motor summit 2018 international, zurich switzerland...zürich, 15. november 2018 the state of fan...

Zürich, 15. November 2018

The state of fan efficiency regulation in the USA

[email protected]

Motor Summit 2018 International, Zurich Switzerland

2

1. Review of fan efficiency metrics

• FEG Fan Efficiency Grade

• FMEG Fan Motor Efficiency Grade

• FEI Fan Energy Index

2. Implementation in North America

3. Fan rating and certification for governments

4. Conclusion

Agenda

3

Efficiency classification per ANSI/AMCA 205, ISO 12579:2010 section 6.2

Fan Efficiency Grade (FEG)

The FEG is a function of the fan’s shaft-to-air peak efficiency based on the fan total pressure and the fan impeller diameter.

• Smaller fans are inherently less efficient.

• FEG values are not efficiencies!

Example: Ø 315 mm, total effic. 66.5%

FEG80

4

FEG is a shaft-to-air metric

• 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 ● (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣+𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣)𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝

• Input power is the impeller shaft power,Output is the air power that the fan delivers based fan total pressure

• The fan total efficiency and therefore the FEG omit the power losses associated with the mechanical and electrical drive.


5

Fan pressures


Fan peak total effic.Δ=7 ppt+ static pressure to overcome system impedance

+ velocity pressure provides thrustΣ total pressure

Only fan static pressure contributes to useful work in cases where the fan velocity pressure dissipates immediately due to the absence of a duct at the fan’s outlet. (7 ppt efficiency difference in this example.)

6

Implementation


Building energy standardASHRAE 90.1-2013requirements:

• FEG ≥ 67• selection ≤ 15 percentage points off peak

Exemptions from this building standard• Other than air distribution systems

(i.e. heat rejection equipment, boilers)• Below 3.7 kW impeller shaft power

(many roof fans)• Equipment with 3rd party certification• Equipment that is in the scope of any MEPS• Two or less stories and less than 2.500 m3 gross floor area.

7

Implementation


https://www.energycodes.gov/status-state-energy-code-adoption

The FEG requirement in ASHRAE 90.1 primarily affects custom-made air handlers.ASHRAE 90.1 is just a model standard suitable for building codes.Adoption into law can take a long time.Example:5 years in Connecticut

https://www.energycodes.gov/status-state-energy-code-adoption

8

Buildings vs. equipment:FEGs are not used to regulate the fan manufacturer or distributor.

FEGs are not used to regulate fans that are embedded in equipment.

FEGs are only relevant for air distribution systems when a building has to comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2013 / 2016.

Implementation


9

ISO 12759 section 6.3 established the term FMEG while “N” is the acronym for the limit in (EU) 327/2011. The efficiency limits of the regulation differ by fan type.The lines for each grade are functions of the fans’ overall peak efficiency and their electrical input power at maximum speed.

Ecodesign directive for fans (EU) 327/2011

Fan Motor Efficiency Grade (FMEG)

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0,1 1 10 100

2015

lim

its fo

r min

imum

wire

-to-

air e

ffici

ency

in %

electrical input power at maximum speed in kW

backward curved

axial

mixed flow

centrifugal forwardcurved

10

FMEG is a wire-to-air metric for peak efficiency.Options for the extended product performance data:• Measured overall performance

or• Measured shaft-to-air values combined with

defaults factors.

Ecodesign directive for fans (EU) 327/2011


25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0,1 1 10 100

2015

lim

its fo

r wire

-to-

air e

ffici

ency

in %


backward curved

axial

mixed flow


inputoutput

11

1. Arbitrary assignment of grades differs by fan type.2. Compensation for suboptimal matching of

components. → Cm “penalty”3. Compensation for inclusion of speed control.

→ Cc bonus

4. Expected market reaction to a peak efficiency metric:In order to save first-cost for the non-driven fan, the fan sizes could be selected too small.

Implementation has been impossible in the USA


25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0,1 1 10 100

2015

lim

its fo

r wire

-to-

air e

ffici

ency

in %


backward curved

axial

mixed flow


12

FEG and FMEG are peak efficiency metricsThey do not deal with the applied duty point.


25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0,1 1 10 100

2015

lim

its fo

r wire

-to-

air e

ffici

ency

in %


backward curved

axial

mixed flow

Smaller fan at higher speed

Larger fan at lower speed

13

Are fans selected too small due to FMEG?


25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0,1 1 10 100

2015

lim

its fo

r wire

-to-

air e

ffici

ency

in %


backward curved

axial

mixed flow


Increase of the necessary

efficiency.

Mismatched fan selections necessitate largerdrives/motors → higher cost.It also increases the input kW ratings → higher target efficiency.

This mechanism does work against poor designs.

14

Fan Energy Index (FEI)

Credit: Productive Energy Solutions, LLChttps://courses-pes.talentlms.com/catalog/info/id:143

15

ANSI/AMCA 208-2018: Calculation of the Fan Energy Index


Legend

AMCA 210 or ISO 5801 test

AMCA 207 calculation

AMCA 211 rating


Reference Shaft PowerHi,ref=f(Qi, Pi)

Fan duty pointAirflow, pressure

(Qi, Pi)

Actual Shaft Power &Fan Laws

Hi

Bare-shaft fan test Airflow, Pressure,

Shaft Power(Qi, Pi, Hi)

Calculationfor regulated motors

FEPi, act =𝐻𝐻𝑠𝑠,𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

η𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 × η𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝,𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 × η𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣,𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓

Tested Drive ComponentsFEPi, act =

𝐻𝐻𝑠𝑠,𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠η𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠,𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × η𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝,𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Default losses for other drive components



oror

Electrical PowerWi

Fan+MotorWire-to-air test

Airflow, Pressure, Electrical Power

(Qi, Pi, Wi)

Fan+Motor+DriveWire-to-air test


(Qi, Pi, Wi)

FEPi, act = 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠Reference Electrical

PowerFEPi, ref =

𝐻𝐻𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓η𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 × η𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝,𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 × η𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣,𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓

FEPi,refFEPi,act

= 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

Actual Electrical PowerFEPi,act

Specific duty point!• Not peak efficiency• No averaging of any kind

16

Fan Energy IndexLines of constant W-2-A efficiency

Lines of constant FEI

• Individual calculations at each of the fan’s duty points, even at shutoff and wide open.

• FEIs can be tabulated alongside performance and input power values.

• “iso FEI” lines for fans with belts or VSDs; part load

• No scope limits in terms of power or diameter.

• Broad scope of fan types.

17

Efficiency metric Criteria Rating point Use

FEGFan Efficiency Grade

Peak total efficiency&

diameterBest efficiency point How good is the bare-shaft

fan?

FMEGFan Motor Efficiency Grade

Wire-to-air efficiency&

electr. input power&

fan type

Best efficiency point How good is the fan including drive?

FEIFan Energy Index Electric input power Selected fan duty point How good is the fan

for its application?

18

Implementation in the USA


• Federal fan regulation in Washington DC is on hold.

• Expected building energy standard ASHRAE 90.1-2019:o Replaces FEG67 with FEI 1.00 and FEI 0.95o Reduces lower scope limit for standalone fans (electr. 0.89 kW / shaft 0.75 kW)o Removes previous exemption of tightly coupled fan-motor combinations.

• California Title 20 appliance regulationo 2020/2021(?) o standalone fans ≥ (electr. 0.89 kW / shaft 0.75 kW) and ≤ 112 kW airpowero ¿fans embedded in unregulated equipment?

• Incentive programs are likely for standalone fans.

• ¿Mandates in other US states and Canada are TBD?

19

Fan rating and certification for US governments


Legend

AMCA 210 or ISO 5801 test


AMCA 211 rating


Actual Shaft Power &Fan Laws

Hi

Bare-shaft fan test Airflow, Pressure,

Shaft Power(Qi, Pi, Hi)

Calculationfor regulated motors



Tested Drive ComponentsFEPi, act =

𝐻𝐻𝑠𝑠,𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠η𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠,𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × η𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝,𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Default losses for other drive components



oror

Electrical PowerWi

Fan+MotorWire-to-air test


(Qi, Pi, Wi)

Fan+Motor+DriveWire-to-air test


(Qi, Pi, Wi)

FEPi, act = 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠

FEPi,refFEPi,act

= 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

Actual Electrical PowerFEPi,act

Certification burden for claiming tested part-load values.

20



• Data must be certified to the governments – CEC, (DoE), (NRCan).(Unlike EU 327/2011)

• Catalog data must be traceable to test data.• Compliant labelling • Fan performance data for <1.00 FEI shall not be offered for sale.

21



qv [m³/h] 18 00016 00014 00012 00010 0008 0006 0004 0002 000

psf [

Pa]

1 200

1 100

1 000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

67

67

66

66

65

65

64

64

63

63

62

62

61

61

59

59

56

56

52

52

47

47

42

42

37

37

32

32

27

27

η es /%ηeds

FEI

1.0

1.31.21.1

1.0

1.3

1.21.1

Fan performance data for <1.00 FEI shall not be offered for sale.

22



qv [m³/h] 18 00016 00014 00012 00010 0008 0006 0004 0002 000

psf [

Pa]

1 200

1 100

1 000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

67

67

66

66

65

65

64

64

63

63

62

62

61

61

59

59

56

56

52

52

47

47

42

42

37

37

32

32

27

27

η es /%ηeds

FEI

1.0

1.31.21.1

1.0

1.3

1.21.1

1. Duty points for FEI calculations are often unknown at the time of the fan sale.2. Identical fans used in one building with different duties have different FEI.3. The buyer’s declaration of a higher

pressure usually yields a better FEI value.

23

Challenges

Fan Energy Index

1. Duty points for FEI calculations are often unknown at the time of the fan sale.2. Identical fans used in one building with different duties have different FEI.3. The buyer’s declaration of a higher

pressure usually yields a better FEI value.

o Actually increased pressure wastes energy.

o Fraudulently declared pressure circumvents the FEI regulation.

4. This application-specific product metricrequires a complex regulation.

24

Challenges

Fan Energy Index

Chapter1

FEG1. Low effort for the manufacturer to

establish fan ratings2. This metric is uniform across fan types.

1. Requires exemption of highly integrated fan-motor combinations.

2. Neglect of fan drive losses.3. Velocity pressure is counted towards

efficiency even with unducted fan discharge.

4. Peak efficiency metrics disregard applied efficiency values.

5. Fan total efficiency is rarely published, which prevents comparison against the 15 percentage points selection window.

6. The selection window is tied to the peak efficiency of the selected fans instead of the efficiency of a reference fan. This has the effect that better fans are regulated more tightly than worse fans.

FMEG1. Motor and drive losses are

considered.2. Both wire-to-air rated and

shaft-to-air rated fans are accommodated.

3. Static and total pressure bases are accommodated.

4. No exemptions are necessary

1. Classification varies with fan types.

2. Multiplication of component peak efficiencies requires an adjustment factor. Its value is controversial.

3. Peak efficiency metrics disregard applied efficiency values.

FEI1. Motor and drive losses are considered.2. Both wire-to-air rated and shaft-to-air

rated fans are accommodated.3. Static and total pressure bases are

accommodated. 4. No exemptions are necessary.5. This metric is uniform across fan types.6. The FEI is inversely proportional to the

power consumption of a reference fan.7. Simplicity for the specifier and buyer.

1. Extensive fan testing and rating.2. The effectiveness of the FEI metric

depends on the knowledge and truthful disclosure of the fan selection point.

26

Plenum fan sizes 500, 560, 630 mm

Fan selection example 14.730 m3/h @ 620 Pa

fan sizemm

speedrpm

elec. powerkW FEI

500 2242 4.719 1.24560 1698 4.128 1.41630 1460 3.888 1.50

27

Plenum fan sizes 500, 560, 630 mm

Fan selection example 14730 m3/h @ 620 Pa

28

The CEC, ASHRAE, non-governmental organizations and fan manufacturers are proceeding with the FEI for regulating fans.

The legacy of rating fans strictly by impeller shaft input power is fading.

Suppliers’ efforts to improve fans aerodynamically and to reduce losses of mechanical transmissions, motors, and electronic drives will improve FEI.

Real electricity savings will occur when system pressure is first kept to a minimum and then minimally acceptable FEI are specified for fan selections.

Annual distributions of part-load fan duty hours are usually not available.

Conclusion


Zürich, 15. November 2018 29

Armin HauerRegulatory and Government Affairs

ebm-papst Inc.110 Hyde Road, Farmington CT 06034USA

Direct [email protected]


motor summit 2018 international, zurich switzerland...zürich, 15. november 2018 the state of fan...

Documents