthefollowingimage:

Inturn,inmostcasestheport’splanorplansis/arethehighertiercontingencyandemergencyplansoftheport’sfacilitiesorthevesselsmooredoranchoredinitswaters.Theimagesbelowcontinuetheaboveexample:


Similarly,thereareothercontingencyoremergencyplans(city,regionalornational)abovetheport’splanorplanswhichareactivatedwhentheincidentisveryseriousorwhenthemeansorresourcesattheportareinadequate.

Asnotedabove, theorganisationofemergencyresponseservices inEuropeanportsandtheircontingencyandemergencyplansareverydiverse.


Thisdiversityistheresultofthefollowingfactors:

a) Theexistenceofnationalregulationsonemergencyresponseorganisationatthecountry’sports.

b) Theportmanagementmodelinplaceineachcountry:serviceport,toolport,landlordport,privateport,terminalport.

c) The fact that in somecountries theport’smanagingbody (PortAuthority, etc.) doesnothandle all emergencies in the port because some of them are handled by theMaritimeAdministration. This results in different plans at the port led by each of the twoadministrations,theportandthemaritimeone.

DiversityoftheorganisationofemergencyresponseservicesinEuropeanUnionports.


4.1 CoordinationofcontingencyoremergencyplansinaportEachofthecontingencyoremergencyplansinaporthavetobecoordinatedwitheachotherregardless of which entity leads them (Ship, Terminal, Port Facility, Port Authority,MaritimeAdministration, etc.) andalsonomatterwhich risks they areused for (general in theportorspecific).

Accidentsmayoccurinaportthatleadtotheactivationofoneormoreoftheseplansandcallfortheinvolvementofalltheresponseteamsineachplan.Anexamplewouldbeanexplosionfollowedbyafireonashipdockedintheportwithmarinepollutionasalikelyconsequence.A number of facility, port, city, regional or national teamswill have to be deployed to tacklesuch an accident: fire services operating on land and water, healthcare services, marinepollution services,maritime trafficmanagement services, etc. Each response teammay comeunderdifferentcontingencyoremergencyplans.


4.2 ScalabilityofcontingencyoremergencyplansinaportWhilethevastmajorityofportemergenciescanbehandledatthelocallevelusingonlyshiporport facility response resources, more serious emergencies have to be tackled at a higherresponselevelusingport,municipality,regionalornationalresourcesasapplicable.Consequently, the various contingency or emergency plans in the port should be scalable orproportionalwithrespecttotheneedtouseresponseresourcesandteamsinanemergency.


4.3 StructureandcontentofcontingencyoremergencyplansinaportToassistwithcoordinationandscalabilitybetweenthevariouscontingencyoremergencyplansintheport,andassumingthere isnothingtoprevent it, it ishighlyrecommendedthatall theplansshouldhavethesamestructureandcontentusingthesametableofcontents.

Using the samestructure in thevariousplansmakes iteasier to compare, implement, reviewand coordinate them. Similarly, theminimum information each plan needs to contain shouldalsobespecified.In its “Manual onOil Pollution: ContingencyPlanning” the IMO recommendsplans shouldbescalableandhaveanidenticalstructure.Thenextsectionsetsoutasuggestedstructureandminimumcontentforaportcontingencyoremergency plan to be used if national legislation in the country has not laid down specificregulationsinthisarea.


5 Proposedstructureandcontentofacontingencyoremergencyplan

inaportAs indicated in section 4 above and unless already covered by regulations, the variouscontingency or emergency plans in a port should have an identical structure and content toassistwiththeirpreparation,implementationandcoordination.Thissectionsetsoutasuggestionforthatstructureandminimumcontentforthecontingencyoremergencyplansoftheentitythatmanagestheportasawhole.ThisproposalisinitiallybasedonSpanishlegislation(RoyalDecree393/2007)whichlaysdownthat certain activities (including ports) have to draw up an emergency plan, materiallyimplementitandkeepitoperational,andalsospecifiestheminimumcontentithastoinclude.Theemergencyplancoversnotonlytheactionstobetakeninsuchsituationsbutalsopriorriskanalysisandevaluation,riskpreventionandcontrolmeasures,andtheinclusionofemergencymeasuresinthehighertieremergencyplansapplicabletotheport.

Asfaraspossible,theemergencyplanshouldconsistofasingledocumentaslongasitcoversalltheparticularrisksofeachoftheactivitiescarriedoutintheport.Inotherwords,althoughformallyother individualplans shouldbedrawnup, forexampleagainstmarinepollution, foradverseweather conditions, etc., these risks alongwithothers shouldbe coveredby a singlecomprehensivecontingencyoremergencyplanfortheentireport.


Thefactofhavingaunifiedportemergencyplandoesnotprecludeitscoordinationwithotheremergencyplansexternaltotheport.Indeed,asnotedaboveitmaybethecasethataseriousaccidentintheportleadstotheactivationofmorethanoneoftheseexternalplans.


5.0 AncillarypagesofthePlanThis section sets out the pages which the Plan document should include and which containancillaryinformationforreadingandunderstandingit.5.0.1CoverofthePlandocumentThis is the firstpageandshouldcontainat least informationabout theentitywhichmanagesthe port plan, the plan name, its version number, date of approval and the date for its nextregularamendment.

Exampleofapossiblecoverforaportemergencyplan;inthiscasetheplanisjointlymanagedbythePortandMaritimeAdministrationsoftheport.


5.0.2 InformationaboutdrawingupandapprovingthePlanThispageshouldinclude:• ThenameofthepersonorpeoplewhodrewupthePlan,theorganisationtowhichthey

belong,theirofficeorposition,andthedateofpreparationofthePlan.• ThenameofthepersonorpeoplewhoreviewedthePlanafterithasbeendrawnup,the

organisationtowhichtheybelong,theirofficeorposition,andthereviewdateofthePlan.• Thenameof thepersonorpeoplewhoapproved the reviewedPlan, theorganisation to

whichtheybelong,theirofficeorposition,andthedateofapprovalofthePlan.Thepageshouldbesignedbyallpeoplethathavedrawnup,reviewedandapprovedthePlan.This pagedoes not need to be included in the copyof the Plan to bedistributed to externalpeopleorotherorganisationsorinthecopyofthePlanthatisfreelyavailabletothepubliconwebsites,etc.5.0.3MainchangesinthePlancomparedtothepreviousversionoramendmentThis page should briefly state themain changes that have beenmade in the new version oramendmentofthePlancomparedtothepreviousonetohelpwithimplementingitandtodrawattentiontothesechanges.5.0.4PlandistributionlistThispageshouldincludethenamesofthepeoplewhoareofficiallygivenmonitoredcopiesofthePlantogetherwiththeirpositionsandtheorganisationtowhichtheybelongandwhetherthecopyisprovidedonpaperorelectronically.ThesepeoplemustprovideacknowledgmentofreceiptofthePlan.Thispagedoesnotneed tobe included in the copyof thePlan that is freelyavailable to thepubliconwebsites,etc.5.0.5TableofcontentsThis is thepageofthePlandocumentcontaininga listofall itschaptersorsectionsandtheirpagenumbers.5.0.6Glossaryofabbreviationsandacronyms


ThispagecontainsanalphabeticallistofinitialismsandacronymsusedinthePlandocumenttoshortenitscontentandreading.Examples:

HNS HazardousandNoxiousSubstancesPEP PortEmergencyPlan

5.0.7GlossaryofdefinitionsThis page contains an alphabetical list of terms whose meaning, definition or explanation isrequiredtofullyunderstandtheirmeaningandscopeinthecontextofthePlan.


5.1 Legalfoundations,objectivesandscopeofthePlan5.1.1LegalfoundationsofthePlanThissectionsetsoutanylegalregulationsapplicabletothedraftingofthePlan.5.1.2DefinitionofthePlanThissectionprovidesadefinitionofthePortEmergencyPlan.OnepossibledefinitionwouldbetosaythatthePlanisalogicalmechanismwhichspecifiesthehierarchical and functional structure of all the response teams it contains and which tacklehazardous or emergency situations in the port under the Plan. It also sets out the systemofcoordinationandactionofalltheresponseteams.ThePortEmergencyPlanmaybe thehigher tieremergencyplan forport facilities in theportandforvesselsmoored,anchoredorsailinginportwaters.The Port Emergency Plan may also be part of Port Regulations and compliance with itsprovisionswillbemandatoryforallportusers.5.1.3ObjectivesofthePlanThis section describes the general objectives of the Port Emergency Plan, which generallyconsistofsafeguardinghumanlivesandminimisingdamagetoproperty,thesurroundingareaandtheenvironment.However,itshouldalsosetspecificobjectivessuchasthefollowingincaseofactivationofthePlan:

§ Inallcases,rescueandimmediateevacuationofinjuredpeopleindangeroratrisk.

§ Preparingfortheabandonmentofvesselsifneedbe.

§ Preparingfortheevacuationofstaffnotrequiredintheareaoftheemergency.

§ Preparingtocombatmarine,airorlandpollution.

§ Rescuingthevesselwiththeaidofsuitableresources.

§ Preservationoffacilities,portorrailpropertyandtheenvironment.

§ Setting up procedures for coordination and integrationwith other higher and lower tierplanstobeactivatedasaresultofanincidentoraccidentwithinthescopeofthePortPlan.

5.1.4ScopeofthePlan


ThissectionshouldindicatethegeographicalareathePortEmergencyPlancovers.NormallyitwillconsistoftheareaoflandandwaterthatthePortAuthorityorotherentitymanages.Examples:

Limits (bluegraphing)of thewatersof thePortofValenciawherethePortEmergencyPlan isapplicable.


Limits (red line) of the land area of the Port of Valencia where the Port Emergency Plan isapplicable.


5.2 Detaileddescriptionoftheportandtheactivitiescarriedoutthere5.2.1DescriptionoftheportThis section will provide a detailed description of the port, indicating at least the followinginformation:

a) Porttechnicalcharacteristics

1. GeneralConditions.− Typeofphysicalharbourconfiguration.11− Location(Longitude,Latitude).− Windconditions(Prevailing,Dominant).− Windconditions(Prevailing,Dominant).− Stormfrequencyindeepwaterortheoreticalgales.

§ Length.§ Max.waveheight(2hr=Hs).§ Max.wavelength(2L).§ Significantwave.

− Tides.§ Maximumtidalrange.§ HeightofMLWScomparedwithportzero.§ HeightofMHWScomparedwithportzero.

− Breakwaters.§ Name,length,andcharacteristics.

− Tidallocks.§ Nameandcharacteristics.

− Entrance.§ Entrancechannel.

o Direction.o Width.o Length.o DepthatMLWS.o Seabottomcharacteristics.

§ Entrancemouth.o Direction.o Width.o DepthatMLWS.o Seabottomcharacteristics.o Max.controlledcurrent.

§ Tugboatuse(compulsory,optional).

2. Portsurfaces.− Watersurfacearea(outerwaters).

11 AccordingtoclassificationbyMaritimeSafetyOfficeofNationalGeospatial-IntelligenceAgencyoftheUnited

StatesGovernment


§ Anchoragearea.− Watersurfacearea(innerwaters).

§ Basinssurfacearea.o Nameofquayandberths.

ü Typeofberth.ü Typeofuse(commercial,fishing,marina,etc.).ü Watersurface.ü Length(m).ü Depth(m).ü Width(m).

− Landsurfacearea.§ Portfacilitiessurface.§ Roadssurface.§ Railwayssurface.§ Othersurfaces.

b) Companiesthatprovidepilotage,tugboatandmooringportservicesforvessels.

1. Vesselpilotagecompanies− Location(quay,berth,area,etc.).− Dangerous or polluting substances at port base of operations for its own

operationsorproductionprocesses.§ Typeofsubstance(diesel,propane,oxygen,nitrogen,motoroils,etc.).

o Useofthesubstance.ü Amountofsubstance.ü Typeofstorage(tank,IBC,drum,etc.).

− Maximumandminimumnumberofpeopleintheportbaseofoperations.§ Numberandclassificationofpeoplepresentineachtimeslot.

− Risksattheportbaseofoperations.− Portbaseofoperationsemergencyplans.

§ Plannameandriskscoveredbytheplan.

2. Tugboatcompanies− Location(quay,berth,area,etc.).− Dangerous or polluting substances at port base of operations for its own



− Maximumandminimumpeoplenumberintheportbaseofoperations.§ Numberandclassificationofpeoplepresentineachtimeslot.



3. Vesselmooringcompanies− Location(quay,berth,area,etc.).− Dangerous or polluting substances at port base of operations for its own

operationsorproductionprocesses.


§ Typeofsubstance(diesel,propane,oxygen,nitrogen,motoroils,etc.).o Useofthesubstance.

ü Amountofsubstance.ü Typeofstorage(tank,IBC,drum,etc.).

− Maximumandminimumpeoplenumberintheportbaseofoperations.§ Numberandclassificationofpeoplepresentineachtimeslot.



c) Portfacilities/Terminals12

1. Nameofportfacility/terminal.− Location(quay,berth,area,etc.).− Facility/Terminaldescription.− Facilitysurfaceareas.

§ Totalsurface.§ Buildingssurface.

o Useofthebuilding.o Fire-fightingmeansavailabletothebuilding.

§ Storagesurface.o Openstoragesurfaces.o Roofedwarehousesstoragesurfaces.o Closedwarehousesstoragesurfaces.o Tanksstoragesurfacesandvolume.o Silosstoragesurfacesandvolume.

§ Roadsurface.§ Railwayssurface.§ Othersurface.

− Typesofcargoesmanipulatedbythefacility/terminal(solidbulk,liquidbulk,conventional general cargo, containerized cargo, ro-ro cargo, cars, frozencargo,etc.,etc.).

− Dangerousgoodsmanipulatedbythefacility/terminal.− Dangerousorpollutinggoodsstoredatthefacility/terminal,andtypeof its

storage(permanent,temporary,etc.).− Dangerous or polluting substances at Facility / Terminal for its own



− Handling equipment: cranes, tractors, forklifts, conveyor belts, wheelloaders,crabs,specialequipment,etc.;andtheircharacteristics.

− Trafficstatisticsperyear.

12 Thissectionwillalsolistanycompanieswhichoccupyphysicalspaceintheportbutdonotloadorunloadgoods

or embark or disembark passengers. For example: official bodies such as maritime administration, customs,borderhealth, etc.; shipyards;marinas andyacht clubs; fishmarkets; stevedoresheadquarters; shippingagentoffices,etc.


§ Goods.§ Passengers

− Maximumandminimumpeoplenumberintheportfacility/terminal.§ Numberandclassificationofpeoplepresentineachtimeslot.

− Risksattheportfacility/terminal.− Portfacility/terminalemergencyplans.


d) Companiesauthorisedtooperateintheportwithoutoccupyingsurfacesinit13

1. Nameofthecompany− Descriptionoftheauthorisedoperations.

§ Maximumnumberofpeopleoperatingintheport.§ Otherinformationaboutthecompany.

e) MainannualstatisticsofthePort

1. By type of goods (liquid bulk, dry bulk, general goods, containerised) and bytypeofoperation(loading,unloading,intransitintheport).

2. By type of dangerous or polluting goods (liquid bulk, dry bulk, general goods,containerised) and by type of operation (loading, unloading, in transit in theport,intransitonboard)andIMOclassofthegoods.

3. By type of passenger (cruise, ferry, local traffic) and by type of operation(embarking,disembarking,intransitintheport).

5.2.2Maintypesofvesselsthatregularlycallattheport

a) Bytypeofvessel(tanker,bulkcarrier,containership,paxferry,ro-roferry,etc.).− Featuresofthelargestvesseldockedintheport.− Numberofcrewofthelargestvesseldockedintheport.− Numberofpassengersofthelargestvesseldockedintheport.

b) Tankersbasedintheportprovidingbunkeringservices.

− Nameofthevessel.§ Featuresofthevessel.§ Tankcapacity.§ Productssupplied(IFO,diesel,etc.).§ Portareaforwhichitisauthorisedtoprovidebunkeringservices.

5.2.3MainannualstatisticsontrafficinthePort

a) By typeofgoods (liquidbulk,drybulk,generalgoods, containerised)andby typeofoperation(loading,unloading,intransitintheport).

13 Companies not listed in section c) above that do not take upphysical space in the port andwhosepersonnel

performauthorisedoperationsintheport.Forexample:shiprepaircompanies;shipchandlers,suppliersoffuelonlandusingtankers;roadhauliers;wastedisposalcompanies,etc.


b) By type of dangerous or polluting goods (liquid bulk, dry bulk, general goods,

containerised)andby typeofoperation (loading,unloading, in transit in theport, intransitonboard)andIMOclassofthegoods.

c) Bytypeofpassenger(cruise,ferry,localtraffic)andbytypeofoperation(embarking,

disembarking,intransitintheport).5.2.4Classificationanddescriptionofportusers

Thissectionshouldindicatethepeoplewhoareormaybeintheportonaregularbasisandwhocanbeidentifiedandclassifiedintooneofthefollowinggroups:

• Administrationpersonnel.StafffromofficialorganisationssuchasthePortAuthority;MaritimeAdministration;Customs;BorderHealth;theNavy;police,etc.

• Stevedoringcompaniesandothercompanieswithasurfaceareaunderconcessionor licence. This covers the company’s regular staff (administrativeofficers, technicalspecialistsandworkerswhocarryouttheoperationsofthefacilityorconcessionandprovideportservices).

• Portworkers.Personnelintheport’spoolofportworkerswholoadandunloadgoodsforthestevedoringcompanies(portterminals).

• HGVdriversanddriversofrailwayequipment.Carryinggoodstoandfromtheport.

• Temporary personnel. This includes shipping agents and their personnel, customsagentsandtheirpersonnel,personnelfromshiprepaircompanies,shipchandlers,fuelsuppliers, external maintenance technicians, taxis, buses, material suppliers, salesrepresentatives,peoplewhoneedtocarryoutadministrativeprocedureswithofficialorganisations in the port, and other people entering the port for any authorisedactivity.

• Contractors. Technical staff and employees carrying out any work or service in theport for the Port Authority or for the facilities or concessions in its service area(equipment,dredging,concreteplants,etc.).

• Crew.Thepersonnelonboardshipsatberthoratanchorintheport.

• Passengers.Peoplewhoembarkon,disembarkfromandtravelonboardthevesselonapassageorcruisewhoarenotmembersofthecrew.

• Owners of sports and pleasure craft. Moored in yacht or sailing clubs and theircompanions.

• Ownersandcrewsoffishingboats.Mooredattheport’s fishingquaysanddocks. Italsoincludesvesselsengagedinfishfarmingandtheirownersandworkers.

• Public. People who enter the port’s free access areas, mostly for recreational andleisureactivities.

• Other.Thesearepeoplewhohavenotbeenincludedinanyoftheabovegroups.


5.2.5Descriptionofaccess.Accessibilityforexternalassistance

This sectionshould indicate the locationandcharacteristicsof the roadsgoing intoandoutoftheportwhichcanbeusedbyexternalemergencyresponseteams.Itshouldalsostatetheareaorareasintheportthatcanbeusedforhelicopterlanding.


5.3 InventoryofrisksintheportwhichareincludedinthePlanThis section should include all the risks in the port, both those listed in Section 4 of thisdocumentaswellasanyotherrisksthathavenotbeenmentionedinthatsection.It is recommendedthat thePortEmergencyPlanshould includeall internalandexternal riskswhoseprobabilityofoccurrencemightbeveryloworremotebutwhoseconsequenceswouldbeveryseriousorcatastrophic.Forexample,tsunamis,collisionsinvolvingvesselscarryingtoxicgasesinbulkorexplosionsonthem,etc.5.3.1 IdentificationofrisksinthePort

ThefollowingwillbedetailedforeachriskidentifiedandincludedinthePlanifpossible:• Descriptionoftherisk.• Methodusedforriskassessmentanditsresults.• Potentialconsequencesiftheriskmaterialises.• Locationofpointsintheportwheretheriskmaymaterialise.• Extentofpossibleaffectedareasiftheriskmaterialises.


5.4 InventoryofavailableresourcesinthePortEmergencyPlanThissectionofthePortEmergencyPlanshouldsetoutalltheresponseresourcescomingunderthePlan.Theyare thePlan’sbasicand indispensablemeans toensure itseffectiveness intheeventofanemergency.It is essential that these resources should be available even though usually they may beassignedtoothertasksnotdirectlyrelatedtothePlan.ThehumanandmaterialresourcesassignedtothePlanmaybelongtothePortAuthorityortheentity thatmanages the port; or the companies providing pilotage, tugboat ormooring portservices;orothercompaniescontractedbythePortAuthoritytorespondtoanemergency;orother official Civil Protection or Maritime Safety bodies under agreements for theirparticipation.The potential human and material resources to be detailed in this section, indicating thenumber of people and their availability and the technical specifications of each materialresourceanditslocation,mayincludethefollowing:5.4.1Fire-fighting

Onland.• Firehydrants,theirpumpingroomsandshut-offvalves.• Fire-fightingvehiclesandtheirtype.• Foamconcentrate.• Other(detectionandalarmsystems,portableextinguishers,firehosecabinets,etc.).

Onthewater.• Boatswithfi-fiequipmentanditstype.• Foamconcentrate.• Other.

5.4.2Medicalcare


• Ambulancesavailableintheportandtheirtype.

• Medicalteamsavailableintheport.• Medical care facilities available in the

port.

5.4.3Vesselsavailableintheport

• Fromthepilotageservice.• Fromthetugboatservice.• Fromthemooringservice.• Othervesselsandshipsthatmaybeinvolvedinemergencies.

5.4.4Underwaterwork

• Vesselsandteamsforunderwaterwork.


5.4.5Heavyequipmentandvehicles

• Self-propelledcranes.• Forklifts.• Heavyequipment,etc.

5.4.6CombatingmarinepollutionbyoilandHNS

• Vessels.• Barriers.• Skimmers.• Tanksfortemporarystorageofwaste.• Otherequipment.

5.4.7Weatherinformationsystems

• Weatherstationsintheport.• Meteorological buoys deployed in the

watersoftheport.

5.4.8Portableelectricityandfluidsequipment

• Generators.


• Lightingtowers.• Aircompressors.• Waterpumps.

5.4.9PortpoliceandotherpersonnelfromthePortAuthorityortheentitymanagingtheportorfromofficialorganisationsattachedtothePlan

• Vessels.• Vehicles.• Materialspecificallyforemergencyintervention(gasmasks,portablegasandradiation

detectors,portabletrafficsignals,etc.).• Othermaterial.

5.4.10 ThePort’sEmergencyControlCentreanditssystems

• Transmissionandcommunicationsystems.• CCTVsystems.• Alarmreceptionsystems.• Hardware and software for handling

emergencies.• AIS,radars,etc.• Othersystems.

5.4.11 Otherequipment


• Equipment and systems coming under the PortEmergencyPlanandnotlistedabove.o Evacuationorconfinementalarmsirens.o Illuminatedinformationpanels.o Trafficlightsoninternalroads.o Railwaylevelcrossings.o Etc.


5.5 Maintenanceandreviewprogrammeforresourcesusedtohandleemergencies

andotherstrategicoressentialservices

5.5.1MaintenanceprogrammeformaterialresourcesusedtohandleemergenciesThissectionprovidesinformationaboutthemaintenanceandreviewprogrammesetforallthematerialresourcesspecifiedinsection5.4above.Scheduled maintenance will ensure these resources work properly when called on.Maintenanceiscarriedoutaccordingtothemanufacturer’sspecifications.Traditionally,fivetypesofmaintenancehavebeendistinguished,whicharedifferentiatedbythenatureofthetasksthattheyinclude:• Correctivemaintenance: The set of tasks is destined to correct the defects to be

found in the different equipment and that are communicated to themaintenancedepartmentbyusersofthesameequipment.

• Preventive Maintenance: Its mission is to maintain a level of certain service on

equipment, programming the interventions of their vulnerabilities in the mostopportune time. It is used to be a systematic character, that is, the equipment isinspectedevenifithasnotgivenanysymptomsofhavingaproblem.

• Predictive Maintenance: It pursues constantly know and report the status and

operational capacityof the installationsbyknowing thevaluesof certainvariables,which represent suchstateandoperationalability.Toapply thismaintenance, it isnecessarytoidentifyphysicalvariables(temperature,vibration,powerconsumption,etc.). Which variation is indicative of problems that may be appearing on theequipment. This maintenance it is the most technical, since it requires advancedtechnicalresources,andattimesofstrongmathematical,physicaland/ortechnicalknowledge.

• ZeroHoursMaintenance (Overhaul): The set of taskswhose goal is to review the

equipment at scheduled intervals before appearing any failure, either when thereliability of the equipment has decreased considerably so it is risky to makeforecastsofproductioncapacity .Thisreviewisbasedon leavingtheequipmenttozerohoursofoperation, that is, as if theequipmentwerenew.These reviewswillreplace or repair all items subject to wear. The aim is to ensure, with highprobability,agoodworkingtimefixedinadvance.

• Periodicmaintenance (Time BasedMaintenance TBM): the basicmaintenance of

equipmentmadebytheusersofit.Itconsistsofaseriesofelementarytasks(startedof engines, change of batteries, data collections, visual inspections, cleaning,lubrication, retightening screws, etc.) forwhich no extensive training is necessary,but perhaps only a brief training. This type of maintenance is the based on TPM(TotalProductiveMaintenance).


Some equipment needs amix of each of abovemaintenance types, so thatwe cannotthinkofapplyingoneofthemtoaparticularequipment.

Documentary evidence will be kept of maintenance of theequipment and resources, whether it is carried out by PortAuthority staff or staff from companies or officialorganisationsinvolvedinthePlanorbyspecialisedcompanieshiredforthatpurpose.

5.5.2MaintenanceofotherfacilitiesandserviceswhicharestrategicfortheportThe maintenance programme willalso include other equipment andfacilities related to services, safetyand security which are consideredstrategicandessential toensure theoperability of the Port EmergencyPlan,suchas:• The personal protective equipment (PPE) and general protective equipment to be

usedbypersonneldeployedfollowingactivationofthePlan.• Powerlinesandtransformerstationsthatsupplyelectricitytotheentireport.• Phoneandfibreopticnetworksdeliveringelectronicdatatransmissionservicesand

radio-basedcommunicationsfacilitiesthatalsoprovidevoiceand/ordata.• Theport’sdrinkingwatermains.• Thenightlightingelementsintheport.• Illuminatedinformationpanelsintheport.• Thetrafficsignalsforvehiclesontheport’sroads.• Navigationaidsintheport(lighthouses,buoys,beacons,etc.).• ThePortofValencia’sinternalrailinfrastructure.• Locksintheportandtheiroperatingandsafetymechanisms.• The mobile or bascule bridges in the port and their operating and safety

mechanisms.• The tunnels and/or underpasses in the port and their operating and safety

mechanisms.


• Cranesandotherequipmentforloadingorunloadinggoods,whethertheybelongto

thePortAuthorityortheentitywhichmanagestheport.• The passenger terminals and passenger embarkation and disembarkation facilities,

whethertheybelongtothePortAuthorityortheentitywhichmanagestheport.• Otherstrategicequipmentandfacilitiesnotlistedabove.

5.5.2SafetyinspectionsinaccordancewithcurrentregulationsDocumentary evidence will be kept of all safetyinspections of the equipment and resourcesdescribed in sections 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 above inaccordance with current national regulations forthem.


5.6 Emergencyactionplan5.6.1 IdentificationandclassificationofemergenciesThePortEmergencyPlanshouldsetdifferentactivationlevelsdependingontheseverityoftheemergencyandtheneedtodeployalargerorsmallernumberofitsresponseteams.If there isno legislation in this area, thedifferent levelsof activationof thePortPlan canbenamed by words or letters (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. / A, B, C, etc.) or by colours (Green,Orange,Red,etc.).Itisadvisablenottousenumbers(1,2,3,etc.)soasnottocauseconfusionwithrespecttothelevelsusedinthePortSecurityPlan.ThePortPlanshouldhaveatleastthefollowingactivationlevels:

LowLevel:Alfa,A,Green.

Thislevelisforapre-emergencysituationwhentheincidentordangerisalreadyknownaboutorimminentbutdoesnotyet require thedeploymentof response teamsassigned tothe Port Plan, although they do need to be alerted to getreadytotakeaction.This levelmayoccur frequently incasesofactivationofanemergencyplanofaportfacilityduetoanemergencyin itandthereisthepossibilitythatitwillhavetobehelpedbyresourcesassignedtothePortPlan.

IntermediateLevel(s):Bravo,B,Orange.

Thisortheselevelsareforanemergencysituationthatcanbe controlled with some or all of the response resourcesassignedtothePortPlan.ThePortPlan should indicatewhetherornotoneormoreintermediate levels of activation should be establisheddependingonwhethertheemergencyaffectspartoralloftheport,orduetoothercircumstancessuchastheamountofresourcesdeployed,etc.

HighLevel:Charlie,C,Red.

This level is foranemergencysituation inwhich thePlan’sresponse resources are insufficient and external resourceshave to be called on by activating the Port’s ExternalEmergencyPlan.This level is also for when the consequences of theemergencymayaffectpeopleoutsidetheport,forexampleacloudoftoxicgas:anhydrousammonia,chlorine,etc.


5.6.2Emergencyresponseorganisationalstructure.In this section the Port Plan should identify the various people who may be involved inrespondingtoemergenciesthattakeplaceintheport.Thesepeopleareinvariousteamswhichhavespecificoperationalfunctions.Attheheadofallthe groups or teams there must be a person responsible for managing the entire responsestructure.Abasicorganisationalstructuremightbeasfollows:

Below is a description of the people whomay be part of the above response organisationalstructure.


5.6.3EmergencyManager/Director 14

This is thepersonultimately responsible formanaging theemergencywith thehelpofall thepeopleandteamsinvolvedinit.ThePlanshouldspecifywhotheEmergencyManagerwillbeandalsoappointanotherpersonorpersonstostandinforthemiftheyareabsent.Theirmainroleswillinclude:

• Ordering theactivationof thePortEmergencyPlanand setting theactivation level (Alfa,Bravo,Charlie;A,B,C;green,orange,red;etc.)

• Receiving constant information on the status and evolution of the emergency from theIncidentCommanderorIncidentCommandPostHead,viatheEmergencyControlCentre.

• Assessingtheemergencybasedoninformationreceivedandchangingtheactivationlevelifneedbedependingondevelopments.

• ConveningtheEmergencyCommitteetohelpandadvisethemindecisionmaking.

• Ordering the safety measures to be used for port personnel, property and theenvironment.

14 Ifthereisnolegalprovisioninthisrespect, inportswhereportmanagement issharedbetweenthePortAuthorityortheentityoperatingtheportandtheMaritimeAdministration(actingHarbourMaster),theEmergencyManagermaybeapersonwhobelongstoeitheradministrationforpresetemergencies.For example, if the emergency affects only a vessel, the Emergency Manager could be the HarbourMasterifthisroleisperformedbyOfficersoftheMaritimeAdministration,andnotbyOfficersofthePortAuthorityorentityoperatingtheport.


5.6.4Port’sEmergencyControlCentreIt is the port centre or department tasked with handling and coordinating emergencies. Itshouldoperatecontinuously24hoursaday,365daysayear.Thiscentreordepartmentisusuallyoneofthefollowingtwo:ThePort’sVesselTrafficService

VTSOperationsRoom

PortofDoverIn many European ports this role isperformedbythePort’sVesselTrafficService(VTS).This servicemonitors themaritime traffic ofvessels and ships in the port area with thehelp of radar, CCTV, radiotelephony, anAutomatic Identification System (AIS) forvessels, weather stations, etc., in order totrack and control their movements andensuretheirutmostsafetywhensailing.A port’s Vessel Traffic Service may beprovidedbytheportauthorityitselforbythenationalmaritimeauthority.If the port’s VTS is provided by the portauthority, it can also handle and coordinateemergencies taking place on board vesselsandattheport’slandfacilities.

ThePort’sEmergencyControlCentre

EmergencyControlCentre

PortofValenciaIn other European ports, emergencies onvessels and/or on land facilities arespecifically handledby theport’s EmergencyControl/Coordination Centre (ECC) whichusuallyreportstotheportauthority.IftheECCdoesnotprovidetheport’sVesselTraffic Service, it will nevertheless be inconstant contactwith this service, especiallyinemergencies.TheECCandtheVTSmayalsohandlesecurityincidents or emergencies concerning vesselsandportfacilities.By way of example, Spanish legislationrequires all national ports handlingdangerous goods to have an EmergencyControl Centre which coordinates theresponse to emergencies. The ECC’sorganisation, equipment and operationalsystemhavetobe jointlyagreedbythePortAuthority and the National MaritimeAdministration.

ThegoaloftheECCistobethewarning,coordination,information,monitoringandassistancecentrefortheEmergencyManager.


Itsmainroleswillinclude:

• Receiving warning or notification calls concerning an emergency and collating as muchinformationaboutitaspossible.

• Confirmingtheexistenceofanemergencyifthereisone.

• InformingtheEmergencyManagerandactivatingtheleveloftheEmergencyPlanindicatedtoitbytheEmergencyManager.

• Alertingand/ordeployingthePlan’sresponseteams.

• ConfirmingtheestablishmentoftheIncidentCommandPost(ICP)andthepersonwhoistobetheIncidentCommander.

• Providinginformationwhereneededtobetterplantheemergencyresponseusingexistingsoftware: dangerous goods management programs, hazard modelling programs forchemicalemergencies,programs topredict thepossible routepollutantsmight followonthewater'ssurface,etc.

• ProvidingongoinginformationtotheEmergencyManagerandpassingontheirorders.

• Alertingotherlocal,provincialornationalemergencycentres.

• Coordinatingwithotheremergency centres themeetingpoints for guidingandescortingexternalassistanceresourcestothesiteoftheemergency.


5.6.5 IncidentCommandPost

TheIncidentCommandPost(ICP)handlesandcoordinatestheemergencyintheplacewhereitoccurs. Itwillbephysicallysited inasuitable location:neartothesiteoftheemergencyso itcan followdevelopmentswith precise knowledgeof the situation, and safe so it is protectedagainstforeseeableaccidentsthatmightinjureitsmembers.TheIncidentCommandPostwillbringtogethertheheadsofthevariousresponsegroupsatthesite of the emergency and put in place mechanisms for coordination and communicationbetweenthem.TheheadoftheportfacilityconcernedoranofficerfromthevesselinvolvedshouldalsobeintheIncidentCommandPost.TheIncidentCommander(IC)isthepersonorunitprovidinglocalcommandandcoordinationofthe response groups at the site of the emergency. It communicates with the EmergencyManagerthroughtheECC.The IC tells the ECC the exact location where the ICP has been set up together with anysubsequentchangesoflocationmadeduetodevelopmentsintheemergency.The Port Emergency Plan should specify in general who will be the IC for each type ofemergency:fire,marinepollution,etc.Unlessotherwisespecified,incasesoffireorrescuetheICwillbetheseniorfireserviceofficerinvolvedintheemergency.ThesafetymanageroftheportfacilityconcernedcanbetheICuntilthefireservicearrives.UnderallcircumstancestheICwillcomeundertheEmergencyManagerandwillbeappointedbythelatter.


5.6.6EmergencyResponseUnits

Themainrolesoftheseunitsinanemergencyare:- Searchandrescue.- Eliminate,reduceandcontrolthecauses.- Eliminate,reduceandcontroltheeffects.


5.6.7OperativeTeamThisistheresponseteamwhichtakesthefirststepstotackletheemergency.5.6.7.1 Fireservice

ThefireservicesmaybefromthePortAuthority,theentitymanagingtheport,thelocalcouncilforthetownwheretheportislocatedoroneormoreportfacilitiesintheport.Themainrolesofthefireserviceduringtheemergencyincludethefollowing:

• Goingtothepreviouslyspecifiedmeetingpointtobeguidedandescortedbymembersofthesecurityteamtotheareaoftheemergency. 15

• HeadingtheICPandtheOperativeTeam.

• Onceatthesceneoftheemergency,receivingthereportbytheheadoftheportfacility,thePortAuthorityorthevesselabout:§ Statusoftheemergency.§ Howtoaccessthesite.§ Prioritymeasurestobetaken.

• Assessing the severity of the accident and setting up the perimeter of the interventionarea.

• RecommendingtotheEmergencyManagerthemostappropriateprotectionmeasuresforpeople(evacuation,confinement,etc.),theenvironment,propertyandtheothermembersoftheresponseteams.

• Channelling communication between the ICP and the ECC and reporting about theevolutionofthesituationandtheactionstaken.

• Asking the EmergencyManager via the EEC for any additional and/or logistics resourcesthatmaybeneeded.

• Depending on how the consequences of the accident evolve, proposing changes to theEmergencyManagerinthelevelofactivationofthePlanandsuggestingitshouldbeendedasappropriate.

15

Ifthereisriskofexplosionortoxiccloud:donotgotothesceneoftheemergencybutrathertowheretheICPshouldbelocatedandfromtherethefireservicecommandershouldassesstheneedforinterventioninsidethecompanyorattheemergencypoint.


5.6.7.2 Pilotage,tugboatandmooringintheport

They are the official organisations or private companies that provide pilotage, towing andmooringofshipsinport.Theywillbeparticularlynecessarywhenanemergencyinvolvesanyvesselmooredoratanchorintheport’swaters.5.6.7.3 Companiesfightingmarinepollution

They are the official organisations or private companies that have boats, equipment andpersonneltoactincasesofmarinepollutionbyoilorhazardousandnoxioussubstances(HNS).5.6.7.4Underwaterworkscontractors

Thesecompaniesdoanykindofunderwaterworkrequired inanemergency:markingsunkenobjects;removalofsunkenobjects;inspections;etc.5.6.7.5Wastemanagementcompanies


Thesecompaniescollect,package(drums,IBC,tankers,containers,etc.)andtransportliquidorsolidwastegeneratedinanemergencytoafinalwastemanager.


5.6.8LogisticSupportTeamThisistheteamthatmeetsthelogisticsandotherneedsoftheemergencyresponseteams.Theremay even be somemembers of theOperative Team in the Logistic Support Team, forexample when boats are needed to transport fire-fighters or medical personnel to ships atanchor,etc.

Themainrolesofthisteamduringtheemergencyincludethefollowing:

• Providing means (cranes, vehicles, etc.) for loading and/or unloading material on boardvesselsoperatingintheemergency.

• Providingboatsorhelicopterswhichcancarrypersonnelormaterialtovesselsinvolvedintheemergency.

• Providing equipment (port, railway, public works, cranes, etc.) required to intervene orsupportresponseteams.

• Providingmaterialorotherresourceswhichhavebeenuseduporbrokendownduringtheemergency:foam,pumps,vehicles,hydrocarbon-absorbentmaterial,etc.

• Supplyingfoodandwaterifneededforallparticipants.

• Meetinganyotherlogisticsneeds.

Exampleoflogisticsneed:

Breakage of a container with liquid latex duringloadingaboardashipinthePortofValencia.

The latexwas spilt onto the deck of the ship andthequayandinthewater.

Once the latex had coagulated, a backhoe wasrequiredtoremoveitfromthewater.


5.6.9MedicalTeamThis team attends to injured or dead people during an emergency. It will always have to bethereevenwhentherehavebeennovictims,sincepeopleaffectedbyanemergencymaysufferanxietyattacksorotheremotionaldisorders.


• Goingtothepreviouslyspecifiedmeetingpointtobeguidedandescortedbymembersofthesecurityteamtotheareaoftheemergency.

• Entering theemergencyareaoncetheOperativeTeamhassaid theycanas therearenohazardsfortheteam:explosion,toxiccloud,etc.

• Triage,careandevacuationofvictimstohospitals.

• Providingpsychologicalcounsellingifneedbe.

• TellingtheSecurityTeamabouttheconditionofthepeopleattendedto.

• WorkingwiththeSecurityTeamtoidentifypeopleattendedtoordeceased.


5.6.10 SecurityTeamThisresponseteamwillconsistofpoliceorsecurityofficersdrawnfromthePortAuthorityorthe entity operating the port and other authorities with powers in the Port: Customs, CityCouncil,RegionalGovernment,CentralGovernment,etc.


• Trafficmanagementbothinsideandoutsidetheport.

• Controllingaccesstoareasaffectedbytheemergency.

• Helpingotherresponseteamstocarryouttheirtasks.

• Maintainingpublicorder.

• Identifyingpotentialcasualties,victimsorotherpeopleaffectedbytheemergency.


5.6.11 EmergencyAdvisoryCommitteeIt advises the Emergency Manager about the variousaspectsoftheemergencyanditsdevelopment.ThePortEmergencyPlanshouldspecifythepeoplewhoaretobeonthiscommittee.ItisrecommendedthatatleastthefollowingshouldbeontheCommittee:

w HeadsofthePortAuthority.

w HeadsoftheMaritimeAdministrationoftheport.

w RepresentativeoftheFireService.

w Representative(s)oftheCityCouncil.

w Representativeoftheportfacilityaffectedbytheemergency.

w TechniciansasrequiredbytheEmergencyManager

ThemainrolesoftheCommittee’smembersincludethefollowing:

• GoingtotheplacespecifiedbytheEmergencyManagerdependingonthecircumstancestoconvenetheEmergencyCommittee.

• AdvisingtheEmergencyManagerintakingthemostappropriatedecisionstodealwiththeemergencyandindirectingtheactionsoftheresponseteamsintheemergency.

• Advising the EmergencyManager about the use of protectivemeasures for people, theenvironment,propertyandmembersoftheresponseteams.


5.6.12 PublicRelationsOfficeThePublicRelationsOfficeofthePortAuthorityortheentityoperatingthe port is responsible for centralising, coordinating and preparing alltheinformationthatistobeprovidedaboutanemergency.The information will consist solely of confirmed news items; rumoursandanyinconsistentandcontradictoryinformationwillnotbeprovided.In all cases the person in charge of information during any emergency is the EmergencyManagersoanypublicinformationprovidedduringtheemergencymustbeapprovedbythem.ThemainrolesofthisOfficeincludethefollowing:

• KeepinguptodatewiththeevolutionoftheemergencythroughtheEmergencyManagerortheECC.

• AdvisingtheEmergencyManageraboutcommunicationissuesarisingfromtheemergency.

• Providing information to themediaabout theevolutionof theemergencywith thepriorapprovaloftheEmergencyManager.

• Monitoringtheinformationgeneratedbytheemergencythatappearsinthemedia.

• Helpingwithpressconferences.

• Keepingsimilarofficesinotheradministrationsinformed.


5.6.13 Diagramoftheemergencyresponseorganisationalstructure


5.7 IntegrationofthePlaninotherhighertierPlansThissectionwillidentifytheExternalEmergencyPlanorPlansinplaceforoperationsintheportintheindicatedemergencies,especiallyincasesofveryseriousaccidentswithmultiplevictims,or in cases in which port resources are insufficient to copewith the emergency, or in caseswheretheemergencycouldaffectpeopleoutsidetheport.5.7.1EmergencynotificationprotocolsProtocols and means for emergency notification shall be specified for each External Plan orPlansfortheactivationofthishighertierplanorplans.Notificationwill normally be given by the Port’s Emergency Control Centre by contacting theEmergencyControlCentreoftheExternalPlan.The Emergency Control Centres will agree on an arrival point at the port for the externalresponse teams so that port personnel can meet them and take them to the site of theemergency.5.7.2CoordinationbetweenthePortEmergencyPlanandtheExternalEmergencyPlanOnce the External Emergency Plan hasbeen activated, all staff involved in thePort Emergency Plan will be integratedinto the organisational structure of theExternalEmergencyPlan.The External EmergencyPlanwill specifywhich functions are assigned to eachpersonand/orresponseteaminthePortPlan.


5.8 CoordinationofthePortEmergencyPlanwiththePortSecurityPlanThis section should include theprocedure for coordinating thePort Emergency Planwith thePortSecurityPlanforcasesinwhichbothareactivatedatthesametime.Interactionbetweenthetwoplansoftheportisessential:aterroristattackmaycauseinjuries,fire or damage, which will require the operationalisation of plans to respond to suchcontingencies,includingthePortEmergencyPlan.Moreover,afire,explosionorothersimilarincidentoccurringinanareaoftheportcouldleadto the immediate adoption of exceptional securitymeasures as the incidentmay havemadeexistingsecuritysystemsvulnerable,thusactivatingthePortSecurityPlan.It is recommended that coordination is carried out by the Directors of both plans using theEmergency Control Centre of the port if this is used by both plans or using the EmergencyControlCentreassignedtoeachplan.


5.9 ImplementationofthePlan5.9.1 IdentificationofthepersoninchargeofimplementationThePortEmergencyPlanwillidentifythepersonorpersonsresponsibleforimplementingit.Thepersonorpeopleappointedwilldrawupanannualreportonactionstakento implementthePlan.5.9.2TrainingandinformationprogrammeforallpersonnelactivelyinvolvedinthePlanThe person or people responsible for implementing the plan will draw up an annualinformation/trainingprogrammeandaschedule forallpersonnelactively involved in thePortPlanwhichmeetatleastthefollowingobjectives:• Overviewof thePlanandspecific trainingon the rolesofeachparticipant in it, including

managersofEmergencyPlansforallportfacilities.• Theoreticalandpracticaltrainingaboutusingandhandlingnewequipmentor items,new

ITapplicationsorcommunicationsystems,etc.,whicharebroughtinforuseinthePlan.Theprogrammewill includeeveryonewhohasrecentlytakenupanypostwhichisinvolvedinthePlanandwhohasnotreceivedpriortraining/information.5.9.3TrainingandinformationprogrammeforallpersonnelaboutthePlanForanEmergencyPlantofunctionproperlyitisessentialthatallpersonnelwhoarecoveredbyit but are not actively involved in the plan itself should nevertheless have training andinformationaboutit.Thepersonorpeople responsible for implementing thePort EmergencyPlanwill drawupanannualinformation/trainingprogramme(consistingoftalks,presentations,seminars,etc.)andaschedulewhichmeetatleastthefollowingobjectives:• OverviewofthePlananditsoperationforallstaffofthePortAuthorityorentityoperating

thePort.• Overview of the Plan and its operation for the heads of all port facilities and other

companies,officialbodiesoranyotherorganisationlocatedintheportorwhichworksinitsothattheycanpasstheinformationontotheirrespectiveorganisations.

• OverviewofthePlananditsoperationforshippingcompanyagentssothattheycanpass

theinformationontotheirrespectiveorganisations.


To this end there should be information leaflets or summaries of the Planwhich include thebasicmeasurestobetakenifthereisanemergencyintheportandinparticularthemeansforcontactingthePort’sEmergencyControlCentretoreportanyabnormalsituations.5.9.4GeneralinformationprogrammeaboutthePlanforvisitorstotheportThepersonorpeopleresponsibleforimplementingthePortEmergencyPlanwillconsiderhowtoprovidegeneralinformationaboutittovisitorstotheport.Thesemethodsmaybe:• Informationpostersattheentrancestotheportandatstrategicpointsaroundit.• InformationleafletsaboutthePlanwhichincludethebasicmeasurestobetakenifthereis

anemergencyintheportandinparticularthemeansforcontactingthePort’sEmergencyControlCentretoreportanyabnormalsituations.

5.9.5ExamplesofinformationleafletsaboutwhattodoinanemergencySeveral examples of information leaflets about what to do in an emergency at the port areshown in the following pages, addressed to various groups: Ship Masters, Drivers of HeavyGoodsVehiclesandPortVisitors.Theseinformationleafletsmaybeseparateorcombinedwiththosedrawnupbyportfacilitiesto inform their visitors about the safetymeasures to be observed during their time in thesefacilities.


ExampleinformationleafletforMastersofShips:


ExampleinformationleafletforDriversofHeavyGoodsVehicles:


ExampleinformationleafletforPortVisitors:


5.10 MaintainingtheeffectivenessofthePlanandkeepingitupdated


Maintaining the effectiveness of the Plan should be part of an ongoing and iterative processwhichbuildsonexperiencetoensurethePlanisoperableandupdated.It is recommended that the Port Emergency Plan should have the following programmes inplacetoensurethatitcontinuestobeeffective.5.10.1 Trainingandinformationrecyclingprogrammes• FormembersofthePortEmergencyPlanresponseteams:

Thereshouldbeanannualrecyclingprogrammeprovidinginformation and staff training on any aspect of the Plandeemednecessary,and inparticularforpeoplewhohaverecentlyjoinedtheresponseteams.

• Fortherestofportpersonnel:

Thereshouldbeanannualrecyclingprogrammeprovidinginformationand training forheadsofEmergencyPlansatallport facilitiesandforshippingcompanyagentssothatthey can pass the information on to their respectiveorganisations.

In both of the above cases there should be advance planning and a schedule for providingtrainingandinformationrecycling.Theadvanceplanningshouldbedone jointlybytheheadofthePortEmergencyPlanandtheheads of the emergency plans of the port facilities to discuss issues including any possiblemodifications to the facility, existing procedures used in an emergency, addition of newtechnologies,theneedorrequirementfornewtrainingorskillsrecyclingschemes,etc.Thisplanningshouldalsoconsidertheneedtoinclude,updateoramendinformationaboutthePort Emergency Plan which is made available to ships and people visiting the port on thewebsite,ininformationleaflets,inpublications,etc.5.10.2 Programmeforreplacingresourcesandequipment


Therewillbeaplanandschedule for replacingmaterial resourcesandequipmentusedbyallresponseteamsinthePortPlan.

5.10.3 ProgrammeofexercisesanddrillsTheefficacyofthePortEmergencyPlan istobeassessedbydrillsandexerciseswhichwillbeevaluatedtodeterminetheoperabilityofthePlan.Thedrillsandexerciseswillbepreparedbytheportsafetymanager inconjunctionwithsafetymanagers fromcompanies in theportandmasterofshipsifappropriate.

If teams from External EmergencyPlans are needed for the drill orexercise, preparations for it will bemade with the person or people incharge of the External EmergencyPlanorPlans.The drills and exercises should beconducted based on an emergencyincludedinthePortPlan.Thedrillsandexercisescanbedividedintothefollowinggroups:

• Full-Scale Port Drill, in which case they affect the Port Plan, the Plans of facilities and

vesselsandtheport’sExternalPlanorPlans.• PortDrill,whenall theresourcesallocatedtotheportPlanandthosefromthePlanofa

facilityoravesselareinvolved.• FunctionalDrill,notcoveringalltheresponseteamsinthePortPlan.Itsgoal istotestor

evaluatethecapabilityofoneormorefunctionsinthecontextofanemergencyevent.


• AlertDrill,notdeployingalltheresponseteamsneededbutneverthelessputtinginplacethecommunicationprotocolwithallofthem.

• TabletopDrill,whenonlytheheadsofthePlanorPlansandtheresponseteamstakepart

and hold one or moremeetings. The participants analyse an emergency situation in aninformal, stress-free environment. It is designed to facilitate constructive discussion asparticipantsexamineandresolveproblemsbasedonexistingoperationalproceduresandidentifywherethoseproceduresneedtoberefined.

Thedrillsandexercisescheck:

• ThedegreeofcoordinationbetweenthePlansthatareactivated(port,facility,etc.).• Thedegreeofcoordinationbetweentheresponseteamsinvolved.• Thelevelofskillsandtrainingoftheresponseteams.• The degree of maintenance and efficacy of the materials or equipment used for

emergency.• Responsetimes.• Possibleimprovementstobeincludedinemergencyresponseprocedures.


After each drill or exercise ameeting should be held between the head of the Plan and theheadsoftheresponseteamstoevaluateandanalysethedrillandhowitwentandputinplaceanycorrectivemeasuresneededtodeliveramoreeffectiveresponsetothetypeofaccidentinquestion.Areportonthemeetinganditsoutcomewillbedrawnup.The exercises and drills programme is to be planned on a quarterly or half-yearly basis. Thisplanningwillsetthenumberandtypeofdrillstobeconducted.ItisrecommendedthataPortDrillshouldbeheldatleasttwiceperyearandaFull-ScalePortDrilleveryyear.5.10.4 ProgrammeforreviewingandupdatingallthedocumentationformingpartofthePlan

AlldocumentationthatispartofthePortEmergencyPlanshould be reviewed and updated at least once everythreeyears.Nevertheless if a) significant events: new businessescoming into the port whose hazards are greater thanthose covered by the Port Emergency Plan, etc.; or b)regulatory changes; or c) organisational changes affectany fundamental aspects of the Plan and make it

advisableornecessarytoconductaspecialreview,thePlan istobereviewedandupdatedasquicklyaspossible.EachyeartheinformationorprocedurescontainedinthePlanwhichdonotinvolvesubstantialchanges in its structure or content are to be updated. This will involve adding, removing oramendinginformationaboutthehumanandmaterialresourcesavailable,phonedirectorydata,information about new companies or facilities or oneswhich have been removed, publishingnewinformationleaflets,etc.


5.10.5 ProgrammeofauditsandinspectionsAn audit consists of making sure that the organisation, processes and procedures areappropriate for the safety management system. It should be independent and objective.Inspectionsarespecificchecksofequipment,facilitiesororganisationsystems.Bothauditsandinspectionscanbeperformedbythecentre’sownpersonnelorbyoutsourcedpersonnel.Theorganisationwillestablishaprogrammeofauditsandinspectionstobeperformedintheshortandmediumterm.

Bothauditsandinspectionscanbeperformedbytheport’s personnel, although it is highly recommendedthat they should be done by outsourced staffrecruited for that purpose from recognised auditfirms.The Port Emergency Plan should be audited everyyearleadingtoanannualreportfeaturingatleastthefollowingsections:

a) ReportabouttheactivationsofthePortEmergencyPlan.b) CompliancewiththeimplementationofthePlan.c) Compliancewiththetrainingandinformationrecyclingprogrammes.d) Compliancewiththeprogrammeforreplacingresources.e) Compliancewiththeexercisesanddrillsprogramme.f) Otherissues.


5.11 AnnexestobeincludedinthePortEmergencyPlanBelowtherearetheAnnexeswhichthePlanshould include,someofwhicharemandatory. Itshould be decided which annexes should not be included in the copy of the Plan which isavailabletothepubliconwebsites,etc.5.11.1 CommunicationDirectory(MandatoryAnnex)Communication and its organisation have always been a critical point in the response to anyemergency.Themostbasicsystem,andwhichhasproventobethemosteffective,isonethatprovides direct communication between people in the same response team through adedicatedchannelanddirectcommunicationbetweentheleadersofthevariousteamsthroughacommonchannelwithnoneedforintermediation.Theuseof portable radios has todate shown tobe themost operationalmeans for the ICP,withoutneglectingmobileandconventionaltelephonyforotherrequiredcommunications.ThePortEmergencyPlan’scommunicationdirectorymaybedistributedtothefollowingmaingeneralgroups:a) People,organisationsandresponseteamsinthePlan.b) MeansofcontacttoactivatetheExternalEmergencyPlanofthePort.c) Portfacilitiesandotherentitieslocatedintheport.d) Phone numbers of the local media (radio, television, press, etc.) in the part of the city

closesttotheport.Communication with ships moored, anchored or sailing in the waters of the port shouldpreferablybeviaVHF.Thefollowinginformationshouldbespecifiedforeachofthecomponentsofgroupsa),b)andc)above:• Nameoftheorganisationorcompanyandifapplicablethepersonorpeopleinthemand

theirpost.• Permanent24/7meansofcontact.• Landline.• Mobilephone.• Fax.• Email.• Availabilityofananalogueradiostationandcontactchannel.• Inclusionwhereappropriate in theport’s TETRA (Terrestrial TrunkedRadio)networkand

contactchannel.• Otherpossiblemeansofcontact.


5.11.2 Mapsandothergraphicdocumentation(MandatoryAnnex)ThisAnnexshouldincludeatleastthefollowingmaps,someofwhichcanbecombinediftheycontaintherequiredinformation:• MapofthelandareaincludedinthescopeofthePlanindicatingthenamesornumbersof

thevariousberthsat thequaysandthenamesof the latter.Themapshould includethenumberingofbollardsandladdersinthewallsofthequaysforgettingoutofthewaterifsomeonefallsintoit.

• Mapof the extension of the area of the port’swaters included in the scope of the Plan

indicatingvesselmooringareasandthedistributionofberthsandportaccesschannels.• Map of the port showing the name, location and boundaries of all port facilities or

terminalsandthoseofanyothercompany,agencyorentitylocatedintheport.• Mapoftheportshowingentrancesto itbyroadandall roads inside it, includingonesat

any port facility or terminal, along with muster stations and evacuation routes for portfacilitiesand/orterminalsandthoseofanyothercompany,agencyorentitylocatedintheport.

• Mapoftheportshowingentrancestoitbyrailandallrailwaysincludedinanyportfacility

orterminal.• Mapof theportshowingfirehydrantnetworksandtheirpumpingstations, includingthe

networksofanyport facilityor terminal,andpossiblepointsof interconnectionbetweennetworks.

• MapoftheportshowingthelocationoftheEmergencyPlan’sresponseteams.• Otherportmapsdeemednecessary.


5.11.3 Functionlistforeachmemberoftheplan(MandatoryAnnex)FUNCTIONLISTFOREACHMEMBEROFTHEPLANThis Annex should include a list of the specific functions of each person or response teaminvolvedinthePortEmergencyPlan.This will mean that each participant will know exactly what their duties are if the Plan isactivated.

The exact functions of each person or response team should be specified for each PortEmergencyPlanbasedontheorganisationoftheresponsestructurereferredtoinsection5.6.


5.11.4 Actionproceduresheetsforeachtypeofemergency(MandatoryAnnex)ACTIONPROCEDURESFOREACHTYPEOFEMERGENCYThisAnnexshouldincludeaseriesofsheetsdescribingtheproceduresandbasicguidelinesforactiontobetakenbythePlananditsmemberstorespondtoeachemergencylistedwiththerisks,hazardsandaccidentsidentifiedinthePlan.

These procedures or basic guidelines for action to be taken in each risk covered by the PortEmergencyPlanmusthavebeenstudiedbeforehandbasedontheorganisationoftheresponsestructureforeachtypeofemergencyandtheresourcesavailableinthePlan.Some of these procedures performed individually will have to be monitored together if theemergencyinvolvestwoindividualrisks,forexampleafireorexplosiononashipwhichhasalsoledtomarinepollution.By way of example below is an outline of a possible procedure to be followed in a case ofmarinepollutioninportwaters.a)Preliminaryactions

- Findoutthetypeofsubstance(oilorHNS)anditsvolumeorweightspilledinthewater.- IfanHNS:


§ Findoutthehazardouspropertiesofthesubstanceanditsbehaviourinwater.§ Determinewhetheritispossibletoactwiththeport’sresponsemeans.

• Ifunabletoact:ü ReportthepollutiontotheNationalMaritimeAuthority.ü Takemeasurements in thewater to learntheextentandevolutionof the

pollution.ü Seekadvicefromexpertsinthespilledsubstance.

b)Ifoilpollutioninwatersoutsidetheport

- ActivatethePortEmergencyPlan.- ReporttheemergencytootherAdministrations.- Ifthereisariskthattheoilwillreachthecoast.

§ RequestactivationoftheNationalOilSpillContingencyPlan.§ RequestactivationoftheRegionalCoastalClean-upPlan.

- Deployresourcesforcombatingpollutionsuitableforexternalwaters.- Ensure that sufficient resources are available: boats, barriers, skimmers, temporary

storagetanksonboard,etc.§ Ifthereareinsufficientresources:

• RequestactivationoftheNationalOilSpillContingencyPlan.- Makepreparationsonthequaytotransfertheoilcollectedatsea.- Declaretheemergencytobeover.- Immediatelycleantheequipmentused.- Recoverthecostoftheemergencyresponsefromtheoriginatorofthespill.

b)Ifoilpollutioninwatersinsidetheport

- ActivatethePortEmergencyPlan.- ReporttheemergencytootherAdministrations.- Deployresourcesforcombatingpollutionsuitableforinternalwaters.- Ensure that sufficient resources are available: boats, barriers, skimmers, temporary

storagetanks,etc.§ Ifthereareinsufficientresources:

• RequestactivationoftheNationalOilSpillContingencyPlan.- Declaretheemergencytobeover.- Immediatelycleantheequipmentused.- Recoverthecostoftheemergencyresponsefromtheoriginatorofthespill.


5.11.5 Rulestobefollowedbyvesselsandportfacilitiestointegratetheiremergencyplansin

thePortEmergencyPlan(VoluntaryAnnex)ThisAnnexcanincludetherulesorrequirementsforintegratingtherespectiveemergencyplansofvesselsmooredoranchoredintheportandtheemergencyplansofportfacilitiesandotherentitiesbasedintheportinthePortEmergencyPlan.a)Rulestobefollowedbyvessels:Rulestobefollowedbyvesselscouldincludethefollowing:

Have all their certificates in force which are required by applicable IMO Codes orConventionsor by international, EUandnational legislation, inparticular those relating tothesafetyofthevessel.

HaveonboardSafetyorEmergencyPlansandtheShipOilPollutionEmergencyPlan(SOPEP),aswellastheotherplansthatmayberequiredbyapplicableIMOCodesorConventionsorbyinternational,EUandnationallegislation.Haveall safetysystemsoperational,especially for fire-fighting,combatingmarinepollutionandalarmtransmission.Ifanyofthesesystemsarenotavailableoroutofservice,thismustbereportedtothePortAuthorityofValenciapriortothevessel’sentryintotheportoronarrivalintheanchoragearea.

UseofAutomatic IdentificationSystems (AIS), keeping them runningat all timesexcept incases inwhich internationalagreements, regulationsor rulesprovide for theprotectionofnavigationalinformation.Ifthevessel’sAISisnotavailableorisoutofservice,thismustbereported to the Port Authority of Valencia prior to the vessel’s entry into the port or onarrivalintheanchoragearea.

Permanent communication with the port’s Emergency Control Centre. Vessels berthed oranchoredintheport’swaters,especiallyinthecaseofthosecarryingoroperatingdangerousgoods, must remain in contact at all times via radio, VHF channel 16, with the port’sEmergencyControlCentre.

Vessels carrying or intending to carry dangerous goods. In general, and in addition tocomplyingwiththespecificlegislationinthisarea,vesselscarryingdangerousgoodswhetheranchoredandberthedwill haveonboardat all times seaorportwatchesondeck and inengine rooms, plus any which may be necessary for any emergency manoeuvre. Unlessexpressly authorised otherwise, propulsion and steeringmachinery will be ready to leaveportatanytimewithoutfurthernoticeorwhenreportedtothevessel.Reporting alerts and/or emergency situations. The vessel is required to report to theEmergencyControl Centreof theport any incident, accident or emergency that occurs onboard, includinganymarinepollution resulting from it. If reportedby radio, IMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases(SMCP)mustbeused.


Bunkering.ItrequirespriorauthorisationfromthePortAuthorityandcannotbecarriedoutif the vessel does not have all its safety systems available, especially for fire-fighting andcombatingmarinepollution.Equallyitcannotbeconductedifhotworksareunderwayonorneartheship.Hotworksonboardvessels.TheyrequirepriorauthorisationfromthePortAuthorityandthevesselcannotcarryoutbunkeringoperationswhilehotworksareunderway.Repair,maintenance,examinationor inspectionworkonboardvessels involvingtakingoutofservicepropulsion,steeringorauxiliarymanoeuvringcomponents(mainengine,auxiliaryengine, rudder, propeller, windlasses, etc.) requires prior authorisation from the PortAuthority.Emergency casting-off by vessels required by the Emergency Manager due to the vesselbeing exposed to imminent risks or being the cause of the danger will be carried outimmediatelyandintheorderindicatedtothem.

b)Rulestobefollowedbyportfacilitiesandotherentitiesoccupyingspaceinthelandarea

oftheportRules to be followed by facilities which integrate and coordinate their plans with the PortEmergencyPlancouldincludethefollowing:

StructureoftheEmergencyPlan.Ifthereisnolegalprovisiontopreventit,thestructureandcontentoftheplanwillbeidenticaltothePortEmergencyPlan.Coordinationwith thePortEmergencyPlan. If there isno legalprovision toprevent it, thePortFacilityEmergencyPlanwillstatethat:

w ThePortEmergencyPlanisthehighertierplantobeused.

w Theport facility immediately reportsany incident,accidentoremergencyoccurring intheport facilityand leading to theactivationof itsEmergencyPlan to theEmergencyControlCentreoftheport.

w ThetermofthePlanwillbeatmostthree(3)yearsfromwhenitisdrawnup.ThePlanistobereviewedafterthisperiodandwhenevertherearesignificantevents, regulatorychangesororganisational changesaffecting fundamentalaspectsof thePlan. In thesecasesthePlanistobereviewedasquicklyaspossible.

GivingacopyofthePortFacility’sEmergencyPlantothePortAuthority.AcopyofthePortFacility’s Emergency Plan is to be given to the Port Authority for its inclusion in the PortEmergencyPlan.Acopyofitisalsotobeprovidedwheneveritisrevised.Updated information about the Plan to be provided to the Port Authority. All changes insignificant information inthePortFacility’sEmergencyPlanshouldbereportedtothePortAuthority, especially those relating to human resources and material resources available:peopleinchargeofhandlingtheemergencyorinvolvedinit;communicationdirectorydata(fixedormobilephonenumbers,email,fax,etc.).


5.11.6 Emergencyplansoffacilities,terminalsandentitiesincludedinthePortEmergencyPlan

(MandatoryAnnex)ThisAnnexshouldlistalltheportfacilitiesand/orterminalsandanyothercompany,agency,orentitylocatedintheportwhichareincludedinandcoveredbythePortEmergencyPlanasthehighertierplan.ThisAnnexwillalsoincludealltheEmergencyPlansoftheaboveorganisationsandthedetailedandspecificplansofeachofthem.

Giventhelargephysicalareathattheplansofalltheportfacilitiesmaytakeup,itisadvisabletohaveonlyonehardcopyof themandattach themelectronicallywhenhardcopiesof thePortEmergencyPlanaredistributed.ItisalsoadvisabletohavesheetssummarisingthemostrelevantinformationintheEmergencyPlansoftheaboveorganisationsintheport.


Informationtobeincludedinthesesheetsmightbeasfollows:• Contactdetailsofkeysafetyandsecuritystaffattheorganisation.• RiskscoveredbytheEmergencyPlanorPlansoftheterminalorentity.• Distributionofregularstaffandestimatedmaximumnumberofpeoplebytimeslot.• Fixedandmobilefire-fightingresources.• Resourcesforcombatingmarinepollution.• Standardoperatingmachinery.• Safetyequipmentavailable(breathingapparatus,gasmasksanddetectors,etc.).• Medicalteamsandequipment(ambulance,rescuebasketstretchers,etc.).• Fueland/orgastanksforownconsumption.• Otherinformationconsideredrelevant.5.11.7 OtherVoluntaryAnnexesThePortEmergencyPlanmayalsoincludeotherannexessuchasthefollowing:


• Fullstatisticsondangerousgoodspassingthroughtheport.• Formsandpresetmessagesforreportingemergenciestootherauthorities,administrations

andemergencycoordinationcentres.• Safety Data Sheets (SDS,MSDS, PSDS) for themost significant dangerous goods passing

throughtheport.• OthervoluntaryAnnexes.


ANNEX1

QuestionnaireconcerninganalysisoftheexistingRegulationsofeachEUcountry

aboutportsafety.


THANKYOUINADVANCEFORPARTICIPATINGINOURSURVEY!!!

SPAIN

NAME OF NATIONAL AUTHORITY IN CHARGE OF PORTS & HARBOURS: Ports of the State Entity Avda. del Partenón, 10 28042 – Madrid SPAIN E-MAIL: [email protected]

1. Data about national ports institutional estructure.

1.1 Port Authorities in charge of national ports and harbours offering public commercial service for ships, goods and passengers are:

☐ Public entities depending on National Administration.

☐ Public entities depending on State/Regional Administration.

☐ Public entities depending on Local / Municipality Administration.

☐ Private or independent entities.

☐ Others. Please, specify: ________________

Please, expand your answer if you wish:

1.2 Who manages maritime administration functions at ports (port state control, etc.)?:

☐ Port Authority officers.

☐ Officers from National Maritime Administration.

☐ Others. Please, specify: ________________


mailto:[email protected]


1.3 Questions about port services

PORT SERVICE PROVIDED BY Please, expand your answer if you wish:

Pilotage Choose an option

Towage Choose an option

Mooring Choose an option

Tidal locks Choose an option

Port navigational aids and approaches

Choose an option

Cargo loading and discharging Choose an option

Passengers embarking and disembarking

Choose an option

Bunkering Choose an option

Port waste reception facilities Choose an option


2. Data about Emergency / Contingency Plans for ports.

2.1 Is there any national/region/local disposition (law, regulation, etc.) requiring ports to have Emergency or Contingency Plans for the port area (landside or waterside)?

Yes ☐ for both (land and water areas).

Yes ☐ for port land area.

Yes ☐ for port water area.

No ☐

Please, for each Plan indicate:

Disposition name or reference: Name of the Port Plan: Scope (emergency events to be covered): Who must draft it: Who must approve it: Minimum resources for emergency response: Name or reference of Major Response Plan:


2.2 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans deals with emergencies arising from dangerous goods in the port area.

Yes ☐ Please advise description and references to such Plan.

No ☐ Please advise how this emergencies are managed at the port area.


2.3 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans deals with nautical accidents in port water area: fire or explosion on ship, collision, capsizing, adrift, abandon, etc.

Yes ☐ Please advise description and name of the Plan together with the particulars of the Emergency Control Centre.




2.4 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans deals with marine oil spillages in the port area (IMO Convention OPRC 1990).




2.5 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans deals with marine hazardous and noxious substances spillages (IMO Convention OPRC-HNS 1990).




2.6 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans deals with port facilities under Directives SEVESO II and III.




2.7 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans deals with emergencies arising from port railway incidents or accidents.





2.8 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans requires ports to have a Port Emergencies Co-ordination/Control Centre.




2.9 Please, indicate if any of the above Plans requires the ports to have their own firefighting services.





3. Data about Dangerous / Hazardous / Pollutant Goods.

STATEMENT ANSWER Please, expand your answer

if you wish: Entrance at port of dangerous goods must be notified in advance to get Port Authority’s permission.

Choose an option

(IMDG Code) Temporal storage of packaged dangerous goods or in transport units is allowed at port facilities.

Choose an option.

(IBC, IGC, IMSBC Codes) Storage of liquid/dry bulk dangerous cargo is allowed at port facilities. (including facilities under Directives SEVESO II and III)

Choose an option.

Port facilities operating or storing dangerous / hazardous / pollutant goods must have an Emergency or Contingency Plan that includes response actions to deal with emergencies arising from such type of cargoes.

Yes ☐ No ☐ Plan is named …..

Emergency or Contingency Plan that includes response actions to deal with emergencies arising from marine oil spillages (IMO Convention OPRC 1990).


Emergency or Contingency Plan that includes response actions to deal with emergencies arising from marine hazardous and noxious substances spillages (IMO Convention OPRC-HNS 1990).


Emergency/Contingency Plans of port facilities operating or storing dangerous / hazardous / pollutant goods must be linked to other Major Emergency / Contingency / Response Plans

☐ Port Plans

☐ Municipality Plans

☐ State / Region Plans

☐ National Plans



ANNEX2

Questionnaireconcerninganalysisoftheemergency/contingencyplansofthemajorports

ineachcountryoftheEuropeanUnion


THANKYOUINADVANCEFORPARTICIPATINGINOURSURVEY!!!

Map of ports this questionnaire is addressed.

PortAuthorityofValenciaAvenidadelMuelleTuria,s/n46024VALENCIA(Spain)E-MAIL:[email protected]

0. Data about Port contact person for additional information if needed.

mailto:[email protected]


Name:

Position:

E-mail:

1. Data about risks at the Port: The Ports has Plan(s) for the following risks, accidents, incidents or events that may happen in the port area (landside or waterside):

☐ Emergencies arising from accident to any personnel within port area: medical attention, evacuation, etc.

☐ Emergencies arising from personnel entrapment and or rescue (machinery, confined spaces, high angle, etc.).

☐ Emergencies arising from fire in port buildings: offices, warehouses, passenger terminals; cargo-handling equipment; electrical substations; stored non-dangerous goods, etc., etc.

☐ Emergencies arising from vehicular collisions on port roads, yards, etc. (with possible causalties; spillages; traffic cuts, etc.).

☐ Emergencies arising from accidental falling of vehicles into port waters.

☐ Emergencies arising from accidental falling of cargo during loading/unloading operations (into water or on quay).

☐ Emergencies arising from packed dangerous goods (fire, explosion, leakage, gas releases: flammable or toxic cloud, etc.).

☐ Emergencies arising from port facilities under Directives SEVESO II and III (tank farms, etc.).

☐ Emergencies arising from marine oil spillages in the port waters (IMO Convention OPRC 1990).

☐ Emergencies arising from marine hazardous and noxious substances spillages in the port waters (IMO Convention OPRC-HNS 1990).

☐ Emergencies arising from port railway incidents or accidents.

☐ Emergencies arising from collapse or damage of port infrastructure: cranes, bridges, etc..

☐ Emergencies arising from water control structure: tidal locks, dams, etc.

☐ Emergencies arising from flooding within the port area.

☐ Emergencies arising from severe weather conditions.

☐ Emergencies arising from geological hazards: earthquake, tsunami, etc.

☐ Emergencies arising from nuclear hazards (if the port is located in proximity to a nuclear power plant).

☐ Emergencies arising from a mass casualty incident.

☐ Other emergencies not specified above. Please, detail: ________________

Please, make any comments if you wish:


2. Data about own Port Emergency / Contingency Plan(s): Please specify for each own plan available the following details (i.e.: in case of several plans available a description of every single plan will be detailed):

NAME OF THE PLAN:

TIPE OF PLAN: ☐ Compulsory. Required by 1:

☐ Volunteer

SCOPE2:

APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING RISKS, ACCIDENTS, INCIDENTS OR EVENTS:

EMERGENCY MANAGED BY:

3

RESPONSE TEAMS INVOLVED IN THE PLAN

TEAM 1: 4

TEAM 2: 4

TEAM 3: 4

TEAM (N): 4

MAJOR EMERGENCY/CONTINGENCY PLAN(S): 5

PORT FACILITIES EMERGENCY/CONTINGENCY PLAN(S): 6

NATIONAL S.A.R. SERVICES INTERVENTION: 7

1

Please, indicate the legal disposition (law, regulation, etc.) that requires Port to have that Plan. 2

Please, describe the scope where the Plan is applicable: port area (landside and/or waterside); city area; region area; national waters; etc.

3 Please, indicate the position of person that acts as head emergency manager, and the administration/organization/company to which belongs.

4 Please, describe the response team: name; the administration/organization/company to which belongs; assigned tasks; available response means; etc.

5 Please, indicate the Major Plan or Major Plans that would be activated if necessary, to deal with the emergency/contingency.

6 Please, indicate if port facilities must also have a similar Plan for that kind of emergency and how that Plans are linked to Port Plan.

7 Please, in case national S.A.R. services must take part in the plan, indicate the manner the Port Plan is linked to SAR services.

Please, make any comment about the Plan if you wish. Diagrams about the Plan will be very welcomed.


3. Data about other Emergency / Contingency Plan(s) in which the Port participes:

Please specify for each plan in which Port Authority participes or takes part the following details (i.e.: in case of several plans a description of every single plan will be detailed):

NAME OF THE PLAN:

TIPE OF PLAN: ☐ Compulsory. Required by 1:

☐ Volunteer

SCOPE2:

APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING RISKS, ACCIDENTS, INCIDENTS OR EVENTS:

EMERGENCY MANAGED BY: 3

RESPONSE TEAMS INVOLVED IN THE PLAN

TEAM 1: 4

TEAM 2: 4

TEAM 3: 4

TEAM (N): 4

MAJOR EMERGENCY/CONTINGENCY PLAN(S): 5

PORT FACILITIES EMERGENCY/CONTINGENCY PLAN(S): 6

1

Please, indicate the legal disposition (law, regulation, etc.) that requires Port to have that Plan. 2

Please, describe the scope where the Plan is applicable: port area (landside and/or waterside); city area; region area; national waters; etc.

3 Please, indicate the position of person that acts as head emergency manager, and the administration/organization/company to which belongs.

4 Please, describe the response team: name; the administration/organization/company to which belongs; assigned tasks; available response means; etc.

5 Please, indicate the Major Plan or Major Plans that would be activated if necessary, to deal with the emergency/contingency.

6 Please, indicate if port facilities must also have a similar Plan for that kind of emergency and how that Plans are linked to the main Plan.

Please, make any comment about the Plan if you wish. Diagrams about the Plan will be very welcomed.


4. Data about emergency services available at the Port:

☐ Has the port an own Emergency Coordination/Response/Control Centre?.


☐ Has the port its own firefighting brigade?.


☐ Has the port its own fire water hydrant system?.


☐ Has ever the port made a drill for a mass casualty incident?.

If yes, please, detail such drill(s): Pictures about drills will be very welcomed.

☐ Has it been ever made at the port a mass evacuation drill from a cruise/ferry ship?.

If yes, please, detail such drill(s): Pictures about drills will be very welcomed.


5. Data about Dangerous / Hazardous / Pollutant Goods.

STATEMENT ANSWER Please, expand your answer if you wish:

Entrance at port of dangerous goods must be notified in advance to get Port Authority’s permission.

Choose an option

(IMDG Code) Temporal storage of packaged dangerous goods or in transport units is allowed at port facilities.

Choose an option.

In the Port area there are storage facilities for dangerous cargo in bulk.

Choose an option.

In the Port area there are storage facilities under Directives SEVESO II and III

Choose an option.



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