motor control. importance of motor control all of the “cognition” that we’re interested in...
TRANSCRIPT
Motor control
Importance of motor control
• All of the “cognition” that we’re interested in must end in behavior—movement.
• Brain terrain– Where is it/where do I want it to be?– What do I want to do with it?– Get the body to move it.
Cortical motor structures
AbstractPlanning
Spatial stuff for move-ment
somatosensation
Eye movementsMotorPlanning
Planning
Execution
Hierarchy: planning & execution
Comparison of motor planning and execution
Planning AND Execution
Comparison of motor planning and execution
Execution but minimal planning
Comparison of motor planning and execution
Planning but no execution
Can lower level of hierarchy operate without the higher?
The ability can be impressive
• Stuff that your body is ready to do such as reflexes, & biases to the system
• Planned control (which can usually overcome these biases, if necessary)
• Movement is usually a product of both
2 types of control
Demonstration of biases
• Fingers—move in phase
• Hands move in phase
NOTE that this implies that control is about trajectories
You get these oddities because you have biases in the trajectories of
movements
Evidence for trajectories
Monkey must move two jointed arm to a lighted target
A single neuron
Summary of many neurons
Each line = 1 neuron:direction = preferred directionlength = vigor of firing
Summary
These data indicate that movement is coded in terms of directions.
But other data indicate it is in terms of endpoints
Polit & Bizzi
Traditional models
More recent model
Trajectory (space)
Endpoint (muscle)
Sequencing
Hierarchical representation of action sequence
• Complex actions– Serving a tennis ball– Playing the piano
• Are these actions simply constructed by linking independent movements? Or are they guided by hierarchical representational structures that govern the entire sequence?
Serve
toss hit Follow through
Muscle actions
Cognitive
Hierarchical representation of action sequence
• Some aspects of motor learning are independent of the muscular system used to perform the actions.
• Motor representations are not linked to particular effector systems.
• Handwriting example.
Hierarchical representation of action sequence
• Peter Vidman Olympic gymnast said:
• “As I approach the apparatus…the only thing I am thinking about is…the first trick…. Then, my body takes over and hopefully everything becomes automatic….”
Just go. . . .
Pete Sampras, not serving
Perceptual motor integration
Can you just “run” one of these programs?
Or do you need perceptual feedback as you go?
Peripheral control of movement and the role of feedback
Perceptual motor integration
Some simple movements can be made without feedback, but usually the movement is much more effective with feedback.
Think of walking down a hallway with your eyes closed.
Try writing your name with your eyes closed
Perceptual motor integration
Proprioception--feeling from skin, joint receptors, and muscle receptors, that tells you where your limbs are.
Proprioception is important because knowledge of limbs location is important for egocentric space.
Motor skill learning
Fitts’s stage theorySchmidt’s schema theoryWillingham’s COBALT
Fitts’s stage theory
Cognitive--conscious, think of rules, basic strategies
Associative--unconscious, hook up of stim & resp
Autonomous--stim & resp are well represented, and verbal representation drops out.
Schmidt’s schema theory
Generalized motor program: one that can produce a whole class of movements; e.g., swinging a bat, swinging a racquet, throwing a ball.
Analogy: regression
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10Arm position
Advantage of theory: it can account for the flexibility of motor behaviors.
Disadvantage: the data to support it aren’t that strong.
COBALT
COntrol BAsed Learning TheoryBasic premise: motor skill grows directly out of processes that support motor control.
Where is it/where do I want it to be? (perceptual-motor integration, sequencing)What do I want to do with it? (strategic)Get the body to move it. (dynamic)
Strategic: deciding what to doPerceptual-motor integration: selecting spatial targetsSequencing: assembling the sequence of spatial targetsDynamic: translating targets into pattern of musclemovements.
Goal to change theenvironment
Select spatial targetfor movement
Assemble sequenceof spatial targets
Pattern of muscleactivation
Goal to change theenvironment
Select spatial targetfor movement
Assemble sequenceof spatial targets
Pattern of muscleactivation
Strategicprocess
Strategicprocess
In addition, there are two modes in whichmovements can be expressed: conscious & unconscious.
What makes this model different
• It is a neuropsych model, with proposals for the neural bases of all of these processes
• It emphasizes that conscious knowledge can be useful at any time during training, not just early.
• Automaticity occurs through the parallel development of conscious & unconscious knowledge.
• Accounts for choking.