morphology
DESCRIPTION
Structure of Words and the LexiconTRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Jessie Grace U. RubricoFacilitator
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word structure Rootword - car, beauty, write, near
Root + Affixes – cars, written, nearly, beautifully
parts: car + s; write + -en
near + ly; beauty + ful + ly
each part has meaning : morpheme
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morphemes –parts of words that carry meaning
- smallest unit of meaning orgrammatical function
rootword - one morpheme-word; - word cannot be divided
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Polysyllabic Words Rootword Prefix Suffix Morphemes
1. careless care -less 2
2. misleading lead mis- -ing 3
3. disloyalty loyal dis- -ty 3
4. disrespectfully respect dis- -ful; -ly 4
5. untruthfulness
6. previewer
7. shortenedPBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810
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morphemes that can stand alone
content/lexical words
– nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
function words – pronouns, prepositions,determiners, conjunctions
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affixes: prefixes, suffixes
derivational - make new words orchange their categories
inflectional – changes the form of the word but not its meaning
-indicates grammatical functionsingular/plural ; tense; comparatives; possessive
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make new words or change their categories
Noun > Adjcare care+ -ful > careful
care+ -less > careless Adj > Noun
good good + -ness > goodness lovely lovely + -ness > loveliness
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Base Suffix
Noun +-ful Adj beauty + -ful
Verb + -ment Noun establish + -ment
Verb + -er Noun do + -er; work + -er
Verb + -ive Adj prohibit + -ive
Noun + -en Verb light + -enAdjective + -en Verb short + -en
Adjective + -ness Noun good +-nessAdjective + -ly Adv beautiful + -ly
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inflectional – changes the form of the word but not its meaning
-indicates grammatical function
number : plural or singular – boys, books possession : ownership –attached to nouns tense : past or present tense
– dances, danced
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bound to nouns [Noun +] -–‘s / s’ (possessive) : Mary’s, the childrens’ - s (plural), books, boys
bound to verbs [Verb +] -s (3rd person, singular) – dances, watches-ing (present participle) – dancing, watching-ed (past tense) – danced, watched-en/-ed (past participle) - they’ve done it
bound to adjectives [Adj +] –er : darker-est : darkest
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/indefiniteness/ - a before a consonant - a boyan before a vowel - an apple
▪ /plural/ ▪ cat + /plural/ -[s] after voiceless segment: [kæts] ▪ dog + /plural/- [z] after voiced segment : [dɔgz]
[dɒgz]▪ judge + /plural/-[әz] after voiced segment
sheep + /plural/ - sheep + Ø : sheep man + /plural/ - æ > ε : men
(suppletion)
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morpheme
free
content/lexical
function
boundderivational
inflectional
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storage of words in a language; dictionarycontents:
phonological information/pronunciation
meaning, related words, sentence use
spelling
etymology (historical development) > not contain in the mental lexicon
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phonological information
sounds and phonotactics
semantic information– meaning
morphological information –formation of relations in word: past tense (V), plural (N)
syntactic information -category (noun or verb) and usage
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Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
lexical morphemes denote concepts like objects, actions,
attributes, ideas, etc.
semantic content (meaning)
open class words – add new words: download, byte, email
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Function words : determiners/ articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
grammatical function- connect words to other words or phrases
closed class-articles a/an and the – marks definiteness/indef of nouns
preposition of -marks possession, etc.
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NounsAdjectivesVerbs-Adverbs – modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs –
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pronouns Personal pronouns – person- first, second, third Demonstrative – this, these; that, those Interrogative pronouns – who, what, etc. Relative pronouns –who, that, which, whose,
whom –related to the preceding NP Indefinite pronouns – someone, anyone,
everyone, somebody, etc pronouns: used independently, not as modifiers
of other words
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Determiners – precede nouns: def/indef articles– a, the demonstratives : this, that, these, those possessives : my, our, your, her, his, their interrogatives: which what, whose
Prepositions- typically precede nouns; give information about time, place, etc.
Conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions –and, but, or – conjoin words of the same category - subordinating conjunctions – that, whenever,
while, becausePBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810
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Lexical/grammatical categories1. words with parallel book –books ; dog - dogs nouns
forms belong to tall- taller-tallest adjectives
the same category small-smaller-smallest verbs
walk – walks, walked
play-plays-played
2. co-occurrence-
Nouns preceded by a determiner the cat, my car, an egg
take plural forms
regular book-books
irregular tooth – teeth, sheep-sheep
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Lexicalcategories
Verbs preceded by modals will, can, may, might, etc
Adjectives take very, or too; more, the most
3. relying on the meaning or function
nouns name persons, places, things, etc.
adjectives name qualities or properties of nouns
verbs -describe action
transitive – requires a noun phrase after it (object)
Intransitive – does not require a noun after it
adverbs – modifying adjectives swiftly, sweetly, courageously, usually, quickly; very/too tall
modifying verbs often; here, soon, now
modifying adverbs very soon, really incredible
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grammatical categories
pronouns personal person- first, second, third
demonstrative this, these; that, those
interrogative who, what, etc.
relative- relates to the preceding NP
who, that, which, whose, whom–
indefinite someone, anyone, somebody determiners:precede nouns
def/indef articles the, a, an
demonstratives this, that, these, thosepossessives my, our, your, herinterrogatives which what, whose
prepositions -typically precede a nounconjunctions-conjunctions coordinating conjunctions and, but, or
-conjoin words of the same category-subordinators subordinating conjunctions that, whenever, while,
because
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McGregor, William B. 2009. Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
O'Grady, William D., Archibald, John, [eds.] (2009). Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 6th edition. Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
Yule G. 2006. The study of language. Cambridge: CUP.
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