mortem et gloriam army lists - byzantine - the wargames … … · · 2018-01-061 dates 0-3...

Army Lists

BYZANTIUM

Contents

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Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists

Historical Introduction

1 Dates0-1 Terrain0-3 Camp

Min

Mandatory Optional Max

Experienced 0 4,6Javelin 6


Experienced 0 6,8,9Javelin 56

- 6,8,9- All

Unskilled 6,8,9

Javelin Any

- 0 8,9,10- 10

Skilled 12 4,6Javelin 60


Experienced 0 6,9Bow 9

Experienced 0 6,9Sling 9

- 4,6- All

Only Aurastians

Replace all foot and cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected Long Spear - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected -

-Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

Light horseCAVALRY


Barricades -Tribal Close

Farmers seeking plunderINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - - Combat ShyTribal Loose

Place warriors behind tethered camels (only Austur from 363 AD)

INFANTRYAverage Protected -

- -Tribal Loose

Upgrade warriors (only Ifuraces)

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear Melee Expert -

Tribal Flexible

WarriorsINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear

- -Formed Flexible

CavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - -Formed Flexible

NoblesCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear

Later MoorishArmy Commander Any Instinctive 200 AD to 696 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains, Desert, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Version 2018.01 - 1st January 2018 © SHALL Enterprises Ltd

Later Moorish

- 0 4

- 4


- 0 4,6- 8


The Roman Province of Mauretania was first created in 25 AD but the Romans faced resistance from the start. A major Roman campaign was fought from 40 to 42. The area was then largely peaceful until the 3rd century when inland areas were taken over by Berber tribes and Roman rule confined to the coast. The inland areas formed a number of small kingdoms. Most recognised Roman rule but revolts broke out from 372 to 374. Independence was gained with the Vandal invasion of North Africa in 429 and maintained until the Byzantine conquest in 534. Fighting continued from 535 to 539 and 546 to 548. Some kingdoms then maintained their independence until conquered by the Arabs at the end of the 7th century.

Changes from last versionReclassified Moorish warriors.

AlliesByzantine allies - Thematic Byzantine (only in 681 AD)

NotesNobles must be in the C-in-C's command. Vandal, Byzantine or Roman deserters must each be in their own command under an ally general. An allied command may be from a different tribe.

Historical Notes

Byzantine deserters - only from 546 to 548 AD

Byzantine desertersCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Melee ExpertFormed Loose

Combat Shy CantabrianSkirmisher

Vandal deserters - only from 533 to 548 AD

VandalsCAVALRY

Average Protected Short SpearDevastating

ChargersMelee Expert

Formed Loose

Equites Quarto SagittariiCAVALRY


Roman deserters - only from 373 to 374 AD

ConstantinianiINFANTRY

Average Protected Impact Weapon Shield CoverOrb/Square, Melee

Expert, Integral ShootersDrilled Flexible



Min


- 24 4,6- 32- 0 4,6- 24


- 0 4,6- 30

Unskilled 0 6,8,9Javelin 60




Historical NotesThis list covers the Bedouin armies of the Salih and Ghassanids, allied to the Romans from c. 420 to 636 AD. It also covers the Lakhmids, allied to the Persians from c. 400 to 602.

Changes from last versionIncreased maximum number of camel riders.


JavelinmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY


- -Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


FootINFANTRY


- -Formed Loose

Camel ridersCAMELRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Al Shahba (Lakhmids)CAVALRY


- Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Armoured cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Protected Long Spear - -Formed Loose

Bedouin cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected Long Spear

Later Pre-Islamic BedouinArmy Commander Any Instinctive 300 AD to 636 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Desert, Plains if LahkmidInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


Unskilled 0 4,6Javelin 6



Experienced 4,6Bow Up to half

Unskilled 0 4,6Javelin 12

- 4,6- Up to half- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6


Experienced 0 6,8Darts 8

Experienced 6 4,6,8Darts 16



Legionaries or auxiliaINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shield CoverOrb/Square, Melee

Expert

Auxilary archers (before 461 AD)

Average Protected - - Combat Shy

Auxilary archers (from 461 AD)

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Formed Loose

Drilled Loose

Drilled FlexibleINFANTRY

- Melee ExpertFormed Flexible

Auxilia palatinaINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short Spear Shield CoverOrb/Square, Melee

ExpertDrilled Flexible

Alan or Hun mercenariesCAVALRY


Devastating Chargers, Shove

-Formed Close

Equites alani or similarCAVALRY

Average ProtectedCharging

Lancer- Melee Expert

Drilled Loose

Equites clibinariiCAVALRY

Average Fully Armoured Long Spear

- Melee ExpertFormed Loose

Upgrade foederate cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Protected -Devastating


Formed Loose

Foederate cavalryCAVALRY


-Melee Expert, DismountableDrilled Loose

Upgrade horse archersCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear -Melee Expert, DismountableDrilled Loose

Equites equipped as horse archers

CAVALRYAverage Protected Short Spear

- Melee ExpertDrilled Loose

Equites illyricaniCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Flexible

EquitesCAVALRY


Eastern Later RomanArmy Commander Any Professional 441 AD to 493 ADSub-Generals Any Professional Standard, CoastalInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor, Average or S

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Eastern Later Roman- 0 6,8- 24- 6,8- Up to half






This list covers the Eastern Roman Empire from the failure of the expedition to retake Africa until the reforms of Anastasius I.

Changes from last versionRenamed list (dropping Foederate). Archers optionally combat shy. Reclassified foederate troops. Reclassified legionaries and auxilia. Cataphracts devastating chargers.

Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin allies

Notes Up to half the units of Equites, Equites equipped as horse archers, Equites Illyricani, Equites Clibinarii, Equites Mauri, Equites Alani or Equites Sagitarii may be upgraded to Superior.

Historical Notes

Equites sagitariiCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy CantabrianSkirmisher

Devastating Chargers

-

Isaurians (from 466 AD) Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Upgrade foederate infantryINFANTRY


AlliesOstrogothic allies - Greuthingi or Early Ostrogoth

JavelinmenINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY

Average

Equites mauri or similarCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - CantabrianSkirmisher


-Tribal Flexible

Tribal FlexibleINFANTRY

Foederate infantryINFANTRY

Average Protected -


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 4,6- 18- 12 4,6- 64



Moorish allies - Late Moorish

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe Vandals under Geiseric with some Alans crossed to Africa in 429 AD at the request of Boniface (Bonifacius), the military ruler of the region. Procopius asserts that the Vandals and Alans numbered 80,000 when they moved to North Africa. They quickly fell out with Boniface and by 432 had captured Numidia, despite Boniface receiving reinforcements from both Western and Eastern Roman Empires. Geiseric went on to capture Carthage in 439. Conquering Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands, he built his kingdom into a powerful state. During the next thirty-five years, with a large fleet, Genseric looted the coasts of the Eastern and Western Empires and in 455 sacked Rome. In 460 and 468 the Vandals defeated Roman expeditions attempting to recapture Rome.In 533 the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I declared war and sent an expedition under Belisarius. The Vandals were defeated twice and by 534 had surrended. The choicest Vandal warriors were formed into five cavalry regiments, known as Vandali Iustiniani, and stationed on the Persian frontier.

NotesA command may not have more than one TUG of Best cavalry.

Allies


MoorsCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - CantabrianSkirmisher

Alans (before 500 AD)CAVALRY



Melee ExpertFormed Loose

Vandal cavalryCAVALRY



Formed Loose

Best Vandal cavalryCAVALRY


Internal Allied Generals Mobile or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

African VandalArmy Commander Any Instinctive 442 AD to 535 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin




Skilled 0 4,6Bow 20

- 0 6,8,9- 24

Experienced 0 6,8,9Bow 24

Notes

Historical NotesThe Sabirs although referred to as ancient sources as Huns, were probably of Turkic descent and related to the Khazars. They lived north of the Caucasus, on the eastern shores of the Black Sea. They fought for both the Byzantines and Sassanid Persians at different times and were skilled in fighting on foot and in seige warfare. They are first mentioned by Priscus in 463 AD and last mentioned in connection with the Byzantine conquest in Caucasian Albania c. 580. They were probably assimilated into the Khazar or Bulgar confederations.


A command may not have more than one TUG of Nobles and followers.

- -Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


- -Formed Flexible

FootINFANTRY

Average Protected -Devastating


Tribal Loose

Skilled horse archersCAVALRY



Horse archersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Melee ExpertFormed Flexible

Nobles and followersCAVALRY


SabirArmy Commander Any Instinctive 450 AD to 582 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive PlainsInternal Allied Generals Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 4,6- 18- 12 4,6- 24- 0 4,6- 48- 0 6,8,9- 18



A command may not have more than one TUG of Noble cavalry. Cavalry dismount as Tribal Flexible, Devastating Chargers and Melee Expert (if taken) of equivalent quality.

AlliesSuevi allies (from 526 AD)Saxon allies - Old Saxon (from 568 to 574 AD)Bulgar allies - Early Bulgar (from 568 AD)

Notes

- Combat ShyTribal Loose

SkirmishersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY



Followers on footINFANTRY


Chargers-

Tribal Flexible

FollowersCAVALRY



Melee Expert, DismountableFormed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY


ChargersMelee Expert, DismountableFormed Loose

Noble cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Protected -

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

LangobardArmy Commander Any Instinctive 489 AD to 584 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


LangobardHistorical NotesThe first mention of the Langobards (Long Beards) is by Paterculus who says that under Tiberius the power of the Langobardi was broken, a race surpassing even the Germans in savagery. They survived during the next four centuries. In 489 AD it is believed they migrated from the shores of the Elbe to former territories of the Burgundi possibly on the Oder.In the 540s, Audoin (ruled 546 to 560) led the Langobards across the Danube into Pannonia, where they received imperial subsidies as Justinian encouraged them to battle the Gepids. In 552, the Byzantines aided by a large contingent of Foederati, notably Langobards, Heruls and Bulgars, defeated the last Ostrogoths led by Teia in the Battle of Taginae. Audoin was succeeded by his son Alboin. In 568 joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars and Thuringians he invaded Italy. By late 569 they had conquered all of northern Italy as well as occupying parts of central and Southern Italy and established the Lombard Kingdom .

Changes from last versionReclassified cavalry. Archers optionally combat shy. Added followers.


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 2,3,4- 6- 0 4,6- 8- 0 4,6- 6



- 8* 4,6- 12- 0 6- 6- 0 6,8,9- 24


- 0 8,9,10- 48




Average Unprotected - Combat Shy Cantabrian

Archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY


LevyINFANTRY

Poor Protected Long Spear - Combat ShyTribal Close

KamandaranINFANTRY


- -Drilled Flexible

PaighanINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Dailami guards (from 591 AD)

INFANTRYSuperior Protected Impact Weapon

- -Formed Loose

Armenian cavalry (from 596 to 617 AD)

CAVALRYAverage Protected

Charging Lancer


AsvaranCAVALRY



-Formed Close

Best asvaranCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

ZhayedanCAVALRY

Superior Fully Armoured Long Spear

Shove -Tribal Loose

Asvaran cataphractsCAVALRY

Average Fully Armoured Long SpearDevastating

Chargers, Shove-

Formed Close

ElephantsELEPHANTS

Average Protected -

Sassanid PersianArmy Commander Any 489 AD to 628 ADSub-Generals Any Standard, Plains, Mountains

Internal Allied GeneralsMobile or Fortified; Poor, Average or Superior

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Sassanid PersianExperienced 0 6,9

Sling 9Experienced 0 6,9

Javelin 9

Archers optionally combat shy. Cataphracts now Devastating Chargers.

NotesThe minima for Armenian cavalry only applies if non-allied Armenian cavalry are used.Arab allies and Sabir Hun allies cannot be used with Hepthalite allies.If any Sassanid generals are Professional then all must be.A camp can be superior if it carries the Derafsh Kaviani.

Historical NotesIn 488 AD Kavadh I came to the throne. With the support of the Hephtalites he launched a campaign against the Byzantine empire but a peace treaty was negotiated in 506. In 525 an attempt by the Iberians to switch their allegiance led to war a second war. The Byzantines were repulsed at Nisibis (527) but then under Belisarius beat the Persians at Dara (530). A second Persian army was defeated at Satala but the Persians defeated Belisarius at Callinicum (531) and a further peace treaty negotiated. In 540 Khosrau I, son of Kavadh, broke the treaty. After initial success, fighting concentrated on the region of Lazica, south of the Caucasus mountains by the Black Sea. A peace treaty in 562 recognised Lazica as part of the Byzantine sphere of influence. War again broke out when Armenia and Iberia revolted from Sassanid control in 571. After earlier successes, Khosrau was severely defeated outside Melitene (576). The Armenian revolt came to an end with Armenia back in the Sassanid Empire. War continued with the Byzantines until Khosrau II asked the Byzantine Emperor Maurice for assistance to defeat Bahram who had seized the throne. When restored to power Khosrau II handed control of western Armenia and Iberia to the Byzantines. When Maurice was overthrown Khosrau used this as a pretext for a new invasion. The Persians benefited from civil war in the Byzantine empire and conqueried Syria in 611 and Eghpt by 621. The Persians however were overstretched and the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius led a successful counter-attack between 622 and 627. Khosrau II was overthrown and murdered by his son Kavadh II in 628.

Changes from last version

Daylamite allies Hepthalite Hunnic allies (until 552 AD)Sabir allies


AlliesLahkmid allies - Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin (until 602 AD)Armenian subject allies - Armenian (until 604 AD)

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -

SlingersINFANTRY



1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 6,8,9- 96- 0 6- 24



NotesA command may not have more than one TUG of best warriors.

Historical Notes

Changes from last versionReclassified best warriors.

The highands of Daylam were a mountainous region south of the Caspian Sea. During the Sassanian period, they were ruled by descendents of Gushnap who was a Parthian vassal who submitted to the Sassanid emperor Ardashir I. An elite unit of 4000 Dailami were employed by Khosrau II. Muslim sources maintain that following the Sassanid defeat at the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah the Dailami defected to the Arab side and converted to Islam. The Daylamites resisted the Arab invasion of their own homeland for several centuries under their own local rulers. The Abbasid Caliphate occupied parts of the region but their control was never very effective. The reliance of the Abbasid Caliphate for mercenary soldiers and the conversion of the Daylamites to Islam led to local Arab dynasties including the Buyids and Ziyarids.


JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - -Skirmisher

ArchersINFANTRY



Melee ExpertTribal Flexible

Best warriorsINFANTRY


Chargers-

Tribal Flexible

WarriorsINFANTRY

Average Protected -

DaylamiteArmy Commander Any Instinctive 489 AD to 654 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 12 4,6- 60- 4,6- Up to half



- 0 6,8,9

- 18



- 0 6,8,9

- 9


NotesCavalry dismount as Tribal Close, Short Spear, Shield Cover of equivalent quality.


AlliesBurgundian allies - (from 548 AD)

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Pavise Combat ShyTribal Loose

LevyINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short SpearShield Cover,

Integral Shooters

Combat ShyTribal Close

Upgrade archers with mantlets

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected -

Shield Cover, Integral

ShootersCombat Shy

Tribal Close

ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyTribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY



Byzantine deserters (from 544 to 552 AD)

CAVALRYAverage Protected Short Spear -

Melee Expert, DismountableDrilled Loose

HunsCAVALRY




Upgrade cavalryCAVALRY



CavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected -


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Italian OstrogothicArmy Commander Any Instinctive 493 AD to 561 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Italian Ostrogothic

Increased maximums. Reclassfied cavalry. Archers optionally combat shy.

Historical NotesIn 488 AD Theoderic and his Ostrogoths set out to invade Italy under an agreement with the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno. After 5 years of war, a peace treaty was arranged between Odoacer and Theoderic, but at a banquet to celebrate the treaty Theoderic killed Odoacer and a massacre of his supporters followed.Theoderic and his Goths were masters of Italy, but retained the Roman system ofministration. All military matters remained the exclusive preserve of the Goths who mostly settled in northern Italy and kept themselves distinct from the Roman population.In 506 Theoderic found himself at war with the Franks who had attached the Visigothic dominions in Gaul. Through his successes he extended Ostrogothic rule into Provence at the expense of the Burgundians.In 535 the Byzantine emperor Justinian resolved to reclaim Italy. Between 535 and 554 a series of wars was fought between the Goths and Byzantines. In 540 the Byzantines captured Ravenna and held much of Italy, but the Goths continued to resist. By the end of the conflict Italy was devastated. As a consequence the Byzantines couldn't resist the invasion of the Lombards in 568.



1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin




- 0 4,6- 8



- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6

Experienced 0 6,8Darts 48





Moorish or similar cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Cantabrian

Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY

- Combat ShyFormed Loose

IsauriansINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY



Melee ExpertDrilled Loose

SkutatoiINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Shield CoverFormed Close

Vandal JustinianiCAVALRY



Foederate or symmachoi cavalry




HunsCAVALRY



-Formed Close

Boukellarioi (from 518 AD)CAVALRY


ChargersMelee Expert, DismountableDrilled Loose

Clibinarii (before 518 AD)CAVALRY

Average Fully Armoured Long Spear

-Melee Expert, DismountableDrilled Loose

Upgrade kavallarioi (before 518 AD)

CAVALRYSuperior Protected Short Spear -


Byzantine kavallarioiCAVALRY


Early ByzantineArmy Commander Any Professional 493 AD to 578 ADSub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Early ByzantineExperienced 0 6,9

Sling 9Experienced 0 6,9

Javelin 9

Historical NotesThis list covers the period of Byzantine resurgence after the collapse of the western Roman empire.

Changes from last versionArchers optionally combat shy. Regraded symmachoi.

Sabir allies (from 518 to 575 AD)Frankish allies - Early Merovingian Frank (from 530 to 552 AD)Lombard allies - Langobard (from 551 to 552 AD)


AlliesLater Pre-Islamic Bedouin alliesArmenian allies

JavelinmenINFANTRY


SlingersINFANTRY



1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin



Experienced = Bow See note





- 0 4,6- 12

Experienced 0 4,6Bow See note

- 8* 6,8

- 24


- Combat ShyDrilled Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


-African, Combat

ShyDrilled Flexible

SkutatoiINFANTRY

Average Protected Long SpearShield Cover,

Integral Shooters

Combat ShyDrilled Close

Detached koursoresCAVALRY

Average Protected -

Shoot & Charge -Drilled Loose

-----

OptimatesCAVALRY



Formed Loose

Rear ranks (1/2 TUG)CAVALRY

Average Protected -

Shoot & Charge Melee ExpertDrilled Loose

Line cavalry

Front ranks (1/2 TUG)CAVALRY


LancerShoot & Charge -

Drilled Loose


Average Protected -


Phoideratoi



LancerShoot & Charge Melee Expert

Drilled Loose



Elite cavalry


Superior ProtectedCharging


Drilled Loose


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Maurikian ByzantineArmy Commander Any Professional 575 AD to 650 ADSub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Maurikian ByzantineExperienced 0 6,8,9

Javelin 9Experienced 0 6,9

Bow 18Experienced 0 6,9

Javelin 9

Changes from last versionArchers optionally combat shy. Skutatoi regraded. Allies added.

Troops with front and rear ranks specified must have equal numbers of each in the TUG. The maxima and minima shown are for the combined front and rear ranks.The maximum for koursores is 1 per 2 elite or line cavalry.The minimum for skutatoi only applies if any foot are used.Only one ally may be taken.

Historical NotesThe Byzantine emperor Maurikios codified current military practice in the Strategikon at the end of the 6th century AD.

Troop NotesThe cavalry consisted of lancers supported by archers, a tactic possibly adopted from the Avars. Detached units of horse archers, kousoures, were often recruited from Avars or similar tribes. The infantry took on a more defensive role during this period. Skutatoi wore a mail or lamellar corslet, carried the oval skuta shield and were armed with a 12 to 14 foot spear called a kontarion. Javelins or martiobarbuli (darts) were carried by the rear ranks and are classified as integral shooters.

AlliesMoorish allies - Later MoorishKhazar allies - Early KhazarGhassanid allies - Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin (until 636 AD)

Notes


JavelinmenINFANTRY


Skirmishing archersINFANTRY


Lazoi, Abasgoi, Tzanoi and similar javelinmen

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear - -

Tribal Loose


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 8 4,6- 24- = - See note

- 8 4,6- 48- = - See note


- 0 6,8,9- 18



Notes Troops with front and rear ranks specified must have equal numbers of each in the TUG. The maxima and minima shown are for the combined front and rear ranks.Gastaldi and gasindi may dismount as Formed Loose, Protected, Short Spear of equivalent quality.

Short Spear Shieldwall Combat ShyFormed Close

ArchersINFANTRY



Dismountable

Followers (1/2 TUG) Superior Protected -Devastating

ChargersDismountable

AlliesAvar allies (from 590 to 601 AD)Slav allies - Southern Slav - (only in 603 AD)

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Bulgar settlers (from 668 to 700 AD)

Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Flexible

Italian town militia (from 650 AD)

INFANTRYPoor Protected



CAVALRY-----

Followers (1/2 TUG)CAVALRY

Average Protected -

Retainers (1/2 TUG)CAVALRY



Gasindi comprising

Formed Loose

CAVALRYFormed Loose

CAVALRY

Gastaldi comprising

Lesser nobles (1/2 TUG) Superior Protected Short Spear

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Italian LombardArmy Commander Any Instinctive 584 AD to 774 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Italian Lombard

Lombard cavalry tactics evolved from earlier Gothic tactics. The cavalry typically formed in two lines. Archers could be recruited from all free Lombards.

Changes from last versionRegraded Italian town militia and archers. Increased number of archers. Cavalry dismountable.

Historical NotesIn 568 AD the Langobards (Lombards) invaded Italy joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars and Thuringians. By late 569 they had conquered all of northern Italy as well as occupying parts of central and Southern Italy. They established the Lombard Kingdom which although conquered by Charlemagne, continued to rule southern parts of Italy until the 11th century when they were conquered by the Normans. This list covers Italian Lombard armies until the conquest by Charlemagne.

Troop Notes


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 6 4,6- 18- 0 4,6- 12


- 2/3 0- All




NotesA command may not have more than one TUG of fiercest cavalry.

Historical NotesThe Serbs were Slavs who probably mixed with the indigenous population. They occupied an area comprising roughly to modern Serbia. This area had been subjected to raids throughout the early period of the Eastern Roman Empire and in 7th century AD small Serb states start to emerge. By the mid-10th century the state had emerged into a tribal confederation ruled by the Vlastimirović dynasty. The tribes most likely consolidated due to the spreading of the Bulgarian Khanate towards their borders in the 9th century. The Bulgars were successfully resisted and Serbia converted to Christianity. In the late 10th century Serbia was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgars. It is independent again by 1042.

Changes from last versionArchers optionally combat shy.


Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY



SkirmishersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY



Replace javelinmen with spearmen (after 798 AD)

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy

Tribal Close

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear



Fiercest cavalryCAVALRY



Formed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY


Early SerbianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 627 AD to 1042 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 6 4,6- 30


- 2/3 0- All




Changes from last versionIncreased maximums.

Historical NotesThe origin of the Croats is uncertain. They are recorded as being ruled by Carolingian Lothar I in 828 AD but agreed a peace treaty with Venice in 839. They also successfully resisted an invasion by the Bulgars. They also resisted both the Arabs and Byzantines and in the early 10th century united the Dalmatian and Pannonian Croatians into a single state. Another invasion by the re-emergent Bulgars was defeated and better relations established with the Byzantines. Croatia was united with the Hungarian crown in the early 12th century.




SkirmishersINFANTRY


- Combat ShyTribal Close

Warriors with axesINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear - Melee ExpertTribal Loose

Replace warriors with spearmen (after 798 AD)

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear



WarriorsINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat ShyTribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY


Internal Allied Generals Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Early CroatianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 627 AD to 1089 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 2,3- 3



- 0 6- 6- 12 6,8,9- 36


- 0 8,9,10- 48





Allies

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Daylamite allies (until 643 AD)

Skirmisher


SlingersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY


- Combat ShyTribal Close



LevyINFANTRY

Poor Protected Long Spear

- -Tribal Loose

KamandaranINFANTRY


PaighanINFANTRY


- -Formed Loose

Dailami guards (until 636 AD)

INFANTRYSuperior Protected Impact Weapon - -

Drilled Flexible

AsvaranCAVALRY


Shove -Tribal Loose

Best asvaranCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

Average Protected -

Late Sassanid PersianArmy Commander Any 629 AD to 654 ADSub-Generals Any Standard, Plains, Mountains

Internal Allied GeneralsMobile or Fortified; Poor, Average or Superior

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Late Sassanid PersianNotes


Historical NotesThe death of Khosrau II led to chaos and civil war with six kings in five years. In 632 AD the first raids from Arab tribes, unfied by Islam, occurred. The Sassanids never mounted a

None.

A camp can be superior if it carries the Derafsh Kaviani.



Min



Experienced = 0Bow See note

- 24 6,8,9- 64




- Melee Expert

Rear ranks (1/2 TUG) Average Protected - - -

AlliesByzantine allies - Thematic Byzantine (in 652 and from 654 to 661 AD)Arab allies - Arab Conquest (only in 653 AD)Abbasid allies - Arab Conquest (from 661 to 684 AD) or Ummayad and Early 'Abbasid (from 685 AD)

NotesTroops with front and rear ranks specified must have equal numbers of each in the TUG. The maxima and minima shown are for the combined front and rear ranks.Allied contingents do not need to take compulsory foot.


SlingersINFANTRY


Combat Shy CantabrianSkirmisher

ArchersINFANTRY


Local horse archersCAVALRY


SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear -Integral Shooters,


------

Formed Loose

CAVALRYFormed Loose

CAVALRY

Nakhararks and followers comprising

Front ranks (1/2 TUG) Average ProtectedCharging

Lancer

Internal Allied Generals Any Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Rshtuni ArmenianArmy Commander Any 638 AD to 705 ADSub-Generals Any Plains, Mountains


Rshtuni ArmenianHistorical NotesTheodoros Rshtuni was prince of Armenia from 638 to 655 AD and had the difficult task of ensuring Armenia's survival between Byzantine and Arab ambitions. The dynasty had ruled parts of Armenia since the 4th century. He defended, alongside the Byzantine General Procopius, against the first, unsuccessful, Arab attack into Armenia in 640. In 652 Rshtuni was able to negotiate a treaty that accepted Arab suzerainity but that left Armenia with a relatively high level of autonomy. In response the Byzantine emperor invaded Armenia. The Byzantines were initially successful but could not hold on to Armenia.Armenia remained independent but nominally under the Arabs until 700. A revolt in 703 was supressed and in 705 Armenia incorporated into a larger Emirate called al-Arminiya.



1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin






- 0 4,6- 12




- 0 4,6- 6


Shoot & Charge, Shove

-

Georgian cavalry Average ProtectedCharging


Shoot & Charge Melee Expert

Rear ranks (1/2 TUG) Superior Protected - Shoot & Charge Melee Expert

---------

Byzantine 2nd class thematic cavalry

Poor ProtectedCharging

Lancer-

Melee Expert, Dismountable

Detached koursores from Tagmata or 1st class cavalry

Average Protected - -African, Combat

Shy

Detached koursores from 2nd class cavalry

Poor Protected -

Formed Loose

Bulgar or Alan mercenariesCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Melee ExpertFormed Flexible

CAVALRYDrilled Close

CAVALRY

- Combat Shy

Kataphraktoi (from 904 AD) Superior Fully Armoured

Drilled Flexible

Long Spear

CAVALRYDrilled Flexible

CAVALRY

Formed Loose


CAVALRY


Average Protected -




Drilled Loose

First class Thematic cavalry comprising

Drilled Loose

CAVALRYDrilled Loose

CAVALRY

Tagmata cavalry (from 740 AD) comprising

Front ranks (1/2 TUG) Superior ProtectedCharging

Lancer

Thematic ByzantineArmy Commander Any Professional 650 AD to 963 ADSub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Thematic Byzantine- 0 6,8

- 16






-Javelinmen Average Unprotected - Combat Shy

Combat Shy

Armoured archers Average Protected - - Combat Shy

Troop Notes Some Byzantine archers carried shields and may have been referred to as skutatoi.

Skirmisher

INFANTRY

Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Slingers

Drilled Loose

Cavalry with front and rear ranks specified must have equal numbers of each in the TUG. The maxima and minima shown are for the combined front and rear ranks. The maximum for koursores is 1 per 2 elements of Tagmata or 1st class Thematic cavalry.The maximum for 2nd Class koursores is 1 per 2 elements of 2nd class Thematic cavalry.Cavalry dismounting replace Charging Lancer with Short Spear.Georgians, Bulgars or Alans cannot be used with Moorish allies.Slav and Moorish allies cannot be used together.

Historical NotesThe Thematic system was introduced by the Emperor Heraclius which had been overrun by Bulgars and Slavs in the north and Arabs from Syria. The empire was divided into provinces called Theme and run by a commander who combined both the military and civil role. Soldiers were given plots of land in return for part-time service and their descendents were expected to follow them. This both reduced the cost of the army and reduced the need for conscription.

AlliesSlav allies - Southern SlavMoorish allies - Later Moorish (only in 681 AD)

Notes

SkirmisherINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

INFANTRY



Drilled Loose

Drilled Close

INFANTRY

INFANTRYSkutatoi Average Protected Long Spear

Shield Cover, Integral

Shooters


Thematic ByzantineChanges from last versionRegraded cavalry and skutatoi. Archers optionally combat shy. Added Slav allies.



Min


- 0 4,6- 12- 8 4,6- 48- 18 6,8,9- 48- 0 4,6- 6



- 0 6,8,9- 9


Italian levies Poor Protected Short SpearShield Cover,

Integral Shooters

Combat Shy

Skirmishers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Byzantine and Frankish allies may be used together before 915. Otherwise only one external allied contingent may be taken.Allied contingents from this list do not need to take otherwise compulsory foot.

INFANTRYSkirmisher

Aghlabid allies - North African dynasties - (from 835 to 870 AD)Byzantine allies - Thematic Byzantine (from 835 to 960 AD) or Nikephorian Byzantine (from 963 to 1040 AD)Frankish allies - Carolingian (from 860 to 888 AD), East Frankish (from 889 to 933 AD) or Early Holy Roman Empire - (from 993 AD)Norman allies (from 1018 AD)

Notes

Allies

INFANTRYTribal Close

- -Formed Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY


Magyar mercenaries (from 900 to 997 AD)


Shieldwall Combat ShyFormed Close

Norman mercenaries (from 1018 to 1028 AD)

CAVALRYSuperior Protected

Charging Lancer



Italian town militiaINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short Spear


-Formed Loose

Gastaldi, Gasinidi etc.CAVALRY



Formed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY


Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Lombard PrincipalitiesArmy Commander Any Instinctive 775 AD to 1076 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Lombard PrincipalitiesHistorical NotesAfter the conquest of the main Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne, Duke Arechis II of Benevento claimed that Benevento was the successor state of the kingdom. Charlemagne forced Arechis II to submit but he was for practical purposes independent. The Beneventan dukes took the title prínceps (prince) instead of that of king. The Lombards of southern Italy were thereafter in the anomalous position of holding land claimed by two empires: the Carolingian Empire to the north and west and the Byzantine Empire to the east. Benevetan power grew until 839 AD when a civil war erupted. A peace enforced by East Frankish king Louis II divided the kingdom into two states: the Principality of Benevento and the Principality of Salerno.The threat of the Arabs helped to unite the Lombards, Franks and Byzantines and in 915 the Arabs were ousted from Italy. During the 9th century Capua declared itself as a third Lombard principality but in 900 was united with Benevento. Apart from brief unification in 977, Salerno and Benevento remained divided. The Beneventan principality declined and fell under the control of the Papacy, while Salerno flourished briefly until shrinking and falling into the hands of the Norman, Richard Guiscard, in 1078.

Changes from last versionReclassified cavalry prior to 933 AD. Italian town militia reclassified. Numbers of cavalry modified.



Min


- 4 4,6- 12


- 12 6,8,9- 45- 0 8,9,10- 24





SlingersINFANTRY


Historical NotesThe Emirate of Armenia lasted until 884 AD, when the Bagratuni Ashot I, declared himself "King of the Armenians". He received recognition by Caliph Al-Mu'tamid of the Abbasid dynasty in 885 and Byzantine Emperor Basil I of the Macedonian dynasty in 886. In 892 the city of Dvin was captured from the Arabs, but this provoked the Arabs into attacking Armenia and weakened the Bagratid control. However the longer term decline of the Abbasid dynasty benefitted Armenia. In the 11th century the Byzantines started encroaching on Armenian territory. By 1045 the Byzantines were in control of the entire kingdom.

Changes from last versionArchers optionally combat shy.





Local horse archersCAVALRY


ArchersINFANTRY


-Integral Shooters,


Peasant levyINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short Spear - Combat ShyTribal Close

WarriorsINFANTRY


- -Formed Loose

AzatksCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Nakhararks and followersCAVALRY


Lancer

Bagratid ArmenianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 885 AD to 1045 ADSub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and



Min








- 0 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 6


- -Formed Flexible



-Melee Expert, DismountableFormed Loose

Frankish/Norman mercenaries (from 988 AD)


Charging Lancer



Byzantine 2nd grade thematic cavalry


Charging Lancer


---------

KataphraktoiCAVALRY

Superior Fully Armoured Long SpearShoot &

Charge, Shove-

Drilled Close


Average Protected -


Thematic cavalry comprising




Drilled Loose



African Melee ExpertDrilled Flexible

Tagmata cavalry comprising




Drilled Loose

ProkoustatoresCAVALRY

Average Protected -

Nikephorian ByzantineArmy Commander Any Professional 960 AD to 1058 ADSub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Professional Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Nikephorian Byzantine- 0 6,8- 12

- 0 6

- 6

- 0 6,8

- 36


- 0 6- 12- 0 6,8,9- 9



Experienced 0 6Javelin 6


Experienced 0 6Sling 6

NotesTroops with front and rear ranks specified must have equal numbers of each in the TUG. The maxima and minima shown are for the combined front and rear ranks. Cavalry dismounting replace Charging Lancer with Short Spear.

Historical NotesDuring the late 9th and 10th centuries AD the Byzantine empire went on the offensive. By 1018 the Danube frontier was restored.


SlingersINFANTRY





Rus javelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear - -Skirmisher



- -Formed Flexible

Slav mercenariesINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

Armenian mercenariesINFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear

- Combat ShyDrilled Loose

MenaulatoiINFANTRY

Average Protected 2-H Cut-Crush Shieldwall -Drilled Close

Armoured archersINFANTRY

Average Protected -

-Melee Expert,

Shieldwall, DismoutableDrilled Close

SkutatoiINFANTRY


Integral Shooters


Varangian guard (from 988 AD)

INFANTRYSuperior Fully Armoured Short Spear

VarangiansINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -Formed Close


Nikephorian Byzantine

Varangians and Varangian Guard reclassified. Regraded skutatoi.




Min






- 6 4,6- 12- 4 4,6- 18- 0 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- Half


- 0 6,8- 12- 0 6- 6

Shoot & Charge -

---------

Frankish/Norman mercenaries


Charging Lancer



Front rank (1/2 TUG) Average ProtectedCharging


Tagmata cavalry comprising

VarangiansINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -

Varangian guard Exceptional Fully Armoured Long Spear -Shieldwall,

DismoutableDrilled Close

Formed CloseINFANTRY




Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Flexible

Upgrade Frankish/Norman mercenaries


Charging Lancer

-Melee Expert, DismountableFormed Loose

Byzantine 2nd grade thematic cavalry


Charging Lancer

Shoot & Charge, Shove

-Drilled Close

Thematic cavalryCAVALRY


Lancer-


KataphraktoiCAVALRY

Superior Fully Armoured Long Spear

CAVALRYDrilled Loose

Rear rank (1/2 TUG) Average

Drilled Loose

Protected -

African Melee ExpertDrilled Flexible

CAVALRY

ProkoustatoresCAVALRY

Average Protected -

Later Nikephorian ByzantineArmy Commander Any Professional 1059 AD to 1071 ADSub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Professional Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Later Nikephorian Byzantine- 0 6,8

- 36

- 0 6- 12- 0 6,8,9- 9



Experienced 0 6Javelin 6


Experienced 0 6Sling 6

Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Historical NotesAfter the death of Basil II, the expensive native army was reduced and the army relied more on mercenaries. It was decisively defeated in 1071 AD at Manzikert.

Changes from last versionVarangians reclassified. Skutatoi reclassified.

Rus javelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear - -Skirmisher

- -

Slav mercenaries Average Unprotected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

Armenian mercenariesINFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear

NotesTroops with front and rear ranks specified must have equal numbers of each in the TUG. The maxima and minima shown are for the combined front and rear ranks. Cavalry dismounting replace Charging Lancer with Short Spear.



SlingersINFANTRY

Average



Shieldwall -Drilled Close

Formed FlexibleINFANTRY

MenaulatoiINFANTRY

Average Protected 2-H Cut-Crush

SkutatoiINFANTRY


Integral Shooters



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