motivation and emotion
DESCRIPTION
Motivation and Emotion. Unit 9. Why?. Why do you play sports so intensely?. Why do you practice music so long?. Why do you memorize songs?. Do you know who the Toledo Mud Hens are?. 2. Study or Party?. 3. What is learned helplessness?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Motivation and Emotion
Unit 9
![Page 2: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Why?
Why do you play sports so intensely?
Why do you practice music so long?
Why do you memorize songs?
Do you know who the Toledo Mud Hens are?
![Page 3: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Study or Party?
![Page 4: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is learned helplessness?
• Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable.
I have no control over what goes on around me.
It’s all LUCK!!!
I can’t do it, so why try?
![Page 5: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Can it be changed?
YESYES
![Page 6: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Motivation
• An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal.
• Includes the various psychological and physiological factors that cause us to act a certain way at a certain time.
![Page 7: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• William McDougall– Instinct theory
• Natural or inherited tendencies to make a specific response to certain environmental stimuli without involving reason.
• A flaw however:– Instincts do not explain behavior; they simply
label it.
![Page 9: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Instincts for Humans
![Page 10: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Question
So, what motivates
us to action?
![Page 11: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Need Drive• Need – results from a lack of something
desirable or useful– Can be physiological or psychological
• Drive – an internal condition that can change over time and pushes the individual towards a specific goal or goals.
• Drive-reduction theory– Clark Hull
• All human motives are extensions of basic biological needs.• Some say Hull overlooked motivation.
![Page 12: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Text
Depravation leads to agitation.
![Page 13: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Quick Check
What is the difference between
a need and a drive?
![Page 14: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Homeostasis
![Page 15: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Clark Hull – approval becomes a learned drive.
Drive-reduction theory
![Page 17: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Drive-reduction– Emphasizes the internal states.
• Incentive– Stresses the role of the environment.– The object we seek or the result we are trying
to achieve.– Reinforces, goals, and rewards.
• Drives push needs; incentives pull to obtain.
![Page 18: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cognitive Theory
• Psychologists seek to explain by looking at forces inside and outside of us that energize us to move.
• Two types:– Extrinsic
• Activities that reduce biological needs or obtain incentives or external rewards.
– Intrinsic• Engaging in activities because those activities are personally
rewarding or because engaging in them fulfills our beliefs or expectations.
![Page 19: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Biological and Social Motives
![Page 21: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Why is it that some people seem more motivated than others when it comes to achieving something?
![Page 22: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Much of life is spent trying to satisfy biological and social needs.
• Biological needs are physiological requirements that we must fulfill to survive.
• Social needs are those that are learned through experience.
![Page 23: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Some Biological Needs Some Social Needs
•Food•Water•Oxygen•Sleep•Avoidance of Pain
•Need to excel•Need for social bonds•Need to nourish and protect others
•Needs to influence or control others
•Need for orderliness•Need for fun and relaxation
![Page 24: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Biological Motives
• Critical to survival and physical well-being.• Built-in regulating systems work like
thermostats to maintain such internal processes as body temperature, the level of sugar in the blood, and the production of hormones.
• Homeostasis – the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations.
![Page 26: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Story of D.W.
![Page 28: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hunger
• What motivates you to seek food?• What produces a hunger sensation?• What makes you hungry?
• To what is your body responding?
![Page 29: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
![Page 30: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Lateral Hypothalamus – The part of the hypothalamus that produces
hunger signals.
• Ventromedial hypothalamus– The part of the hypothalamus that can cause
one to stop eating.
![Page 31: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Three kinds of information the hypothalamus interprets:– The amount of glucose entering the cells,– Your set-point (day-to-day weight)– Body temperature
![Page 32: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hunger – Other Factors
• External– Where, When, What we eat– Smell– Peer pressure (to eat; to not eat)– Psychological
• Binge eating• Depressed eating• Stress eating• Boredom
![Page 33: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Obesity
• Obese – 30% or more above the ideal weight.
• Overweight – 20% over the ideal weight.
• Stanley Schachter (Columbia):– Research study - normal people eat when
hungry and obese people eat either way.– Interval cues vs. External cues.
![Page 35: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Anorexia Nervosa
• About 1% of people suffer from the disease.
![Page 37: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Social Motives
• Learned from interactions with other people.• Need for achievement.• Fear of failure.• Fear of success.
– Martina Horner– “After first term finals, ____ finds himself at the top of
____ medical school class.– Bright women had a strong fear of success than did
average or slightly above average women.
![Page 38: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Michele Bachmann
![Page 39: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Expectancy-Value
• Developed by J.W. Atkinson
• Expectancy – estimated likelihood of success.
• Value – what the goal is worth.
![Page 40: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Abraham Maslow
• Humanistic psychology.
• ALL humans need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition, and to sense they are achieving something.
![Page 41: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Need To Belong
![Page 43: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
What Evidence Points to Our Human Need to Belong?
• Aristotle - We are social
• “Without friends no one would choose to live, through he had all other goods.”
43
![Page 44: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
This doesn’t mean that we need...
![Page 45: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Survival
1) Staying close to kin.
2) Cooperation.
45
![Page 46: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
What Is It That Makes Your Life Meaningful?
![Page 47: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Pause to Consider
What was your most satisfying moment in
the past week?
![Page 48: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Happy People are distinguished by their
rich and satisfying relationships.
![Page 49: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
![Page 50: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Mark Leary
• Much of our social behavior is directed toward increasing our belonging.
• To avoid rejection:– Reform
• To win friendships and esteem:– Monitor our behavior
• Seeking love and belonging– Just how far are we willing to go?
50
![Page 51: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Sustaining Relationships
![Page 52: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
People Fear...
• Being Alone.
52
![Page 53: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Emotions
![Page 54: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Brandi Chastain hits the winning goal.
How do you think she felt?
![Page 55: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Psychological vs. Biological
• Drive/motivation = the emphasis placed on needs, desires, and mental calculations that lead to goal-directed behavior.
• Emotion/affect = the feelings associated with these decisions and activities.
• Sometimes emotions function like biological drives – our feelings energize us and make us pursue a goal.
![Page 56: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
• Emotions:• a subjective feeling provoked by real or imagined
objects or events of significance to the individual.
• Result from four occurrences:1.Must interpret some stimulus.
2.You have a subjective feeling. Fear or happiness.
3.You experience physiological responses. Increased heart rate.
• You display an observable behavior. Smiling or crying.
![Page 57: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• All emotions have three parts:1. Physical
How does the emotion affect the physical arousal?
2. Behavioral The outward expression of the emotion.
3. Cognitive How we think about or interpret a situation.
![Page 58: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Paul Eckman
![Page 59: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
![Page 60: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Common Expressions
• Joy• Anger• Sadness• Surprise• Fear• Disgust• Contempt
61
![Page 62: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
![Page 63: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The Range of Emotions
• Graphic from page 329 in textbook.
![Page 65: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Emotions are universal, but the expression of them is limited by learning how to express them.
![Page 66: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Physiological Theories
• William James (1890)– Just about every emotion he read
emphasized bodily change.
1. The James-Lange Theory
2. Facial Feedback Theory (Carroll Izard)
3. The Cannon-Bard Theory
![Page 67: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
• James-Lange Theory
↓ You experience psychological change.
↓ Your brain interprets the psychological changes.
↓ You feel a specific emotion.
↓ You demonstrate observable behavior.
![Page 68: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• Facial Feedback Theory (Carroll Izard)
↓ The muscles in your face move to form an expression.
↓ Your brain interprets the muscle movement.
↓ You feel an emotion.
↓ You demonstrate observable behavior.
![Page 69: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
• Cannon-Bard Theory
↓ Your experience activates the hypothalamus.
↓ This produces messages to the cerebral cortex and your body organs. The reacting organs activate sensory signals.
↓ Sensory signals combine with cortical message, yielding emotion.
![Page 70: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cognitive Theories
• Bodily changes and thinking work together to produce emotion.
1. The Schachter-Singer Experiment
2. Opponent-Process Theorya. Solomon-Corbit Theory
![Page 71: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
• Schachter-Singer Experiment
↓ You experience physiological arousal.
↓ You interpret (cognitively) environmental cues.
↓ You feel an emotion.
↓ You demonstrate observable behavior.
![Page 72: Motivation and Emotion](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081515/568151e8550346895dc022b8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
• Opponent-Process Theory
↓ Physiological processes clearly are controlled by homeostatic mechanisms.
↓ Operates under classical conditioning theory.
↓ Sympathetic = energizes the body.↓ Parasympathetic = calms the body.