Motivation in PracticeNon-Monetary Methods

PEOPLEMOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP

An Introduction

Financial rewards often used to motivate employees and improve productivity.

An Introduction

• Breaks, holidays.• Job security.• Safe, healthy working environment.• Friendly colleagues, superiors,

subordinates.• Interesting, stimulating tasks.

Other factors are important, such as:Other factors are important, such as:

An Introduction

• Recognition for effort, achievement.• Chance to take responsibility,

chance of promotion• Independence• Opportunities to show how good you

are

Other factors are important:Other factors are important:

An Introduction

• High degree of specialisation to maximise productivity.

Expansion of mass production systems led to:Expansion of mass production systems led to:

An Introduction

• become experts in performing tasks.

• be quicker and / or to generate less wastage.

Specialisation enables employees to:Specialisation enables employees to:

An Introduction

• Becomes boring and repetitive.

Can lead to employees losing interest, as job:Can lead to employees losing interest, as job:

An Introduction

• increased absenteeism, high labour turnover.

• lower productivity, poor quality work.

Can lead to:Can lead to:

An Introduction

• redesigning jobs to make them more challenging/fulfilling.

• giving people more freedom over aspects of their work.

• allowing people to work in teams.

Methods to increase job satisfaction involve:Methods to increase job satisfaction involve:

Definition

Job Enlargement

Providing staff with more tasks of same / similar nature.

Providing staff with more tasks of same / similar nature.

Explanation

Job Enlargement

Employee given several different tasks to do all requiring similar level of skill.

Employee given several different tasks to do all requiring similar level of skill.

Explanation

Examples Examples Shop floor workers in supermarket:Shop floor workers in supermarket:

• move from filling shelves in grocery department to...

• rotating goods in produce department.

Checkout assistant also serving behind deli counter.Checkout assistant also serving behind deli counter.

Job Enlargement

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Providing some variation of tasks may help to:Providing some variation of tasks may help to:

• reduce potential boredom from just concentrating on one task, increasing job satisfaction and productivity.

• Increase efficiency - workers being able to fill in for absentees.

Job Enlargement

Potential advantages and disadvantages

May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:

• not motivate those who would prefer extra responsibility rather than more tasks of the same nature.

• still lead to claims for additional pay.

Job Enlargement

Potential advantages and disadvantages

May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:

• result in a fall in productivity as employees find it harder to concentrate on several activities rather than one, and / or switch between tasks.

Job Enlargement

Definition

Job Enrichment

Providing employees with more challenging tasks and / or greater responsibility and ultimately, opportunities to demonstrate their abilities.

Providing employees with more challenging tasks and / or greater responsibility and ultimately, opportunities to demonstrate their abilities.

Explanation

Job Enrichment

May include allowing employee on production line to:May include allowing employee on production line to:

• plan their work.• order materials.• supervise others.• carry out routine maintenance.

Explanation

May involve different skills, carry additional responsibility.May involve different skills, carry additional responsibility.

Greater responsibility at work helps to motivate individuals.Greater responsibility at work helps to motivate individuals.

Job Enrichment

Potential advantages and disadvantages

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Job Enrichment

Potential advantages and disadvantages

AdvantagesAdvantages Disadvantages

• Greater job satisfaction for individual employees.

Job Enrichment

Advantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• May not suit all – some not willing / have the ability.

• Training costs.• Increased pay.

Job Enrichment

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Definition

Job Rotation

Providing employees with job variety by changing their job or tasks at various intervals

Providing employees with job variety by changing their job or tasks at various intervals

Explanation

Job Rotation

Type of job enlargement. May include moving an employee:Type of job enlargement. May include moving an employee:

• from one part of production line to carry out different task.

• to a new department, eg finance to personnel.

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Job Rotation

Similar to job enlargement – providing some variety may:Similar to job enlargement – providing some variety may:

• reduce potential boredom from concentrating on one task, increasing job satisfaction and productivity.

• Increase efficiency with workers easily being able to fill in for others in the case of absentees.

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Job Rotation

May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:

May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:

• not motivate those who would prefer extra responsibility rather than more tasks of the same nature.

• still lead to claims for additional pay.

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Job Rotation

May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:

May also require much less training than job enrichment. However, it may:

• Also result in a fall in output as employees learn new jobs and take time to settle in when switching between jobs / tasks.

Definition

Team Working

Where the production or provision of a service is organised into working groups, instead of individual employees specialising in individual tasks.

Where the production or provision of a service is organised into working groups, instead of individual employees specialising in individual tasks.

Explanation

Team Working

Groups of employees responsible for a particular department, product or process, are allowed to decide how work is to be divided / controlled in terms of speed / pace, including timing of breaks.

Linked with Mayo’s ideas re: social needs of individuals.

Groups of employees responsible for a particular department, product or process, are allowed to decide how work is to be divided / controlled in terms of speed / pace, including timing of breaks.

Linked with Mayo’s ideas re: social needs of individuals.

Potential advantages and disadvantages

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Team Working

AdvantagesAdvantages Disadvantages

• Better decision making and increased productivity.

• Greater innovation / willingness to take risks.

• Less disruption to the workplace, eg if flexible workers.

Team Working

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Advantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Greater scope for conflict.

Team Working

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Definition

Participation

The joint involvement of management and employees inMaking decisions on matters of mutual concern.

The joint involvement of management and employees inMaking decisions on matters of mutual concern.

Levels of Participation

Participation

• Information sharing.• School council.• Worker directors.• Worker councils.

Potential Advantages and Disadvantages

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Participation

AdvantagesAdvantages Disadvantages

• Employees feel more valued and fulfilled:

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Positive relationships between management + employees

Improved motivation and performance.

Participation

AdvantagesAdvantages Disadvantages

• Easier implementation of decisions.

• Better quality decisions.

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Participation

Advantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Decisions taken more slowly.

• Greater potential for conflict.

Potential advantages and disadvantages

Participation

Management by Objectives (MBO)

Management by objectives involves every employee having targets to achieve, derived from aims/objectives of the business.

Management by objectives involves every employee having targets to achieve, derived from aims/objectives of the business.

Definition

Key BenefitsKey Benefits

• Provides unity and direction.

• Provides motivation.

Management by Objectives (MBO)

Purpose

Delegation

The act of giving duties and / or the responsibility and authority for decision making to subordinates (workers below you).

The act of giving duties and / or the responsibility and authority for decision making to subordinates (workers below you).

Definition & Explanation

Principles of Good Delegation

• Great deal of trust• Willingness of managers to

delegate responsibility.

Delegation

Requires:

• Frees up top management time to focus on major issues.

• Employees feel valued / trusted.• Lower supervision costs.

Delegation

Potential Advantages and Disadvantages

Some workers, however, not willing / have the ability. Training to ensure employees carry out tasks as required.