Protists and Fungi

Protists

Algal Blooms

Fungi

Table of Contents

Protists and Fungi

OutliningAs you read, make an outline about protists that you can use for review. Use the red section headings for the main topics and the blue headings for the subtopics.

ProtistsI. What Is a Protist?II. Animal-Like Protists

A. Protozoans With PseudopodsB. Protozoans With CiliaC. Protozoans With FlagellaD. Protozoans That Are Parasites

III. Plantlike ProtistsA. DiatomsB. DinoflagellatesC. EuglenoidsD. Red AlgaeE. Green AlgaeF. Brown Algae

IV. Fungus-Like ProtistsA. Slime MoldsB. Water MoldsC. Downy Mildews

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Protists and Fungi

ProtistsWhat is a Protist? Pg. 189

1.Sentences that are true about protists.•All protists are eukaryotes, organisms that have cells with nuclei.•Some protists are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs, and some are both.

2.Lists the three categories into which scientists group protists.

a. Animal-like protists

b. Plant-like protists

c. Fungus-like protists

Protists and Fungi

ProtistsAnimal-Like Protists Pg. 189-192

3. Circle the letter of each characteristic that animal-like protists share with animals.•heterotroph•movement

4. Another name for an animal-like protist is _____.

protozoan

5. Describe how a sarcodine, such as an amoeba, gets food.

They extend a pseudopod on each side of the food particle. The two pseudopods join together, trapping the particle inside.

Protists and Fungi

Animal-Like Protists

Amoebas are sarcodines that live in either water or soil. They feed on bacteria and smaller protists.

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Protists and Fungi

Protists

6. Circle the letter of the cell part in an ameoba that removes excess water.

contractile vacuole

7.Paramecia have more than one nucleus.

True

8. Amoeba:

C- pseudopods

9. Paramecium:

A- cilia

10. Flagellate:

B- flagella

Protists and Fungi

Animal-Like Protists

Paramecia are ciliates that live mostly in fresh water. Like amoebas, paramecia feed on bacteria and smaller protists.

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Protists and Fungi

Plantlike Protists

The euglena is a common euglenoid that lives in fresh water. In sunlight, many euglenas can make their own food. Without sunlight, they obtain food from their environment.

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Protists

11. Flagellates living in symbiosis always harm the animal in which they live.

False

12.Protozoans that are _______ feed on the cells and body fluids of their hosts.

parasites

13. Protozoans that are parasites never have more than one host.

False

Protists and Fungi

ProtistsPlant-Like Protists Pg. 193-195

14. Plant-like protists are commonly called _____.

algae

15. Like plants, plant-like protists are_____; most are able to use the sun’s energy to make their own food.

autotrophs

Protists and Fungi

Plantlike Protists

Giant kelps are brown algae that have many plantlike structures.

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Protists and Fungi

Protists

16. Table about the different types of plantlike protists:

Diatoms:•Unicellular•They have glass-like cell walls; move by gliding in slime oozed from slits in their cell walls.

Dinoflagellates:•Unicellular •They are surrounded by stiff plates, have a variety of color, have two flagella

Eugleniods: •Unicellular•Green, can be heterotrophs; have flagella

Protists and Fungi

ProtistsRed algae:•Multicellular•Red pigment; found at deep ocean depths

Green algae:•Multicellular and unicellular•Lives in colonies; is green; lives in fresh or salt water or moist areas on land.

Brown algae:•Multicellular•Green, yellow, orange, and brown in color; has plantlike structures; lives in cool, rocky water

Protists and Fungi

ProtistsFungus-like Protists Pg.196-197

17. Sentences that are true about funguslike protists. • Funguslike protists are heterotrophs.• Funguslike protists use spores to reproduce.

18. List three types of funguslike protists.

a. slime molds

b. downy mildews

c. water molds

Protists and Fungi

Protists

19. Where do most water molds and downy mildews live?

Most water molds live in water or moist places.

20. Circle the letter of each place where slime molds live.•moist soil •decaying plants

Protists and Fungi

As you read, compare and contrast the two types of algal blooms in a table like the one below.

- Algal Blooms

Algal BloomsProperties Saltwater Blooms Freshwater Blooms

Causes

Effects Toxins concentrated in fish and shellfish that eat algae can cause illness to people and other large organisms when they consume the fish or shellfish.

Increase in nutrients or temperature

Nutrients build up, causing a rapid increase in algae growth.

Fish and other organisms in the water die.

Comparing and Contrasting

Protists and Fungi

Algal BloomsSaltwater Blooms Pg. 199

1. Sentences that are true about saltwater algal blooms.•Saltwater algal blooms are commonly called red tides.•Dinoflagellates and diatoms are two kinds of algae that often cause red tides.

2. List two conditions that often cause red tides to occur.

A.An increase of nutrients in the water

B.An increase in ocean temperature

Protists and Fungi

Algal Blooms3. Why are red tides dangerous to people and other organisms?

The algae produces toxins that become concentrated in the fish and shellfish that eat the algae. When people or other organisms eat the fish and shellfish, they can become seriously ill or even die.

Freshwater Blooms Pg. 200

4.In a process called _________nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, build up in a lake or pond over time, causing an increase in the growth of algae.

eutrophication

Protists and Fungi

Algal Blooms

5. Flowchart:

Algae on the water’s surface prevent _____from reaching plants and other algae underwater. These plants ____and sink to the bottom.

• Sunlight• Die

_______that break down the remains of the dead plants increase in number and use up all the _____ in the water.

• Bacteria• Oxygen

Fish and other organisms ____without the _____they need to survive.

• Die• Oxygen

Protists and Fungi

Question AnswerWhat are fungi? Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell

walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.

How do fungi reproduce? Fungi reproduce by making spores.

What is the role of fungi in nature? Fungi are important decomposers and recyclers.

Asking QuestionsBefore you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions.

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Protists and Fungi

What Are Fungi?

Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce. The cells of most fungi are arranged in a structure called hyphae.

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Protists and Fungi

FungiWhat are Fungi? Pg. 202-204

1. Sentences that are true about fungi.• They are eukaryotes• Most use spores to reproduce

2. What are three examples of fungi?

Some examples of fungi are cricket-killing fungus, bread mold, mushrooms, yeast, and bracket fungi.

Protists and Fungi

Fungi

3. The cells of fungi are arranged in branching, threadlike tubes called _____.

hyphae

4. Fuzzy-looking molds that grow on food have hyphae that are packet tightly together.

False-loosely tangled

5. Identify the structures on the mushroom.

Starting from the top:

Cap

Gills

Stalk

Hyphae

Underground Hyphae

Protists and Fungi

Fungi

6. Describe the process by which a fungus feeds.

Hyphae from the fungus grow into a food source. Digestive chemicals ooze from the hyphae into the food. The digestive chemicals break down the food so the hyphae can absorb it.

7. Some fungi are parasites.

True

Protists and Fungi

What Are Fungi?

Fungi absorb food through hyphae that grow into the food source.

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Protists and Fungi

FungiReproduction in Fungi Pg. 204-205

8. Most fungi reproduce by making _____.

spores

9. Yeast cells reproduce asexually in a process called ____.

budding

10. Fungi reproduce sexually when growing conditions become unfavorable.

True

Protists and Fungi

Fungi

11. What are the three major groups of fungi?

A. Sac fungi

B. Club fungi

C. Zygote fungi

The Role of Fungus in Nature Pg. 206

12. Fungi that are ______break down the chemicals in dead organisms.

decomposers

13. Certain kinds of fungi cause diseases in plants and humans.

True

Protists and Fungi

Fungi

14. Some molds produce______, substances that kill bacteria.

antibiotics

15. How do some fungi help plants grow larger and healthier?

The fungi’s hyphae grow among the plant’s roots and absorb water and nutrients from the soil for the plant.

Protists and Fungi

Fungi

16. An organism that consists of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship is a _____. The fungus provides the algae or autotrophic bacteria with ______. The algae or autrotrophic bacteria provide the fungus with _____.

• Lichen• Shelter, water and minerals• Food

Protists and Fungi

Fungi

Key Terms

A. Budding

B. Pseudopod

C. Symbiosis

D. Eutrophication

E. Fruiting bodies

F. Pigment

G. Mutualism

H. Cilia

I. Algal bloom

Protists and Fungi

Fungi and Trees

A biologist conducted an experiment to see how root-associated fungi affect the growth of four different tree species. Each species was divided into two groups–trees grown with root-associated fungi and trees grown without the fungi.

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Protists and Fungi

Fungi and Trees

By measuring average height in meters

Reading Graphs:

How did the biologist measure tree growth?

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Protists and Fungi

Fungi and Trees

Those grown with root-associated fungi.

Interpreting Data:

For each species, which group of trees showed more growth?

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Protists and Fungi

Fungi and Trees

About 5 meters

Calculating:

What is the average height difference between sour orange trees that grew with root-associated fungi and those that grew without fungi?

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Protists and Fungi

Fungi and Trees

About 1.5 meters

Calculating:

What is the height difference between avocado trees that grew with and without the fungi?

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Protists and Fungi

Fungi and Trees

Root-associated fungi improve or enhance tree growth.

Drawing Conclusions:

Based on this experiment, how do root-associated fungi affect tree growth?

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Protists and Fungi

Graphic Organizer

Algal growth increases.

Layer of algae prevents sunlight from reaching plants and other algae beneath. These plants and algae die.

Decomposers increase in number and use upoxygen in the water.

Excess nutrients flow into a lake.

Fish and other organisms in the water die.