Voluntary Motor Control

Control of voluntary movement

IdeaAssociation

cortexPremotor +

Motor cortex

Basal Ganglia

Lateral cerebellum

Movement

Intermediate Cerebellum

ExecutionPlanning

Organization of Motor Nervous System

Spinal Motor Neuron

Spinal Cord: Grey matter

Motor Unit

Neuromuscular Junction

Mechanism of Muscle contraction

Muscle Spindle

Stretch Reflex

Muscle Stretch Reflexes

Golgi Tendon Organ

Golgi Tendon Organ

Feedback Inhibition: Golgi Tendon Organ

Alpha and gamma motor neurons are coactivated during voluntary movements

Spinal Animal

Sensory Feedback for walking

Locomotor Center in Cat

Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia

Motor components of the human basal ganglia

Anatomical Organization of Basal Ganglia Input

Output of Basal Ganglia

Disinhibition in the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia

Organization of Cerebellum

Input of Cerebellum

Cerebellar Output

Vestibulocerebellum

Neocerebellum

The spinocerebellum contains two somatotopic neural maps of the body

Motor modulation by the cerebrocerebellum

Cerebellar Pathway

Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex

The major inputs to the motor cortex in monkeys

Corticospinal Tract

Convergence of Motor Control on the Anterior Motor Neuron

 Experimental apparatus developed to record the activity of single neurons in awake primates trained to perform specific movements : Ed Evarts 1960

Direct corticospinal control of motor neurons is necessary for fine control of the digits

Motor Cortical Cell Firing with Force Generated

Corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell is active depends on the motor task

Different areas of cortex are activated during simple, complex, and imagined sequences of finger movements (Xenon PET)

A. Activity in the neuron as the monkey observes another monkey make a precision group.B. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey observes the human experimenter make the precision grip.C. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey itself performs a precision grip. (From Rizzolotti et al 1996.)

Mirror Neurons