MorphologyMorphologyMorphological analysisMorphological analysis

Linguistics 200Linguistics 200

Spring 2003Spring 2003

  

  

Ann Landers: linguistic issuesAnn Landers: linguistic issues

• What are the rules for forming words in What are the rules for forming words in English? e.g.English? e.g.• which words can be suffixed with –est?which words can be suffixed with –est?• which words can be prefixed with re-?which words can be prefixed with re-?

• Variation among native speakersVariation among native speakers

Morphological competenceMorphological competence • What native speakers know about well-formed wordsWhat native speakers know about well-formed words

• Possible vs. impossible wordsPossible vs. impossible words• Prevent Los Angelization Now (PLAN)Prevent Los Angelization Now (PLAN)• ““Kinko’s, the new way to office”Kinko’s, the new way to office”

• Properties of wordsProperties of words• appropriate context for use (part of speech) appropriate context for use (part of speech) • meanings; e.g. meanings; e.g. unfoldableunfoldable  

• ‘‘not foldable’ or ‘capable of being unfolded’not foldable’ or ‘capable of being unfolded’

Defining ‘word’Defining ‘word’

• Problems with white space definitionProblems with white space definition• Inconsistency in languages with writing systemsInconsistency in languages with writing systems

• footnotefootnote• road rageroad rage• time-depthtime-depth

• Languages without writing systemsLanguages without writing systems

• Syntactic testsSyntactic tests• Answer to questions: Answer to questions:

• what is that an example of? road ragewhat is that an example of? road rage

• Phonological testsPhonological tests

Morphemes (signs)Morphemes (signs)

• Smallest form (sound, sign) associated with a Smallest form (sound, sign) associated with a particular meaningparticular meaning spoken languages, ‘morpheme’ spoken languages, ‘morpheme’

[fl[flwrwr] ] [liv-z] [liv-z]

sign languages, ‘sign’sign languages, ‘sign’

Examples of morphemesExamples of morphemes

kindkind 1 morpheme: kind1 morpheme: kind

underunder 1 morpheme: under1 morpheme: under

unkindunkind 2 morphemes: kind, un-2 morphemes: kind, un-

reddenredden 2 morphemes: red, -en2 morphemes: red, -en

Los AngelizationLos Angelization 3 morphemes: Los Angeles, -ize, 3 morphemes: Los Angeles, -ize, -ation-ation

Morpheme Morpheme syllable syllable

# morphemes# morphemes # syllables# syllables

catcat 11 11

cats (cat, -s)cats (cat, -s) 22 11

cartoncarton 11 22

smarten (smart, -en)smarten (smart, -en) 22 22

sycamoresycamore 11 33

hamamelidanthemumhamamelidanthemum 11 77

Free vs. bound morphemes Free vs. bound morphemes free:free: can stand alone as separate words can stand alone as separate words

certain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamorecertain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamore  

bound:bound: cannot stand alone as separate words cannot stand alone as separate words//n/- negative (unkind); reverse (unfold)n/- negative (unkind); reverse (unfold)//n/- negativen/- negative-/-/yz/ ‘to cause to become’yz/ ‘to cause to become’-/z/ plural-/z/ plural

bound morphemes represented with hyphenbound morphemes represented with hyphen

Affix vs. root morphemesAffix vs. root morphemes

RootsRoots • can be bound or freecan be bound or free

• major (referential) component of word meaning major (referential) component of word meaning • phonology: phonology: typicallytypically have longer, more complex have longer, more complex

shapes than affixesshapes than affixes

stadium, sycamore, hamamelidanthemum stadium, sycamore, hamamelidanthemum • most words contain a root morphememost words contain a root morpheme

Affix typesAffix types PrefixesPrefixes--added to the left of a root: --added to the left of a root:

//n/- (un) negative n/- (un) negative 

SuffixesSuffixes---added to the right of a root:---added to the right of a root:-/ayz/ ‘to cause to become’, -/z/ plural-/ayz/ ‘to cause to become’, -/z/ plural

InfixesInfixes---added within a root---added within a root

Not all words contain affixesNot all words contain affixes Words may contain more than one affixWords may contain more than one affix

Some common morphological Some common morphological processesprocesses

AffixationAffixation root – suffixroot – suffix prefix – rootprefix – root r- infix -ootr- infix -oot

CompoundingCompounding

Sahaptin verbsIdentify all morphemes. Long vowels are transcribed here [] (instead of [:]).

nnwišwiššš 'I'm hungry''I'm hungry'

nnwišwišmm 'you're hungry''you're hungry'

iinnwišwiš 'he/she is hungry''he/she is hungry'

nnwišwišttšš 'we are hungry''we are hungry'

nnwišwišppmm 'you (folks) are hungry''you (folks) are hungry'

ppnnwišwiš 'they're hungry''they're hungry'

ppyúwišyúwišmm ‘‘you’re sick, hurt’you’re sick, hurt’

ppyúwišyúwiššš ‘‘I’m sick, hurt’I’m sick, hurt’

ppppyúwišyúwiš ‘‘they’re sick, hurt’they’re sick, hurt’

Morphological analysisMorphological analysis

More Sahaptin verbsMore Sahaptin verbsipnúšipnúš ‘‘he/she is sleeping’he/she is sleeping’

ipnúnipnún ‘‘he/she usually sleeps’he/she usually sleeps’

ipnútipnút ‘‘he/she will sleep’he/she will sleep’

ipnúnipnún ‘‘he/she slept’he/she slept’

pnúnpnúnmm ‘‘you slept’you slept’

pnut’pnut’wwss ‘‘bed’bed’

pnupnu ‘‘sleeper, one who sleeps’sleeper, one who sleeps’

pnunpnun ‘‘insomniac’insomniac’

wwššnn ‘‘wild horse’wild horse’

túptúpn pn pwwšššš?? ‘‘what are they riding on?’what are they riding on?’

wwššt’t’wwss ‘‘saddle’saddle’

[] = voiceless uvular fricative

Revised morphological analysisRevised morphological analysis

CompoundingCompounding • [root][root] [root][root]  

nounnoun verbverb adjectiveadjective

nounnoun ground crewground crew gift wrapgift wrap skin-deepskin-deep

verbverb thinktankthinktank stirfrystirfry ??

adjectiveadjective high schoolhigh school dry-cleandry-clean red-hotred-hot

Compounds in SahaptinCompounds in Sahaptin

k'tk'tt pt pššww ‘‘shale’shale’ k’tk’tt ‘solid, t ‘solid, hard’hard’

ppššww ‘rock’ ‘rock’

k'k'nk pcnk pcšš ‘‘gate’gate’ k’k’nk nk ‘barricading’‘barricading’

pcpcšš ‘door’ ‘door’

tin siiltin siil ‘‘flannel’flannel’ tiin ‘diaper tiin ‘diaper cloth’cloth’

siil ‘fabric’siil ‘fabric’

ppp p ttmnmn

‘‘palm of palm of hand’hand’

ppp ‘hand, p ‘hand, arm’arm’

ttmnmn ‘heart’‘heart’

Allomorphs of a morpheme Allomorphs of a morpheme

A morpheme may have more than one A morpheme may have more than one phonological shape. English plural suffix:phonological shape. English plural suffix:

-[-[z]z] -[s]-[s] -[z]-[z]

[f[fncnczz]] [k[kæættss]] [d[dggzz]]

[pr[prsszz]] [s[skkss]] [[ššuuzz]]

[[zz]] [d[dffndndntntss]] [loyr[loyrzz]]

AllomorphsAllomorphs

sibilant___sibilant___ voiceless___voiceless___ voiced___voiced___

-[-[z]z] -[s]-[s] -[z]-[z]

English sibilants = [s z š ž c ]

Distribution of allomorphs of English plural suffix:

Underlying representationUnderlying representation

The forms of the English plural suffix are The forms of the English plural suffix are predictable from context.predictable from context.

The plural suffix has a basic representation: The plural suffix has a basic representation: -/z/-/z/

Phonology

• /z/ [s] / voiceless___ (assimilation)

• Ø [] / sibilant ___ sibilant (epenthesis)

AllomorphsAllomorphs

• Phonological rules can also convert one phoneme into another (morphophonemics)

• /z/ [s] / voiceless___

Sahaptin perfect suffixSahaptin perfect suffiximperfectiveimperfective perfectperfect

iiyyííkkš ‘‘he/she is he/she is sitting’sitting’

iiyyííkkš ‘‘he/she has he/she has sat’sat’

iwiwnpnpš ‘‘he/she is he/she is receiving’receiving’

iwiwnpnpš ‘‘he/she has he/she has received’received’

iq’iq’wwš ‘‘he/she is he/she is burping’burping’

iq’iq’wwš ‘‘he/she has he/she has burped’burped’

iwiwš ‘‘he/she is he/she is rejecting’rejecting’

iwiwyy ‘‘he/she has he/she has rejected’rejected’

ipnipnúúš ‘‘he/she is he/she is sleeping’sleeping’

ipnipnúúww ‘‘he/she has he/she has slept’slept’

ipipwwííš ‘‘he/she is he/she is thinking’thinking’

ipipwwííyy ‘‘he/she has he/she has thought’thought’

Allomorphs of perfect suffixAllomorphs of perfect suffix

allomorphallomorph contextcontext

/// / [ [šš] /] /šš/ / [ []]

Underlying representation of Underlying representation of perfect suffixperfect suffix

Underlying representations of Underlying representations of perfect suffixperfect suffix

-/-/šš/ is added to consonant final roots/ is added to consonant final roots -/ya/ is added to vowel final roots-/ya/ is added to vowel final roots

/y/ /y/ [w] / u ___ (assimilation) [w] / u ___ (assimilation)

Summary of morphology (so far)Summary of morphology (so far)

New terminology: morpheme, root, affix, New terminology: morpheme, root, affix, bound, freebound, free

Morphological processes: affixation, Morphological processes: affixation, compoundingcompounding

Morphological analysisMorphological analysis Allomorphs of morphemesAllomorphs of morphemes