more on rocks and volcanoes lesson 7€¦ · metamorphism from “meta” = change and “morph”...
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MORE ON ROCKS AND VOLCANOES
LESSON 7
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Metamorphism
From “meta” = change
and “morph” = shape
The transformation of rocks at high temperatures and
pressures.
3 kinds: regional (burial), contact, hydrothermal
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Metamorphism at Plate Margins
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Metamorphism leads to changes in:
1) Rock Texture
2) Mineralogy
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Limestone
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Marble
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Sandstone
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Quartzite
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Development of foliation
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Shale
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Slate
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Schist
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Gneiss
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Runny Basalt – Shield Volcano
Thick Andesite - Stratovolcano
Thickest Rhyolite - Stratovolcano
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Side vent
Volcanic bombs
Sills Lava flow
Dikes
Eroded cone
Lava pavement (cracked/broken)
Cinder cones
Ash and tephra
Explosive eruption
Pyroclastic flow (nuée ardente)
Old lava dome
Lavas Sedimentary
rocks
Laccolith
Metamorphic rocks
Contact metamorphism
Magma chamber
Granite intrusion
(older/cold)
Mud flows
(older) Lava cone
Fracturing
Sequential ash and lava
layers
Chimney
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Shield Volcano
Big Island of Hawaii
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Cinder Cones
Sunset Crater
Near Flagstaff, AZ
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Mt. Shasta, CA
Stratovolcano or Composite Cone
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Fig. 09.24
W. W. Norton
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Volcanic Neck
Devil’s Tower, WY
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Fig. 09.29b
Crater Lake, OR – 10 km diameter
Caldera
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Intrusive Rocks
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Source; http://public.fotki.com/rlephoto/ Source: http://www.californiapictures.com/
Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
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Source: http://www.hrw.com/science/si-science/earth/tectonics/volcano/volcano/region02/index.html
Volcanos of Africa (Triangles)
Active
Not Active
Erta Ale (Eth.)
Ardoukoba (Eth.)
Lengai, Ol Doinyo
(Tanzania)
Nyamuragira Nyiragongo (DRC)
Kilmanjaro
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The 613-m-high volcano contains a 0.7 x 1.6 km, elliptical summit crater housing steep-sided pit craters.
Another larger 1.8 x 3.1 km wide depression elongated parallel to the trend of the Erta Ale range is located to the SE of the summit and is bounded by curvilinear fault scarps on the SE side.
Erta Ale, Afar
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Source: http://hotholes.tribe.net/photos/c0807e06-08f5-437c-a2e2-03aa5e65d2fe
Erta Ale is a remote and rarely visited volcano that is known currently to have an active lava lake in its summit crater.
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Still Active: Erta Ale in 2002
Source: http://hotholes.tribe.net/photos/5f765ebe-04cc-4ce8-8037-1a400feadc47
The 613 meter-high volcano contains a 0.7 x 1.6 kilometers, elliptical summit crater housing steep-sided pit craters.
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OL DOINYO LENGAI, Tanzania
Source: Global Volcanism Program web site
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Oldonyo Lengai Source: http://
www.volcanodiscovery.com/volcano-tours/
Oldoinyo Lengai erupting
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Oldoinyo Lengai: CRATER VIEW (July 26, 2004) FROM THE SUMMIT, LOOKING NORTH
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Source: http://www.mtsu.edu/%7Efbelton/2004videos.html
Ol Doinyo Lengai 2004
Lava flowing in a small channel.
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Nyiragongo, DRC
Source: http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/nyiragongo
Source: http://news/bbc.co.uk
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Nyiragongo’s lava in January 2006 (source: http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/volcano-tours/destinations/africa/zaire/nyiragongo_lava_lake/tour_details.html)
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Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Mawenzi Kibo
Source: http://www.peakware.com/
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KIBO
Source: http://www.diseno-art.com
Source: http://www.peakware.com/
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Mawenzi
Source: http://www.ewpnet.com
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What are these volcanic features?
Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/NSource:
Source: http://www.peakware.com/
Source: http://www.ewpnet.com/