motivating operations. 2 stimulus control discriminative stimulus (s d ) –a stimulus in the...
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Motivating Operations
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Stimulus Control
• Discriminative Stimulus (SD)– A stimulus in the presence of which
a response has been reinforced– And in the absence of which a
response has not been reinforced• S-delta (SΔ)
– A stimulus in the presence of which a response has not been reinforced
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Response:
Bang on table
Reinforcer:
“Honey, don’t do that!
You’ll hurt yourself!
SD:
Mom
SΔ:
Dad No response
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Response:
Scream
Reinforcer:
Break from work
SD:
Teacher Joe
SΔ:
Teacher Jenny No break
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Response:
Hold out picture of
spoon
Reinforcer:
spoon
SD:
Person in room
SΔ:
No one in room No spoon
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Response:
“Open door”
Reinforcer:
Door is opened
SD:
Teacher
SΔ:
PeerDoor is not
opened
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• In The Behavior of Organisms (1938), Skinner argued against the use of the term “drive” – why?– Wanted environmental variables to be the focus of
analysis, rather than viewing it as an “internal causal variable”
– So, rather than talking about a hunger drive, he proposed talking about the relation between food deprivation and changes in behavior
– Skinner argued, “The degree of hunger developed during the fast is, of course, increased, and the rate at which the rat begins to eat is therefore increased as well” (p. 350).
– He also argued that this type of control is different from that of an SD.
Motivating Operations(Sundberg, 2004)
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• “Deprivation is put to practical use when a child is made more likely to drink milk by restriction of his water intake” (p. 146)
• “Satiation is put to practical use when...an abundance of hors d’oeuvres is use to conceal the scantiness of the dinner which follows” (p. 147).
• “When we present an aversive stimulus, any behavior which has previously been conditioned by the withdrawal of the stimulus immediately follows....The presentation of the aversive stimulus therefore resembles a sudden increase in deprivation” (p. 172).
Science and Human Behavior (Skinner, 1953)
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• In 1950, Keller and Schoenfeld further refined Skinner’s ideas in Principles of Psychology and used the term establishing operations
• But beginning in the late 1960s, motivation was left out of many behavioral textbooks and was no longer considered by some to be a separate behavioral principle as Skinner analyzed it
• “The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis which began publication in 1968, contained no entries of “establishing operations” in the cumulative indexes (1978, 1988) covering the first 20 years of publication. However, there were 5 entries on “motivation,” but they all involved the use of motivation as a consequence rather than as an antecedent variable” (p. 5)
Motivating Operations (Sundberg, 2004)
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• In a series of papers Jack Michael (1982, 1988, 1993, 2000) elaborated on Skinner’s analysis of motivation, while adopting Keller and Schoenfeld’s (1950) term “establishing operation.”
• His def of the EO essentially the same as Skinner’s of deprivation, satiation, and aversive stimulation.
• But Michael (like Keller and Schoenfeld) thought that a special term was needed for the different types of variables that fit Skinner’s definition:
• “The term ‘deprivation’ has generally been used...but does not adequately characterize....Salt ingestion, perspiration, and blood loss...likewise temperature changes...emotional operations...and fear....” (Michael, 1982, p. 150).
Motivating Operations (Sundberg, 2004)
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What does “wanting” mean from a behavioral
perspective?1. The thing that is “wanted” would
function as a reinforcer at that moment in time; and
2. At that moment, behavior that has been previously reinforced with that thing will be more likely to occur
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• MO is sometimes called “The 4th term of the operant contingency”– The SD and the EO are both antecedent stimuli that evoke
behavior• Recently, Michael proposed motivating operation (MO) as a
more technically precise term• The MO is a stimulus/event that has 2 effects on a contingency
– Value-altering effect• An MO can change the value of a consequence (make it
more or less reinforcing) – Behavior-altering effect
• An MO can change the current frequency of the behavior that’s been reinforced by a consequence in the past
Motivating Operations
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• Establishing Operation– Increases the reinforcing effectiveness of a consequence
• Food deprivation increases the reinforcing effectiveness of food• Sleep deprivation…• Being deprived of a favorite toy…
– Increases the current frequency of the behavior• Food deprivation evokes behaviors that have been reinforced
with food in the past• Sleep deprivation…• Not having access to a favorite toy for a while…
• Abolishing Operation– Decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a consequence
• Food consumption decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of food• Sleeping…• Playing with a favorite toy all day…
– Decreases the current frequency of the behavior• Food consumption abates behaviors that have been reinforced
with food in the past• Sleeping…• Playing with a favorite toy all day…
2 Types of MOs
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The Different Effects of Establishing and Abolishing
Operations
Effect
Establishing Operation (EO)
↑ reinforcing effectiveness↑ behavior
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The Different Effects of Establishing and Abolishing
Operations
Effect
Establishing Operation (EO)
↑ Reinforcing effectiveness↑ behavior
Abolishing Operation (AO)
↓ Reinforcing effectiveness↓ behavior
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• UMOs are MOs that are unlearned• We are born with the capacity to
be more affected by food as a reinforcer when we’re hungry (food deprived) than when we’re full
• 9 Main UMOs for humans…
Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)
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Unconditioned EOsEO Increases
effectiveness of…Evokes…
Food deprivation
Water deprivation
Sleep deprivation
Activity deprivation
Oxygen deprivation
Sex deprivation
Becoming too warm
Becoming too cold
Increase in painful stimulation
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Unconditioned AOsAO Decreases
effectiveness of…Abates…
Food consumption
Water consumption
Sleeping
Being active
Breathing
Orgasm
Becoming cooler
Becoming warmer
Decrease in painful stimulation
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Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs) – MOs that are
learned
CMO:
Sight of screw on toy that
needs battery change
Response:
“Do you have a
screwdriver?”
Reinforcer:
screwdriver
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CMO – Example
CMO:
Suspicious sound
Response:
Call security guard
Reinforcer:
Security guard’s
response
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CMO - Example
CMO:
Sight of fire truck behind closed door
Response:
“open door”
Reinforcer:
Open door
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CMO –Example
CMO:
Peanut butter and bread with
no knife
Response:
“knife”
Reinforcer:
knife
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CMO – Example
CMO:
Alphabet puzzle with all letters except
“A”
Response:
“A”
Reinforcer:
Letter A
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Other Examples
• Telephone call to go somewhere in the car would make what reinforcing?– Keys
• $1 million to draw a cat would make what reinforcing?– Pen
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MO vs. SD• How are they similar?
– They both precede behavior– They both evoke operant behavior (but for very
different reasons)• How do they differ?
– SDs have to do with the availability of a reinforcer (has the reinforcer been delivered in the presence of that object in the past?)
– MOs have to do with the effectiveness of a reinforcer (Is the “reinforcer” reinforcing at that moment in time?)
Take It to the Skinner Box!
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Stimulus Control: Availability of the Reinforcer
Food is reinforcing, but will only be delivered when SD is present
Response:Press lever
SR+:Food
SD:Light on
MO:Haven’t had anything to eat for 10
hrs
Response:Press lever
Extinction:
No Food
SΔ:Light off
MO:Haven’t had anything to eat for 10
hrs
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Response:Press lever
SR+:Food
SD:Light on
EO:Hasn’t had anything to eat for 10
hrs
Response:Press lever
Food would be delivered,
but it’s not an SR+
SD:Light on
AO:Just ate a
large amt of food
MO Control: Value of the Reinforcer
Food is available, but is only reinforcing when he is food deprived
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Response:
Bang on table
Reinforcer:
“Honey, don’t do that! You’ll hurt yourself!”
SD:
Mom in room
SΔ:
Dad in room
No response
MO:
Low attention/stimulatio
n
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Response:
Scream
Reinforcer:
Break from work
SD:
Therapist Joe
SΔ:
Therapist Jenny
No break
MO:
Difficult Task
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Response:
Hold out PECS picture of spoon
Reinforcer:
Spoon
SD:
Person in room
SΔ:
No person in room
No spoon
MO:
Soup with no spoon
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Response:
“Open door”
Reinforcer:
Door is opened
SD:
Teacher
SΔ:
PeerDoor is not
opened
MO:
Sight of fire truck
behind door
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MO Interventions for Problem Behavior Maintained by Social
SR+ (Wilder & Carr, 1998)
• What are the social SR+ functions of problem behavior?• Noncontingent delivery of the reinforcer maintaining problem behavior
– Functions as what type of MO to decrease problem behavior?– Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR)
AO Decreases effectiveness of…
Abates…
Providing tangible noncontingently
Providing attention noncontingently
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MO Interventions for Problem Behavior Maintained by Social
SR- (Wilder & Carr, 1998)
• What are the social SR- functions of problem behavior?
• 3 Types of Interventions– NCR: provide escape from task or interactions
noncontingently– Curricular revision: modify complexity, duration,
rate, novelty of task– Stimulus or demand fading: Initially eliminate
task demands and then slowly reintroduce them• All of these function as AOs to decrease the
effectiveness of escape as a reinforcer and abate behavior that has been reinforced with escape in the past
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MO Interventions for Problem Behavior Maintained by
Automatic SR (Wilder & Carr, 1998) • Problem behavior maintained by automatic SR+
– Examples?– Intervention: provide noncontingent access to the same
type of stimulation that maintains the problem behavior– Hypothesize the sensory consequences that maintain
problem behavior and identify toys/leisure items that provide similar stimulation (“environmental enrichment”)
• Problem behavior maintained by automatic SR-
– Examples?– Intervention: eliminate or reduce the source of some type
of aversive physiological stimulation or state– Provide drugs, massage, sleep
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References• Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Principles of psychology. New
York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.• Michael, J. (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational
functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 149-155.
• Michael, J. (1988). Establishing operations and the mand. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 6, 3-9.
• Michael, J. (1993). Establishing operations. The Behavior Analyst, 16, 191-206.
• Michael, J. (2000). Implications and refinements of the establishing operation concept. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33, 401-410.
• Skinner, B. F. (1938). Behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: MacMillan.• Sundberg, M. L. (2004). A behavioral analysis of motivation and its
relation to mand training. In L. W. Williams (ed.). Developmental disabilities: Etiology, assessment, intervention, and integration pp . Reno NV: Context Press.
• Wilder, D.A., & Carr, J.E. (1998). Recent advances in the modification of establishing operations to reduce aberrant behavior. Behavioral Interventions, 13, 43-59.