Morphology Unit 1 Microbes, Protists, and Fungi Unit 1 Microbes, Protists, and Fungi Ch 23 Bacteria Prokaryotes - single cell organisms without a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. All bacteria are prokaryotic and are the earliest known group of living organisms. There are 2 branches of bacteria Eubacteria - What we think of when we hear the word bacteria Archaebacteria - (archaea) bacteria that lives in extreme conditions. Prokaryotes - single cell organisms without a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. All bacteria are prokaryotic and are the earliest known group of living organisms. There are 2 branches of bacteria Eubacteria - What we think of when we hear the word bacteria Archaebacteria - (archaea) bacteria that lives in extreme conditions. Archaea Structure Cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan (a protein carbohydrate compound that makes up most cell walls). Have different amino acids and lipids than other bacteria. Structure Cells walls do not contain peptidoglycan (a protein carbohydrate compound that makes up most cell walls). Have different amino acids and lipids than other bacteria. Archaea 3 major archaeal groups - Methanogens - convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane. Oxygen is poisonous to them, so they live in anaerobic (oxygen free) environments Swamps, bottom of water, cow intestines Halophiles - salt loving archaea Great salt lake, dead sea Thermoachidophiles - acidic environments with high temperatures Hot springs, ocean floor vents 3 major archaeal groups - Methanogens - convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane. Oxygen is poisonous to them, so they live in anaerobic (oxygen free) environments Swamps, bottom of water, cow intestines Halophiles - salt loving archaea Great salt lake, dead sea Thermoachidophiles - acidic environments with high temperatures Hot springs, ocean floor vents Bacteria Structure Three basic shapes Rod shaped - bacilli Sphere shaped - cocci, in chains - streptococci (strept throat), clusters - staphylococci (staph infection) Spiral shaped - spirilla Structure Three basic shapes Rod shaped - bacilli Sphere shaped - cocci, in chains - streptococci (strept throat), clusters - staphylococci (staph infection) Spiral shaped - spirilla Bacteria Types Proteobacteria - Nitrogen Fixing bacteria Gram-positive - use to make antibiotics and other medicines, can kill people, makes milk sour. Cyanobacterias - use photosynthesis, give off oxygen, offer food to freshwater ecosystems Spirochetes - Gram negative, spiral shaped, causes diseases Chlamidia - Gram negative coccid pathogen, depend and live on animal cell for survival. Types Proteobacteria - Nitrogen Fixing bacteria Gram-positive - use to make antibiotics and other medicines, can kill people, makes milk sour. Cyanobacterias - use photosynthesis, give off oxygen, offer food to freshwater ecosystems Spirochetes - Gram negative, spiral shaped, causes diseases Chlamidia - Gram negative coccid pathogen, depend and live on animal cell for survival. Bacteria Structure and Function Cell wall - for shape and protection Cell membrane - lipid bilayers (selectively permeable), many metabolic functions occur here NO membrane bound organelles DNA - single closed loop attached to one point in the cell membrane Has plasmids - small circular self replicating DNA loops Endospore - thick coated resistant structure contains DNA to help survival Capsules - polysaccharides (sugars) to bind to cell wall and protect against chemicals and drying out Pili - hair-like proteins on surface to help to connect to other objects Move by: flagella, slime or corkscrew rotations Cell wall - for shape and protection Cell membrane - lipid bilayers (selectively permeable), many metabolic functions occur here NO membrane bound organelles DNA - single closed loop attached to one point in the cell membrane Has plasmids - small circular self replicating DNA loops Endospore - thick coated resistant structure contains DNA to help survival Capsules - polysaccharides (sugars) to bind to cell wall and protect against chemicals and drying out Pili - hair-like proteins on surface to help to connect to other objects Move by: flagella, slime or corkscrew rotations Bacteria cont. Bacteria gets its food Ch 24 Viruses Virus - a nonliving particle made up of a nucleic acid and protein/lipid-protein coat. Causes many disease in living organisms Useful tools for genetic research which started in the late 1800s Appeared after living cells. Virus - a nonliving particle made up of a nucleic acid and protein/lipid-protein coat. Causes many disease in living organisms Useful tools for genetic research which started in the late 1800s Appeared after living cells. Viral Characteristics Lack all organelles and a cytoplasm Cannot carry out cellular functions (metabolism and homeostasis) Do not grow by dividing Cannot reproduce outside of host cell (do have DNA or RNA) Use host cells ribosomes, ATP and enzymes to reproduce Usually contains a protein coat and a nucleic acid core. Lack all organelles and a cytoplasm Cannot carry out cellular functions (metabolism and homeostasis) Do not grow by dividing Cannot reproduce outside of host cell (do have DNA or RNA) Use host cells ribosomes, ATP and enzymes to reproduce Usually contains a protein coat and a nucleic acid core. Viral Structure/Size Some of the smallest particles able to cause diseases Capsid: (protein coat) is the only covering of most viruses, acts as protection Helix - rabies, measles Icosahedrons - 20 triangular faces and 12 corners (adenovirus) Spherical - influenza virus Envelope: bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsid (AIDS, chicken pox, HIV) Some of the smallest particles able to cause diseases Capsid: (protein coat) is the only covering of most viruses, acts as protection Helix - rabies, measles Icosahedrons - 20 triangular faces and 12 corners (adenovirus) Spherical - influenza virus Envelope: bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsid (AIDS, chicken pox, HIV) Classification and Replication Viruses are classified by DNA or RNA single stranded or double stranded DNA/RNA linear or circular DNA/RNA Membrane bound envelop or not. Replication Spread by air, water, food, or body fluids Lifeless with no control over its movement without a host Envelopes act as lock and key with hosts Attaches and then takes over cell Provirus - insertion of viral DNA to create viral proteins Insertion of viral RNA infects cells RNA (retroviruses) Bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria Viruses are classified by DNA or RNA single stranded or double stranded DNA/RNA linear or circular DNA/RNA Membrane bound envelop or not. Replication Spread by air, water, food, or body fluids Lifeless with no control over its movement without a host Envelopes act as lock and key with hosts Attaches and then takes over cell Provirus - insertion of viral DNA to create viral proteins Insertion of viral RNA infects cells RNA (retroviruses) Bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Lytic Cycle - a virus invades a host cell, produces new viruses and ruptures the host cell when releasing newly formed viruses. Lysogenic cycle - an infection that allows viruses to hide in their host for days, months or years. Viruses that only reproduce by the lysogenic cycle are called Temperate viruses. Lytic Cycle - a virus invades a host cell, produces new viruses and ruptures the host cell when releasing newly formed viruses. Lysogenic cycle - an infection that allows viruses to hide in their host for days, months or years. Viruses that only reproduce by the lysogenic cycle are called Temperate viruses. Viroids and Prions Viroids - smallest known particle able to replicate, infect plants, and do not have a capsid. Only contains RNA Prions - infectious protein particles that dont have a genome, convert normal brain proteins into prion particles. (only contains a protein.) Causes a number of degenerative brain diseases Creutzfeldt-Jakob, mad cow disease Viroids - smallest known particle able to replicate, infect plants, and do not have a capsid. Only contains RNA Prions - infectious protein particles that dont have a genome, convert normal brain proteins into prion particles. (only contains a protein.) Causes a number of degenerative brain diseases Creutzfeldt-Jakob, mad cow disease Ch 25 Protista Protists single celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom. Some of the oldest eukaryotic cells are protists. Protists single celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom. Some of the oldest eukaryotic cells are protists. Protist Characteristics Unicellular or multicellular Most protists are unicellular (amoeba) with few being multicellular (brown algae). Nutrition Most protists are autotrophs (can make their own food) the same way plants are, but some are heterotrophs (eating other organisms or their byproducts and remains). Motility/Movement Flagella dinoflagellates use flagella), cilia, pseudopodia, extending structures 9amoebas use to move. Unicellular or multicellular Most protists are unicellular (amoeba) with few being multicellular (brown algae). Nutrition Most protists are autotrophs (can make their own food) the same way plants are, but some are heterotrophs (eating other organisms or their byproducts and remains). Motility/Movement Flagella dinoflagellates use flagella), cilia, pseudopodia, extending structures 9amoebas use to move. Reproduction Most reproduce asexually Binary fission a single cell divides into two Multiple fission produces more than two offspring Some reproduce sexually Conjugation two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus. Most reproduce asexually Binary fission a single cell divides into two Multiple fission produces more than two offspring Some reproduce sexually Conjugation two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus. Animal-like Protists Animal like protists are sometimes called protzoa the move about capturing and consuming prey. Pseodopodia a large, rounded cytoplasmic extension that function both in movement and feeding. Hundreds of species in freshwater, marine environments, soil, and inside humans. Animal like protists are sometimes called protzoa the move about capturing and consuming prey. Pseodopodia a large, rounded cytoplasmic extension that function both in movement and feeding. Hundreds of species in freshwater, marine environments, soil, and inside humans. Animal-like Protists cont. Others are called Paramecium, found in ponds and streams feeding on decaying organic matter, bacteria, algae, and other small organisms. Mouth pore sucks in food into the gullet (stomache) Undigested material exits through the anal pore, excess water gets released from the contactile vacuoles. Macronucleus contains the DNA Micronucleus participates in the exchange of genetic material during conjugatoin. Others are called Paramecium, found in ponds and streams feeding on decaying organic matter, bacteria, algae, and other small organisms. Mouth pore sucks in food into the gullet (stomache) Undigested material exits through the anal pore, excess water gets released from the contactile vacuoles. Macronucleus contains the DNA Micronucleus participates in the exchange of genetic material during conjugatoin. Plantlike Protists Many plantlike protists are called algae and are autotrophic. Reproduction-have single-celled gamete chambers (gametangia) instead of multicellular. Have chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis Unicellular aglae- one single cell that are free- living aquatic organisms (phytoplankton) Colonial Algae groups of cells working in a coordinated manner. Some cells become specialized. Filamentous algae Multicellular, slender, rod- shaped with celled joined end to end. Multicellular algae (kelp and seaweeds)- unusually large and complex, look most like plants. Many plantlike protists are called algae and are autotrophic. Reproduction-have single-celled gamete chambers (gametangia) instead of multicellular. Have chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis Unicellular aglae- one single cell that are free- living aquatic organisms (phytoplankton) Colonial Algae groups of cells working in a coordinated manner. Some cells become specialized. Filamentous algae Multicellular, slender, rod- shaped with celled joined end to end. Multicellular algae (kelp and seaweeds)- unusually large and complex, look most like plants. Algae The most well known plantlike protist Algae are autotrophic protists. (make their own food) Can be found in salt water Can be found in fresh water. Can have specialized structures for reproduction, movement and anchoring itself. The most well known plantlike protist Algae are autotrophic protists. (make their own food) Can be found in salt water Can be found in fresh water. Can have specialized structures for reproduction, movement and anchoring itself. Plantlike Protists cont. Other organelles that help perform lifes functions: Cell walls made of cellulose shells Chlorophyll and other Pigments to help with photosynthesis Some have high resistant cysts allowing them to live in extreme environments Some are plantlike and animal like Euglena - have chlorophyll but no cell wall, have a vacuole, have a cell membrane. In light they have chloroplasts (autotrophic) but in the dark they dont and are heterotrophic. Other organelles that help perform lifes functions: Cell walls made of cellulose shells Chlorophyll and other Pigments to help with photosynthesis Some have high resistant cysts allowing them to live in extreme environments Some are plantlike and animal like Euglena - have chlorophyll but no cell wall, have a vacuole, have a cell membrane. In light they have chloroplasts (autotrophic) but in the dark they dont and are heterotrophic. Fungus-like Protists Slime molds Is a mass of cytoplasm that oozes around obstacles. Move as independent organisms (move like amoebas) The feeding stage of slime molds have multiple nuclei and is known as a multinucleate. Some look like slugs and leave slime behind them. Water molds Parasitic Undergo sexual reproduction as well as asexually reproduction Cell walls Similar enzymes and biological pathways Slime molds Is a mass of cytoplasm that oozes around obstacles. Move as independent organisms (move like amoebas) The feeding stage of slime molds have multiple nuclei and is known as a multinucleate. Some look like slugs and leave slime behind them. Water molds Parasitic Undergo sexual reproduction as well as asexually reproduction Cell walls Similar enzymes and biological pathways Examples of Protists Kelp Seaweed amoeba Kelp forest Ch. 26 Fungi Fungi - eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms. Most are multicellular and heterotrophs. Main types Molds - can grow on bread and are tangled masses of filaments of cells (known as Zygomycota) Yeasts -unicellular fungi whose colonies resemble bacteria (make bread rise) Important in industry Used to make bread (yeast), produce antibiotics (molds), to manufacture gasohol. Fungi - eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms. Most are multicellular and heterotrophs. Main types Molds - can grow on bread and are tangled masses of filaments of cells (known as Zygomycota) Yeasts -unicellular fungi whose colonies resemble bacteria (make bread rise) Important in industry Used to make bread (yeast), produce antibiotics (molds), to manufacture gasohol. Fungi Obtaining Nutrients Fungi get their nutrients by absorbing organic molecules (usually from dead organisms) from their environment through their cells walls. (outside to inside) They store nutrients in the form of glycogen. Known as the recyclers of organic material in nature. Fungi get their nutrients by absorbing organic molecules (usually from dead organisms) from their environment through their cells walls. (outside to inside) They store nutrients in the form of glycogen. Known as the recyclers of organic material in nature. Structure of Fungi Hyphae individual filaments of fungi that make up a mycelium. Cell walls that contain chitin (same thing that makes up exoskeleton of insects). Most fungi have the ability to exist in two different forms. (dimorphism) They do not have chloroplasts The do not produce their own food (heterotrophic). Hyphae individual filaments of fungi that make up a mycelium. Cell walls that contain chitin (same thing that makes up exoskeleton of insects). Most fungi have the ability to exist in two different forms. (dimorphism) They do not have chloroplasts The do not produce their own food (heterotrophic). Fungi Reproduction Asexual reproduce thousands of genetically identical haploid cells. Can reproduce with protective sacs (sporangiophores) This is where the spores form. (plural = sporangia) Can reproduce from spores without sacs (conidia). Can also reproduce by hypha drying and shattering to spread and release spores (fragmentation) Budding- part of a yeast cell pinches itself off to produce a small offspring cell Asexual reproduce thousands of genetically identical haploid cells. Can reproduce with protective sacs (sporangiophores) This is where the spores form. (plural = sporangia) Can reproduce from spores without sacs (conidia). Can also reproduce by hypha drying and shattering to spread and release spores (fragmentation) Budding- part of a yeast cell pinches itself off to produce a small offspring cell Fungi Reproduction cont. Sexual reproduction Many fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexual. Sexually- when two different mating types of the same breed come in contact fungi will reproduce sexually for genetic variation, and increased survival ability. Being able to reproduce both ways is extremely advantageous. Whatever the environment conditions are, the fungi can reproduce. Sexual reproduction Many fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexual. Sexually- when two different mating types of the same breed come in contact fungi will reproduce sexually for genetic variation, and increased survival ability. Being able to reproduce both ways is extremely advantageous. Whatever the environment conditions are, the fungi can reproduce. Fungi Evolution Fungi were first thought to be unicellular and clung together after mitosis. Scientists believe Fungi evolved from prokaryotes. Fungi are probably as old as plants. 640mya. Fungi were first thought to be unicellular and clung together after mitosis. Scientists believe Fungi evolved from prokaryotes. Fungi are probably as old as plants. 640mya. Examples of Fungi MoldsYeasts