motors (electric, hydraulic, pneumatic) in computer integrated manufacturing by waqas ali tunio

8/2/2019 Motors (Electric, Hydraulic, Pneumatic) in Computer Integrated Manufacturing by Waqas Ali Tunio

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/motors-electric-hydraulic-pneumatic-in-computer-integrated-manufacturing 1/34

^ckt attkfbhmb~ lma~}wmt ~ms~ wmfawnkbf Hj~jwt #M`md~wkd, C{nwa}`kd abn _bm}ha~kd+

Hj~jwt #M`md~wkd C{nwa}`kd _bm}ha~kd+

Djhp}~mw Kb~mfwa~mn Hab}lad~}wkbfVaqat A`k ^}bkj

Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~

_aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm #_BMD+

Ba~kjba` ]bk|mwtk~{ jl Tdkmbdmt , ^mdcbj`jf{ #B]T^+ Iawadck — _aikt~ab

#vaqata`k~}bkjOfhak`"djh+ #vvv"vaqata`k~}bkj"~i+



Hj~jwt ( M`md~wkd C{nwa}`kd , _bm}ha~kd #Djhp}~mw Kb~mfwa~mn Hab}lad~}wkbf+ Vaqat A`k ^}bkj

7 Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm

Ba~kjba` ]bk|mwtk~{ jl Tdkmbdmt , ^mdcbj`jf{ #vvv"pbmd"b}t~"mn}"pi+

^ag`m jl Djb~mb~tKb~wjn}d~kjb """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""=

T{bdcwjbj}t Hj~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""<

4(_catm T{bdcwjbj}t Hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3

Wm`}d~abdm hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1?

T{bdcwjbj}t wm`}d~abdm """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1?

Tvk~dcmn wm`}d~abdm """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1?

M`md~wjbkd nwk|mb |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 11

An|ab~afmt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 17

Nktan|ab~afmt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 17

T~mppmw Hj~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 17

Dcawad~mwkt~kdt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 14

\awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1>

T}hhaw{5 |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1=

_mwhabmb~ hafbm~ t~mppmw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1=

Djbt~w}d~kjb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1=

T}hhaw{5 pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ t~mppmw hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1<

C{gwkn t~mppmw hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1<

T}hhaw{5 c{gwkn t~mppmw hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 16

Gw}tc`mtt ND Hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 16

^mt`a pj`{pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 13

Djbt~w}d~kjb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 13

^cmjw{ jl jpmwa~kjb """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1;

@kbmaw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 71

Vj}bn wj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 71

Tkbf`m(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 77

_mwhabmb~(tp`k~ dapadk~jw hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 77

Dapadk~jw(t~aw~ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 74

Dapadk~jw(w}b hj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 74

Wmtkt~abdm tp`k~(pcatm hj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7>

T}hhaw{5 Tkbf`m(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7>






Tcanmn pj`m kbn}d~kjb hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7>

Tcanmn pj`m kbn}d~kjb hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7>

7(pcatm tmw|j hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7=

C{t~mwmtkt hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7=

T}hhaw{5 J~cmw tpmdka`kumn hj~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7=

Tm`t{b #t{bdcwj+ hj~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7=

AD djhh}~a~jw hj~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7<

Tkbf`m pcatm tmwkmt hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7<

Djhpmbta~mn tmwkmt hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7<

]bk|mwta` hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 76

Wmp}`tkjb hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 76

Wmp}`tkjb t~aw~ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 76

Hj~jw ^mwhkbj`jf{ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

Hj~jw Nktp`admhmb~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

^jwq}m J}~p}~ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

Gwmaiava{ ^jwq}m """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

W}bbkbf ^jwq}m """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

T~aw~kbf ^jwq}m """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

Hmdcabkda` Mllkdkmbd{ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

^jwq}m Wkpp`m """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

Hj~jw Tpmmn """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

Hkbkh}h Hj~jw Tpmmn """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

T`kppafm """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 73

Kb~mwba` Fmaw Hj~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7;

Jwgk~kbf Fmwj~jw Hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7;

Wj``mw(\abm Fmwj~jw Hj~jw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4?

\abm Hj~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4?

_kt~jb(^{pm Hj~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4?

Kb`kbm(_kt~jb Hj~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 41

Gmb~(Askt _kt~jb Hj~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 41

Tm`md~kbf a C{nwa}`kd Hj~jw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 41




> Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


C{nwa}`kd Hj~jw Ha`l}bd~kjbt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 47

Khpwjpmw l`}kn """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 47

_jjw Hakb~mbabdm """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 47

An|ab~afmt jl C{nwa}`kd Ad~}a~kjb T{t~mht """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 47

D`attklkda~kjb jl pbm}ha~kd ad~}a~jwt """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 44

An|ab~afmt abn nktan|ab~afmt jl _bm}ha~kd Ad~}a~jwt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 44

An|ab~afmt """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 44

Nktan|ab~afmt5 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4>

App`kda~kjb """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4>




= Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


M`md~wkda` Hj~jwt

Kb~wjn}d~kjb

Al~mw ~cm kb~wjn}d~kjb jl ~cmND m`md~wkda` nkt~wkg}~kjb t{t~mh g{ Mnktjb kb ~cm]bk~mn T~a~mt a fwan}a` ~wabtk~kjb ~j ~cm hjwmmdjbjhkda` AD t{t~mh djhhmbdmn" @kfc~kbf vjwimnat vm`` jb AD at jb ND" ^wabthkttkjbjl m`md~wkda` mbmwf{ dj|mwmn `jbfmw nkt~abdmt a~ `jvmw`jtt vk~c a`~mwba~kbf d}wwmb~" Cjvm|mw hj~jwt vmwm apwjg`mh vk~c a`~mwba~kbf d}wwmb~" Kbk~ka``{ AD hj~jwtvmwm djbt~w}d~mn `kim ND hj~jwt" B}hmwj}t pwjg`mhtvmwm mbdj}b~mwmn n}m ~j dcabfkbf hafbm~kd lkm`nt atdjhpawmn ~j ~cm t~a~kd lkm`nt kb ND hj~jw hj~jw lkm`ndjk`t"

Dcaw`mt _" T~mkbhm~u djb~wkg}~mn ~j tj`|kbf ~cmtmpwjg`mht vk~c ckt kb|mt~kfa~kjb jl c{t~mwmtkt `jttmt kbkwjb awha~}wmt" Bkijà ^mtà mb|ktkjbmn ab mb~kwm`{ bmv

~{pm jl hj~jw vcmb cm |kt}a`kumn a tpkbbkbf ~}wgkbmbj~ tp}b g{ va~mw jw t~mah g}~ g{ a wj~a~kbf hafbm~kdlkm`n" Ckt bmv ~{pm jl hj~jw ~cm AD kbn}d~kjb hj~jwkt ~cm vjwicjwtm jl kbn}t~w{ ~j ~ckt na{" K~t w}ffmnbmttabn tkhp`kdk~{ haim ljw `jbf `klm ckfc wm`kagk`k~{ abn`jv hakb~mbabdm" [m~ tha`` gw}tcmn AD hj~jwt

tkhkàw ~j ~cm ND |awkm~{ pmwtkt~ kb tha`` app`kabdmta`jbf vk~c tha`` ^mtà kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt" Agj|m jbmcjwtmpjvmw #6=? V+ ~cm ^mtà hj~jw wmkfbt t}pwmhm"

Hjnmwb tj`kn t~a~m m`md~wjbkd dkwd}k~tnwk|m gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jwt vk~c AD va|mljwhtfmbmwa~mn lwjh a ND tj}wdm" ^cm gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jwad~}a``{ ab AD hj~jw kt wmpàdkbf ~cm djb|mb~kjba`gw}tcmn ND hj~jw kb hab{ app`kda~kjbt" Abn~cm t~mppmw hj~jw a nkfk~a` |mwtkjb jl hj~jw kt nwk|mbg{ a`~mwba~kbf d}wwmb~ tq}awm va|mt afakb fmbmwa~mng{ tj`kn t~a~m dkwd}k~w{" Dw}ktm tckpt abn j~cmw àwfm

|mttm`t wmpàdm wmn}d~kjb fmawmn nwk|m tcal~t vk~c àwfmh}`~k(hmfava~~ fmbmwa~jwt abn hj~jwt" T}dc cat gmmb~cm datm vk~c nkmtm`(m`md~wkd `jdjhj~k|mt jb a tha``mwtda`m ljw hab{ {mawt"




< Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


Hj~jw t{t~mh `m|m` nkafwah"

A~ ~cm t{t~mh `m|m` a hj~jw ~aimt kb m`md~wkda` mbmwf{kb ~mwht jl a pj~mb~ka` nkllmwmbdm abn a d}wwmb~ l`jvdjb|mw~kbf k~ ~j hmdcabkda` vjwi" Aàt m`md~wkd hj~jwtawm bj~ 1??- mllkdkmb~" Tjhm jl ~cm m`md~wkd mbmwf{ kt`jt~ ~j cma~ abj~cmw ljwh jl mbmwf{ n}m ~j K7W `jttmt kb~cm hj~jw vkbnkbft" ^cm cma~ kt ab }bnmtkwmn g{pwjn}d~jl ~cm djb|mwtkjb" K~ h}t~ gm wmhj|mn lwjh ~cm hj~jwabn ha{ an|mwtm`{ allmd~ `jbfm|k~{" ^c}t jbm fja` kt ~jhaskhkum hj~jw mllkdkmbd{ wmn}dkbf ~cm cma~ `jtt" ADhj~jwt a`tj ca|m tjhm `jttmt bj~ mbdj}b~mwmn g{ NDhj~jwt5 c{t~mwmtkt abn mnn{ d}wwmb~t"k

T{bdcwjbj}t Hj~jwtTkbf`m pcatm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt awm a|akàg`m kb tha``tkumt ljw app`kda~kjbt wmq}kwkbf pwmdktm ~khkbf t}dc at~khm immpkbf #d`jdit+ abn ~apm pà{mwt" ^cj}fc ga~~mw{pjvmwmn q}aw~u wmf}à~mn d`jdit awm vknm`{ a|akàg`m~cm AD `kbm jpmwa~mn |awkm~{ cat gm~~mw `jbf ~mwhadd}wad{(( j|mw a pmwkjn jl hjb~ct" ^ckt kt n}m ~j

pjvmw pàb~ jpmwa~jwt p}wpjtm`{ hakb~akbkbf ~cm `jbf~mwh add}wad{ jl ~cm lwmq}mbd{ jl ~cmAD nkt~wkg}~kjb t{t~mh" Kl k~ la``t gmckbn g{ a lmvd{d`mt ~cm{ vk`` haim }p ~cm `jt~ d{d`mt jl AD tj ~ca~d`jdit `jtm bj ~khm"

Agj|m 1? Cjwtmpjvmw #1? iV+ ~cm ckfcmw mllkdkmbd{abn `mankbf pjvmw lad~jw haim àwfm t{bdcwjbj}thj~jwt }tml}` kb kbn}t~w{" @awfm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt

awm a lmv pmwdmb~ hjwm mllkdkmb~ ~cab ~cm hjwm djhhjbkbn}d~kjb hj~jwt" ^cj}fc ~cm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw kthjwm djhp`ms"

Tkbdm hj~jwt abn fmbmwa~jwt awm tkhkàw kb djbt~w}d~kjbk~ tcj}`n gm pjttkg`m ~j }tm a fmbmwa~jw at a hj~jwdjb|mwtm`{ }tm a hj~jw at a fmbmwa~jw" A t{bdcwjbj}thj~jw kt tkhkàw ~j ab a`~mwba~jw vk~c a wj~a~kbf lkm`n"^cm lkf}wm gm`jv tcjvt tha`à`~mwba~jwt vk~c apmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~a~kbf lkm`n" ^ckt lkf}wm gm`jvdj}`n mk~cmw gm ~vj pawa``m`mn abnt{bdcwjbkumna`~mwba~jwt nwk|mb g{ a hmdcabkda` mbmwf{

tj}wdmt jw ab a`~mwba~jw nwk|kbf a t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw"Jw k~ dj}`n gm ~vj hj~jwt kl ab ms~mwba` pjvmw tj}wdmvmwm djbbmd~mn" ^cm pjkb~ kt ~ca~ kb mk~cmw datm ~cmwj~jwt h}t~ w}b a~ ~cm tahm bjhkba` lwmq}mbd{ abn gmkb pcatm vk~c madc j~cmw" ^ca~ kt ~cm{ h}t~gm t{bdcwjbkumn " ^cm pwjdmn}wm ljw t{bdcwjbkukbf~vja`~mwba~jwt kt ~j #1+ jpmb ~cm tvk~dc #7+ nwk|mgj~c a`~mwba~jwt a~ ~cm tahm wj~a~kjba` wa~m #4+ an|abdm






jw wm~awn ~cm pcatm jl jbm }bk~ }b~k` gj~c AD j}~p}~t awmkb pcatm #>+ d`jtm ~cm tvk~dc gmljwm ~cm{ nwkl~ j}~ jl pcatm" Jbdm t{bdcwjbkumn ~cma`~mwba~jwt vk`` gm `jdimn~j madc j~cmw wmq}kwkbf djbtknmwag`m ~jwq}m ~j gwmai jbm }bk~ `jjtm #j}~ jl t{bdcwjbkua~kjb+ lwjh ~cm j~cmw"

T{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw w}bbkbf kb t~mp vk~c a`~mwba~jw"

Kl hjwm ~jwq}m kb ~cm nkwmd~kjb jl wj~a~kjb kt app`kmn ~j~cm wj~jw jl jbm jl ~cm agj|m wj~a~kbf a`~mwba~jwt ~cmabf`m jl ~cm wj~jw vk`` an|abdm #jppjtk~m jl #4++ vk~c

wmtpmd~ ~j ~cm hafbm~kd lkm`n kb ~cm t~a~jw djk`t vck`mt~k`` t{bdcwjbkumn abn ~cm wj~jw vk`` nm`k|mw mbmwf{ ~j~cm AD `kbm `kim ab a`~mwba~jw" ^cm wj~jw vk`` a`tj gman|abdmn vk~c wmtpmd~ ~j ~cm wj~jw kb ~cm j~cmwa`~mwba~jw"Kl a `jan t}dc at a gwaim kt app`kmn ~j jbm jl ~cm agj|m}bk~t ~cm abf`m jl ~cm wj~jw vk`` àf ~cm t~a~jw lkm`n at a~#4+ ms~wad~kbf mbmwf{ lwjh ~cm AD `kbm `kim a hj~jw" Kl msdmttk|m ~jwq}m jw nwaf kt app`kmn ~cm wj~jw vk``msdmmn ~cm haskh}h ~jwq}m abf`m an|abdkbf jwàffkbf tj h}dc ~ca~ t{bdcwjbkua~kjb kt `jt~" ^jwq}m ktnm|m`jpmn jb`{ vcmb t{bdcwjbkua~kjb jl ~cm hj~jw kthakb~akbmn"

Kb ~cm datm jl a tha`` t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw kb pàdm jl ~cm a`~mwba~jw Lkf}wm agj|m wkfc~ k~ kt bj~ bmdmttaw{ ~jfj ~cwj}fc ~cm màgjwa~m t{bdcwjbkua~kjb pwjdmn}wmljw a`~mwba~jwt" Cjvm|mw ~cm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw kt bj~tm`l t~aw~kbf abn h}t~ t~k`` gm gwj}fc~ }p ~j ~cmappwjskha~m a`~mwba~jw m`md~wkda` tpmmn gmljwm k~ vk```jdi #t{bdcwjbkum+ ~j ~cm fmbmwa~jw wj~a~kjba` wa~m" Jbdm}p ~j tpmmn ~cm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw vk`` hakb~akbt{bdcwjbkth vk~c ~cm AD pjvmw tj}wdm abn nm|m`jp~jwq}m"

Tkbmva|m nwk|mt t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw"

Att}hkbf ~ca~ ~cm hj~jw kt }p ~j t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn at~cm tkbm va|m dcabfmt ~j pjtk~k|m kb Lkf}wm agj|m #1+~cm `jvmw bjw~c djk` p}tcmt ~cm bjw~c wj~jw pj`m vck`m~cm }ppmw tj}~c djk` a~~wad~t ~ca~ wj~jw bjw~c pj`m" Kb a

tkhkàw habbmw ~cm wj~jw tj}~c pj`m kt wmpm``mn g{ ~cm}ppmw tj}~c djk` abn a~~wad~mn ~j ~cm `jvmw bjw~c djk`"G{ ~cm ~khm ~ca~ ~cm tkbm va|m wmadcmt a pmai a~ #7+ ~cm~jwq}m cj`nkbf ~cm bjw~c pj`m jl ~cm wj~jw }p kt a~ ahaskh}h" ^ckt ~jwq}m nmdwmatmt at ~cm tkbm va|mnmdwmatmt ~j ? \ND a~ #4+ vk~c ~cm ~jwq}m a~ a hkbkh}h"

At ~cm tkbm va|m dcabfmt ~j bmfa~k|m gm~vmmb #4,>+~cm `jvmw tj}~c djk` p}tcmt ~cm tj}~c wj~jw pj`m vck`ma~~wad~kbf wj~jw bjw~c wj~jw pj`m" Kb a tkhkàw habbmw ~cmwj~jw bjw~c pj`m kt wmpm``mn g{ ~cm }ppmw bjw~c djk` abna~~wad~mn ~j ~cm `jvmw tj}~c djk`" A~ #>+ ~cm tkbmva|m

wmadcmt a bmfa~k|m pmai vk~c cj`nkbf ~jwq}m afakb a~ ahaskh}h" At ~cm tkbm va|m dcabfmt lwjh bmfa~k|m ~j ?\ND ~j pjtk~k|m ^cm pwjdmtt wmpma~t ljw a bmv d{d`m jl tkbm va|m"

Bj~m ~cm agj|m lkf}wm k``}t~wa~mt ~cm wj~jw pjtk~kjb ljw abj(`jan djbnk~kjb #α8?j+" Kb ad~}a` pwad~kdm `jankbf ~cmwj~jw vk`` da}tm ~cm wj~jw ~j àf ~cm pjtk~kjbt tcjvb g{abf`m α" ^ckt abf`m kbdwmatmt vk~c `jankbf }b~k` ~cm

haskh}h hj~jw ~jwq}m kt wmadcmn a~ α8;?j m`md~wkda`"T{bdcwjbkua~kjb abn ~jwq}m awm `jt~ gm{jbn ~ckt abf`m"

^cm d}wwmb~ kb ~cm djk`t jl a tkbf`m pcatm t{bdcwjbj}t

hj~jw p}`ta~mt vck`m a`~mwba~kbf pjàwk~{" Kl ~cmpmwhabmb~ hafbm~wj~jw tpmmn kt d`jtm ~j ~cm lwmq}mbd{jl ~ckt a`~mwba~kjb k~ t{bdcwjbkumt ~j ~ckt a`~mwba~kjb"Tkbdm ~cm djk` lkm`n p}`ta~mt abn njmt bj~ wj~a~m k~ ktbmdmttaw{ ~j gwkbf ~cm pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~jw }p ~jtpmmn vk~c ab a}sk`kaw{ hj~jw" ^ckt kt a tha`` kbn}d~kjbhj~jw tkhkàw ~j ~cjtm kb ~cm bms~ tmd~kjb"

Annk~kjb jl lkm`n pj`mt nmdwmatmt tpmmn"






A 7(pj`m #pakw jl B(T pj`mt+ a`~mwba~jw vk`` fmbmwa~m a<? Cu tkbm va|m vcmb wj~a~mn a~ 4<?? wph#wm|j`}~kjbt pmw hkb}~m+" ^cm 4<?? wph djwwmtpjbnt ~j<? wm|j`}~kjbt pmw tmdjbn" A tkhkàw 7(pj`mpmwhabmb~ hafbm~ t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw vk`` a`tj wj~a~ma~ 4<?? wph" A `jvmw tpmmn hj~jw ha{ gm djbt~w}d~mn

g{ annkbf hjwm pj`m pakwt" A >(pj`m hj~jw vj}`n wj~a~ma~ 13?? wph a 17(pj`m hj~jw a~ <?? wph" ^cm t~{`m jl djbt~w}d~kjb tcjvb #Lkf}wm agj|m++ kt ljw k``}t~wa~kjb"Ckfcmw mllkdkmbd{ ckfcmw ~jwq}m h}`~k(pj`m t~a~jwt{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt ad~}a``{ ca|m h}`~kp`m pj`mt kb ~cmwj~jw"

Jbm(vkbnkbf 17(pj`m t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw"

Wa~cmw ~cab vkbn 17(djk`t ljw a 17(pj`m hj~jw vkbn atkbf`m djk` vk~c ~vm`|m kb~mwnkfk~a~mn t~mm` pj`mt pkmdmtat tcjvb kb Lkf}wm agj|m" ^cj}fc ~cm pjàwk~{ jl ~cmdjk` a`~mwba~mt n}m ~j ~cm app`kmn AD att}hm ~ca~ ~cm~jp kt ~mhpjwawk`{ bjw~c ~cm gj~~jh tj}~c" _j`m pkmdmtwj}~m ~cm tj}~c l`}s lwjh ~cm gj~~jh abn j}~tknm jl ~cmdjk` ~j ~cm ~jp" ^cmtm <(tj}~ct awm kb~mw`ma|mn vk~c <(bjw~c ~agt gmb~ }p lwjh ~cm ~jp jl ~cm t~mm` pj`m pkmdm jl ~cm djk`" ^c}t a pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~jw gaw vk``

mbdj}b~mw <(pj`m pakwt djwwmtpjbnkbf ~j <(d{d`mt jl ADkb jbm pc{tkda` wj~a~kjb jl ~cm gaw hafbm~" ^cm wj~a~kjbtpmmn vk`` gm 1*< jl ~cm m`md~wkda` tpmmn jl ~cm AD"Wj~jw tpmmn vk`` gm 1*< jl ~ca~ mspmwkmbdmn vk~c a 7(pj`m t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw" Msahp`m5 <? Cu vj}`n wj~a~ma 7(pj`m hj~jw a~ 4<?? wph jw <?? wph ljw a 17(pj`mhj~jw"

^cm t~a~jw #Lkf}wm agj|m+ tcjvt a 17(pj`m Vmt~d`jst{bdcwjbj}t d`jdi hj~jw" Djbt~w}d~kjb kt tkhkàw ~j ~cmpwm|kj}t lkf}wm vk~c a tkbf`m djk`" ^cm jbm djk` t~{`m jl

djbt~w}d~kjb kt mdjbjhkda` ljw `jv ~jwq}m hj~jwt" ^ckt<?? wph hj~jw nwk|mt wmn}d~kjb fmawt hj|kbf d`jdi cabnt"

Kl ~cm Vmt~d`js hj~jw vmwm ~j w}b a~ <?? wph lwjh a =?Cu pjvmw tj}wdm cjv hab{ pj`mt vj}`n gm wmq}kwmn:

A 1?(pj`m hj~jw vj}`n ca|m =(pakwt jl B(T pj`mt" K~vj}`n wj~a~m a~ =?*= 8 1? wj~a~kjbt pmw tmdjbn jw <??wph #1? t(1 s <? t*hkb}~m"+

^cm wj~jw #Lkf}wm agj|m+ djbtkt~t jl apmwhabmb~ hafbm~ gaw abn a t~mm` kbn}d~kjb hj~jw d}p"^cm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw gaw wj~a~kbf vk~ckb ~cm pj`m ~agtimmpt add}wa~m ~khm" ^cm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw d}p j}~tknmjl ~cm gaw hafbm~ lk~t j}~tknm abn j|mw ~cm ~agt ljw tm`l t~aw~kbf" A~ jbm ~khm bjb(tm`l(t~aw~kbf hj~jwt vk~cj}~~cm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw d}p vmwm hab}lad~}wmn"

4(_catm T{bdcwjbj}t Hj~jw

A 4(pcatm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw at tcjvb kb Lkf}wmgm`jv fmbmwa~mt ab m`md~wkda``{ wj~a~kbf lkm`n kb ~cmt~a~jw" T}dc hj~jwt awm bj~ tm`l t~aw~kbf kl t~aw~mn lwjh alksmn lwmq}mbd{ pjvmw tj}wdm t}dc at =? jw <? Cu atlj}bn kb ab kbn}t~wka` tm~~kbf" L}w~cmwhjwm ~cm wj~jw ktbj~ a pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ at tcjvb gm`jv ljw ~cm h}`~k(cjwtmpjvmw #h}`~k(ik`jva~~+ hj~jwt }tmn kb kbn}t~w{g}~ ab m`md~wjhafbm~" @awfm kbn}t~wka` t{bdcwjbj}thj~jwt awm hjwm mllkdkmb~ ~cab kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt" ^cm{awm }tmn vcmb djbt~ab~ tpmmn kt wmq}kwmn" Ca|kbf a`mankbf pjvmw lad~jw ~cm{ dab djwwmd~ ~cm AD `kbm ljw aàffkbf pjvmw lad~jw"

^cm ~cwmm pcatmt jl t~a~jw msdk~a~kjb ann |md~jwka``{ ~jpwjn}dm a tkbf`m wmt}`~ab~ hafbm~kd lkm`n vckdc wj~a~mtl*7b ~khmt pmw tmdjbn vcmwm l kt ~cm pjvmw `kbmlwmq}mbd{ =? jw <? Cu ljw kbn}t~wka` pjvmw `kbmjpmwa~mn hj~jwt"

b 8 b}hgmw jl pj`mt pmw pcatm




; Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


^cm 4(pcatm >(pj`m #pmw pcatm+ t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw#Lkf}wm gm`jv+ vk`` wj~a~m a~ 13?? wph vk~c <? Cupjvmw jw 1=?? wph vk~c =? Cu pjvmw" Kl ~cm djk`t awmmbmwfkumn jbm a~ a ~khm kb ~cm tmq}mbdm ό(1, ό(7, ό(4~cm wj~jw tcj}`n pjkb~ ~j ~cm djwwmtpjbnkbf pj`mt kb~}wb" Tkbdm ~cm tkbm va|mt ad~}a``{ j|mwàp ~cm wmt}`~ab~

lkm`n vk`` wj~a~m bj~ kb t~mpt g}~ thjj~c`{" Ljwmsahp`m, vcmb ~cm ό(1 abn ό(7 tkbm va|mt djkbdknm~cm lkm`n vk`` gm a~ a pmai pjkb~kbf gm~vmmb ~cmtm pj`mt"^cm gaw hafbm~ wj~jw tcjvb kt jb`{ appwjpwka~m ljwtha`` hj~jwt" ^cm wj~jw vk~c h}`~kp`m hafbm~ pj`mt#gm`jv wkfc~+ kt }tmn kb ab{ mllkdkmb~ hj~jw nwk|kbf at}gt~ab~ka` `jan" ^cmtm vk`` gm t`kp wkbflmn m`md~wjhafbm~t kb àwfm kbn}t~wka` hj~jwt" @awfmkbn}t~wka` t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt awm tm`l t~aw~mn g{mhgmnnmn tq}kwwm` dafm djbn}d~jwt kb ~cm awha~}wmad~kbf `kim ab kbn}d~kjb hj~jw" ^cm m`md~wjhafbm~kdawha~}wm kt jb`{ mbmwfkumn al~mw ~cm wj~jw kt gwj}fc~ }p

~j bmaw t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn"

^cwmm pcatm, >(pj`m t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw

Tha`` h}`~k(pcatm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt #Lkf}wm agj|m+ha{ gm t~aw~mn g{ wahpkbf ~cm nwk|m lwmq}mbd{ lwjh

umwj ~j ~cm lkba` w}bbkbf lwmq}mbd{" ^cm h}`~k(pcatmnwk|m tkfba`t awm fmbmwa~mn g{ m`md~wjbkd dkwd}k~t abnvk`` gm tq}awm va|mt kb a`` g}~ ~cm hjt~ nmhabnkbfapp`kda~kjbt" T}dc hj~jwt awm ibjvb at gw}tc`mtt NDhj~jwt" ^w}m t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt awm nwk|mb g{ tkbmva|mljwht" ^vj jw ~cwmm pcatm nwk|m ha{ gm }tmn g{t}pp`{kbf ~cm appwjpwka~m b}hgmw jl vkbnkbft kb ~cmt~a~jw" Jb`{ 4(pcatm kt tcjvb agj|m"

M`md~wjbkd t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw

^cm g`jdi nkafwah #Lkf}wm agj|m+ tcjvt ~cm nwk|mm`md~wjbkdt attjdka~mn vk~c a `jv |j`~afm #17 \ND+t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw" ^cmtm hj~jwt ca|ma pjtk~kjb tmbtjw kb~mfwa~mn vk~ckb ~cm hj~jw vckdcpwj|knmt a `jv `m|m` tkfba` vk~c a lwmq}mbd{

pwjpjw~kjba` ~j ~cm tpmmn jl wj~a~kjb jl ~cm hj~jw" ^cmpjtk~kjb tmbtjw dj}`n gm at tkhp`m at at tj`kn t~a~mhafbm~kd lkm`n tmbtjwt t}dc at Ca`` mllmd~ nm|kdmtpwj|knkbf djhh}~a~kjb #awha~}wm d}wwmb~ nkwmd~kjb+~khkbf ~j ~cm nwk|m m`md~wjbkdt ^cmpjtk~kjb tmbtjw dj}`n gm a ckfc wmtj`}~kjbabf}àw tmbtjw t}dc at a wmtj`|mw ab kbn}d~jt{b#hafbm~kd mbdjnmw+ jw ab jp~kda` mbdjnmw"

Kl djbt~ab~ abn add}wa~m tpmmn jl wj~a~kjb kt wmq}kwmn#at ljw a nkti nwk|m+ a ~adcjhm~mw abn pcatm `jdimn

`jjp ha{ gm kbd`}nmn" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+

^ckt ~adcjhm~mw tkfba` a p}`tm ~wakb pwjpjw~kjba` ~jhj~jw tpmmn kt lmn gadi ~j a pcatm `jdimn `jjp vckdcdjhpawmt ~cm ~adcjhm~mw lwmq}mbd{ abn pcatm ~j at~ag`m wmlmwmbdm lwmq}mbd{ tj}wdm t}dc at a dw{t~a`jtdk`à~jw"

_catm jdimn jjp djb~wj`t t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw tpmmn"

A hj~jw nwk|mb g{ tq}awm va|mt jl d}wwmb~ at pwj|kdmng{ tkhp`m ca`` mllmd~ tmbtjwt kt ibjvb ata gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jw " ^ckt ~{pm jl hj~jw catckfcmw wkpp`m ~jwq}m ~jwq}m |awka~kjb ~cwj}fc a tcal~wm|j`}~kjb ~cab a tkbm va|m nwk|mb hj~jw" ^ckt kt bj~ apwjg`mh ljw hab{ app`kda~kjbt" ^cj}fc vm awmpwkhawk`{ kb~mwmt~mn kb t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt kb ~ckttmd~kjb"




1? Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


Hj~jw wkpp`m ~jwq}m abn hmdcabkda` aba`jf"

Wkpp`m ~jwq}m jw djffkbf kt da}tmn g{hafbm~kd a~~wad~kjb jl ~cm wj~jw pj`mt ~j ~cm t~a~jw pj`mpkmdmt" #Lkf}wm agj|m+ Bj~m ~ca~ ~cmwm awm bj t~a~jwdjk`t bj~ m|mb a hj~jw" ^cm _H wj~jw ha{ gm wj~a~mng{ cabn g}~ vk`` mbdj}b~mw a~~wad~kjb ~j ~cm pj`m pkmdmtvcmb bmaw ~cmh" ^ckt kt aba`jfj}t ~j ~cm hmdcabkda`

tk~}a~kjb" Vj}`n wkpp`m ~jwq}m gm a pwjg`mh ljw a hj~jw}tmn kb a ~apm pà{mw: [mt vm nj bj~ vab~ ~cm hj~jw ~ja`~mwba~m`{ tpmmn abn t`jv at k~ hj|mt a}nkj ~apm pat~ a~apm pà{gadi cman" Vj}`n wkpp`m ~jwq}m gm a pwjg`mhljw a lab hj~jw: Bj"

Vkbnkbft nkt~wkg}~mn kb a gm`~ pwjn}dm a hjwm

tkb}tjkna` lkm`n"

Kl a hj~jw kt nwk|mb g{ tkbm va|mt jl d}wwmb~t{bdcwjbj}t vk~c ~cm hj~jw gadi mhl k~ kt dàttklkmn ata t{bdcwjbj}t AD hj~jw wmfawn`mtt jl vcm~cmw ~cmnwk|m va|mljwht awm fmbmwa~mn g{ m`md~wjbkd hmabt" At{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw vk`` fmbmwa~m a tkb}tjkna` gadi mhl kl ~cm t~a~jw hafbm~kd lkm`n cat a tkb}tjkna` nkt~wkg}~kjb"

K~ vk`` gm hjwm tkb}tjkna` kl pj`m vkbnkbft awmnkt~wkg}~mn kb a gm`~ #Lkf}wm agj|m+ adwjtt hab{ t`j~tkbt~man jl djbdmb~wa~mn jb jbm àwfm pj`m #at nwavb kbhjt~ jl j}w tkhp`klkmn k``}t~wa~kjbt+" ^ckt awwabfmhmb~dabdm`t hab{ jl ~cm t~a~jw lkm`n jnn cawhjbkdt" T`j~tca|kbf lmvmw vkbnkbft a~ ~cm mnfm jl ~cm pcatm vkbnkbfha{ tcawm ~cm tpadm vk~c j~cmw pcatmt"

Wm`}d~abdm hj~jw^cm |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw kt gatmn jb ~cm pwkbdkp`m~ca~ ab }bwmt~wakbmn pkmdm jl kwjb vk`` hj|m ~j djhp`m~ma hafbm~kd l`}s pa~c vk~c hkbkh}h wm`}d~abdm ~cmhafbm~kd aba`jf jl m`md~wkda` wmtkt~abdm" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+

T{bdcwjbj}t wm`}d~abdmKl ~cm wj~a~kbf lkm`n jl a àwfm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw vk~cta`kmb~ pj`mt kt nm(mbmwfkumn k~ vk`` t~k`` nm|m`jp 1? jw1=- jl t{bdcwjbj}t ~jwq}m" ^ckt kt n}m ~j |awkag`mwm`}d~abdm ~cwj}fcj}~ a wj~jw wm|j`}~kjb" ^cmwm kt bjpwad~kda` app`kda~kjb ljw a àwfm t{bdcwjbj}t wm`}d~abdmhj~jw" Cjvm|mw k~ kt pwad~kda` kb tha`` tkumt"

Kl t`j~t awm d}~ kb~j ~cm djbn}d~jw`mtt wj~jw jl abkbn}d~kjb hj~jw djwwmtpjbnkbf ~j ~cm t~a~jw t`j~ta t{bdcwjbj}t wm`}d~abdm hj~jw wmt}`~t" K~ t~aw~t `kim abkbn}d~kjb hj~jw g}~ w}bt vk~c a tha`` ahj}b~ jl

t{bdcwjbj}t ~jwq}m" ^cm t{bdcwjbj}t ~jwq}m kt n}m ~jdcabfmt kb wm`}d~abdm jl ~cm hafbm~kd pa~c lwjh ~cmt~a~jw ~cwj}fc ~cm wj~jw at ~cm t`j~t a`kfb" ^ckt hj~jw ktab kbmspmbtk|m hmabt jl nm|m`jpkbf a hjnmwa~mt{bdcwjbj}t ~jwq}m" @jv pjvmw lad~jw `jv p}``(j}~~jwq}m abn `jv mllkdkmbd{ awm dcawad~mwkt~kdt jl ~cmnkwmd~ pjvmw `kbm nwk|mb |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw"T}dc vat ~cm t~a~}t jl ~cm |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw ljwa dmb~}w{ gmljwm ~cm nm|m`jphmb~ jl tmhkdjbn}d~jwpjvmw djb~wj`"

Tvk~dcmn wm`}d~abdm

Kl ab kwjb wj~jw vk~c pj`mt g}~ vk~cj}~ ab{ djbn}d~jwtkt lk~~mn ~j a h}`~k(pcatm t~a~jw a tvk~dcmn wm`}d~abdm

hj~jw dapag`m jl t{bdcwjbkukbf vk~c ~cm t~a~jw lkm`nwmt}`~t" Vcmb a t~a~jw djk` pj`m pakw kt mbmwfkumn ~cmwj~jw vk`` hj|m ~j ~cm `jvmt~ hafbm~kd wm`}d~abdm pa~c"#Lkf}wm gm`jv+ A tvk~dcmn wm`}d~abdm hj~jw kt a`tjibjvb at a |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw" ^cm wm`}d~abdm jl ~cm wj~jw ~j t~a~jw l`}s pa~c |awkmt vk~c ~cm pjtk~kjb jl ~cm wj~jw"






Wm`}d~abdm kt a l}bd~kjb jl wj~jw pjtk~kjb kb a |awkag`m

wm`}d~abdm hj~jw"

Tmq}mb~ka` tvk~dckbf #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ jl ~cm t~a~jwpcatmt hj|mt ~cm wj~jw lwjh jbm pjtk~kjb ~j ~cm bms~"^cm habfm~kd l`}s tmmit ~cm pa~c jl `mat~ wm`}d~abdm ~cm

hafbm~kd aba`jf jl m`md~wkd wmtkt~abdm" ^ckt kt ab j|mwtkhp`klkmn wj~jw abn va|mljwht ~j k``}t~wa~m jpmwa~kjb"

\awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw, j|mw(tkhp`klkmn jpmwa~kjb"

Kl jbm mbn jl madc 4(pcatm vkbnkbf jl ~cm tvk~dcmn wm`}d~abdm hj~jw kt gwj}fc~ j}~ |ka adjhhjb `man vkwm vm dab mspàkb jpmwa~kjb at kl k~vmwm a t~mppmw hj~jw" #Lkf}wm agj|m+ ^cm j~cmw djk`djbbmd~kjbt awm t}ddmttk|m`{ p}``mn ~j fwj}bn jbm a~ a~khm kb a va|m nwk|m pa~~mwb" ^ckt a~~wad~t ~cm wj~jw ~j~cm d`jdivktm wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n kb <?j kbdwmhmb~t"

\awkj}t va|mljwht ha{ nwk|m |awkag`m wm`}d~abdmhj~jwt" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ Va|m nwk|m #a+ kt tkhp`mwmq}kwkbf jb`{ a tkbf`m mbnmn }bkpjàw tvk~dc" ^ca~ ktjbm vckdc jb`{ tvk~dcmt kb jbm nkwmd~kjb" Hjwm ~jwq}m

kt pwj|knmn g{ ~cm gkpjàw nwk|m #g+ g}~ wmq}kwmt agkpjàw tvk~dc" ^cm pjvmw nwk|mw h}t~ p}`` a`~mwba~m`{ckfc abn `jv" Va|mljwht #a , g+ awm app`kdag`m ~j ~cmt~mppmw hj~jw |mwtkjb jl ~cm |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw"Ljw thjj~c |kgwa~kjb lwmm jpmwa~kjb ~cm <(t~mpappwjskha~kjb jl a tkbm va|m #d+ kt nmtkwag`m abn mat{~j fmbmwa~m" Tkbm va|m nwk|m #n+ ha{ gm fmbmwa~mn g{ ap}`tm vkn~c hjn}à~jw #_VH+ jw nwavb lwjh ~cmpjvmw `kbm"

\awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw nwk|m va|mljwht5 #a+

}bkpjàw va|m nwk|m, #g+ gkpjàw l}`` t~mp #d+ tkbmva|m

#n+ gkpjàw <(t~mp"

Nj}g`kbf ~cm b}hgmw jl t~a~jw pj`mt nmdwmatmt ~cmwj~a~kbf tpmmn abn kbdwmatmt ~jwq}m" ^ckt hkfc~

m`khkba~m a fmaw wmn}d~kjb nwk|m" A |awkag`m wm`}d~abdmhj~jw kb~mbnmn ~j hj|m kb nktdwm~m t~mpt t~jp abn t~aw~kt a |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw hj~jw dj|mwmn kbabj~cmw tmd~kjb" Kl thjj~c wj~a~kjb kt ~cm fja` ~cmwm ktab m`md~wjbkd nwk|mb |mwtkjb jl ~cm tvk~dcmnwm`}d~abdmhj~jw" \awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jwt jw t~mppmwt ad~}a``{}tm wj~jwt `kim ~cjtm kb Lkf}wm gm`jv"

M`md~wjbkd nwk|mb |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw\awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jwt awm pjjw pmwljwhmwt vcmbnkwmd~ pjvmw `kbm nwk|mb" Cjvm|mw hkdwjpwjdmttjwt abntj`kn t~a~m pjvmw nwk|m haimt ~ckt hj~jw ab mdjbjhkda`

ckfc pmwljwhabdm tj`}~kjb kb tjhm ckfc |j`}hmapp`kda~kjbt"

^cj}fc nkllkd}`~ ~j djb~wj` ~ckt hj~jw kt mat{ ~j tpkb"Tmq}mb~ka` tvk~dckbf jl ~cm lkm`n djk`t dwma~mt a wj~a~kbfhafbm~kd lkm`n vckdc nwaft ~cm kwwmf}àw`{ tcapmn wj~jwawj}bn vk~c k~ at k~ tmmit j}~ ~cm `jvmt~ hafbm~kdwm`}d~abdm pa~c" ^cm wmà~kjbtckp gm~vmmb ~jwq}m abnt~a~jw d}wwmb~ kt ckfc`{ bjb`kbmaw(( nkllkd}`~ ~j djb~wj`"

M`md~wjbkd nwk|mb |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw"

Ab m`md~wjbkd nwk|mb |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw #Lkf}wmgm`jv+ wmtmhg`mt a gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jw vk~cj}~ apmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~jw" ^ckt haimt ~cm hj~jw tkhp`mabn kbmspmbtk|m" Cjvm|mw ~ckt kt jlltm~ g{ ~cm djt~ jl ~cm m`md~wjbkd djb~wj` vckdc kt bj~ bmaw`{ at tkhp`m at

~ca~ ljw a gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jw"

Vck`m ~cm |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw kt tkhp`m m|mbhjwm tj ~cab ab kbn}d~kjb hj~jw k~ kt nkllkd}`~ ~jdjb~wj`" M`md~wjbkddjb~wj` tj`|mt ~ckt pwjg`mh abnhaimt k~ pwad~kda` ~j nwk|m ~cm hj~jw vm`` agj|m abngm`jv ~cm pjvmw `kbm lwmq}mbd{" A |awkag`m wm`}d~abdmhj~jw nwk|mb g{ a tmw|j ab m`md~wjbkd lmmngadi t{t~mh






djb~wj`t ~jwq}m abn tpmmn hkbkhkukbf wkpp`m ~jwq}m"Lkf}wm gm`jv

M`md~wjbkd nwk|mb |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm hj~jw"

^ckt kt ~cm jppjtk~m jl ~cm ckfc wkpp`m ~jwq}m nmtkwmn kbt~mppmw hj~jwt" Wa~cmw ~cab a t~mppmw a |awkag`mwm`}d~abdm hj~jw kt jp~khkumn ljw djb~kb}j}t ckfctpmmn wj~a~kjb vk~c hkbkh}h wkpp`m ~jwq}m" K~ ktbmdmttaw{ ~j hmat}wm ~cm wj~jw pjtk~kjb vk~c a wj~aw{

pjtk~kjb tmbtjw `kim ab jp~kda` jw hafbm~kd mbdjnmw jwnmwk|m ~ckt lwjh hjbk~jwkbf ~cm t~a~jw gadi MHL" Ahkdwjpwjdmttjw pmwljwht djhp`ms da`d}à~kjbt ljwtvk~dckbf ~cm vkbnkbft a~ ~cm pwjpmw ~khm vk~c tj`knt~a~m nm|kdmt" ^ckt h}t~ gm njbm pwmdktm`{ ~j hkbkhkuma}nkg`m bjktm abn wkpp`m ~jwq}m" Ljw `jvmt~ wkpp`m~jwq}m vkbnkbf d}wwmb~ h}t~ gm hjbk~jwmn abndjb~wj``mn" ^cm t~wkd~ nwk|m wmq}kwmhmb~t haim ~ckthj~jw jb`{ pwad~kda` ljw ckfc |j`}hm app`kda~kjbt `kimmbmwf{ mllkdkmb~ |ad}}h d`mabmw hj~jwt lab hj~jwt jwp}hp hj~jwt" Jbm t}dc |ad}}h d`mabmw }tmt a djhpad~ckfc mllkdkmbd{ m`md~wjbkd nwk|mb 1????? wph lab

hj~jw" ^cm tkhp`kdk~{ jl ~cm hj~jw djhpmbta~mt ljw ~cmnwk|m m`md~wjbkdt djt~" Bj gw}tcmt bj djhh}~a~jw bjwj~jw vkbnkbft bj pmwhabmb~ hafbm~t tkhp`klkmt hj~jwhab}lad~}wm" ^cm mllkdkmbd{ jl ~cktm`md~wjbkd nwk|mbhj~jw dab gm ckfc" G}~ k~ wmq}kwmt djbtknmwag`mjp~khkua~kjb }tkbf tpmdka`kumn nmtkfb ~mdcbkq}mtvckdc kt jb`{ e}t~klkmn ljw àwfm hab}lad~}wkbf|j`}hmt"

An|ab~afmt Tkhp`m djbt~w}d~kjb( bj gw}tcmt djhh}~a~jw

jw pmwhabmb~ hafbm~t bj D} jw A` kb ~cm wj~jw"

Ckfc mllkdkmbd{ abn wm`kagk`k~{ djhpawmn ~jdjb|mb~kjba` AD jw ND hj~jwt"

Ckfc t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m" Djt~ mllmd~k|m djhpawmn ~j g}tc`mtt ND

hj~jw kb ckfc |j`}hmt" Anap~ag`m ~j |mw{ ckfc ahgkmb~ ~mhpmwa~}wm" @jv djt~ add}wa~m tpmmn djb~wj` pjttkg`m kl

|j`}hm kt ckfc mbj}fc"

Nktan|ab~afmt D}wwmb~ |mwt}t ~jwq}m kt ckfc`{ bjb`kbmaw _catm tvk~dckbf h}t~ gm pwmdktm ~j hkbkhkum

wkpp`m ~jwq}m _catm d}wwmb~ h}t~ gm djb~wj``mn ~j hkbkhkum

wkpp`m ~jwq}m Adj}t~kd abn m`md~wkda` bjktm Bj~ app`kdag`m ~j `jv |j`}hmt n}m ~j djhp`ms

djb~wj` ktt}mt

T~mppmw Hj~jwtA t~mppmw hj~jw kt a ‐nkfk~a`‘ |mwtkjb jl ~cm m`md~wkdhj~jw" ^cm wj~jw hj|mt kb nktdwm~m t~mpt atdjhhabnmn wa~cmw ~cab wj~a~kbf djb~kb}j}t`{ `kim adjb|mb~kjba` hj~jw" Vcmb t~jppmn g}~ mbmwfkumna t~mppmw #tcjw~ ljw t~mppmw hj~jw+ cj`nt k~t `jan t~man{vk~c a cj`nkbf ~jwq}m" Vknm tpwman addmp~abdm jl ~cm

t~mppmw hj~jw vk~ckb ~cm àt~ ~vj nmdanmt vat nwk|mb g{~cm atdmbnabd{ jl nkfk~a` m`md~wjbkdt" Hjnmwb tj`knt~a~m nwk|mw m`md~wjbkdt vat a im{ ~j k~t t}ddmtt"Abn hkdwjpwjdmttjwtwmank`{ kb~mwladm ~j t~mppmwhj~jw nwk|mw dkwd}k~t"

App`kda~kjb vktm ~cm pwmnmdmttjw jl ~cm t~mppmw hj~jwvat ~cm tmw|j hj~jw" ^jna{ ~ckt kt a ckfcmw djt~tj`}~kjb ~j ckfcpmwljwhabdm hj~kjbdjb~wj` app`kda~kjbt" ^cm mspmbtm abn djhp`msk~{ jl atmw|jhj~jw kt n}m ~j ~cm annk~kjba` t{t~mh djhpjbmb~t5pjtk~kjb tmbtjw abn mwwjw ahp`klkmw" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ K~ kt

t~k`` ~cm va{ ~j pjtk~kjb cma|{ `jant gm{jbn ~cm fwatpjl `jvmw pjvmw t~mppmwt" Ckfc addm`mwa~kjb jw }b}t}a``{ckfc add}wad{ t~k`` wmq}kwmt a tmw|j hj~jw" J~cmwvktm~cm nmla}`~ kt ~cm t~mppmw n}m ~j `jv djt~ tkhp`m nwk|mm`md~wjbkdt fjjn add}wad{ fjjn ~jwq}m hjnmwa~mtpmmn abn `jv djt~"

T~mppmw hj~jw |t" tmw|j hj~jw"

A t~mppmw hj~jw pjtk~kjbt ~cm wman(vwk~m cmant kba l`jpp{ nwk|m" ^cm{ vmwm jbdm }tmn ljw ~cm tahmp}wpjtm kb cawn nwk|mt" Cjvm|mw ~cm ckfc tpmmn abnadd}wad{ wmq}kwmn jl hjnmwb cawn nwk|m cmanpjtk~kjbkbf nkd~a~mt ~cm }tm jl a `kbmaw tmw|jhj~jw#|jkdm djk`+"






^cm tmw|j ahp`klkmw kt a `kbmaw ahp`klkmw vk~c tjhmnkllkd}`~ ~j kb~mfwa~m nktdwm~m djhpjbmb~t" Adjbtknmwag`m nmtkfb mlljw~ kt wmq}kwmn ~j jp~khkum ~cmtmw|j ahp`klkmw fakb |t" pcatm wmtpjbtm ~j~cm hmdcabkda` djhpjbmb~t" ^cm t~mppmwhj~jw nwk|mwtawm `mtt djhp`ms tj`kn t~a~m tvk~dcmt

gmkbf mk~cmw ‐jb‘ jw ‐jll‘" ^c}t, a t~mppmw hj~jw djb~wj``mw kt `mtt djhp`ms abn djt~`{ ~cab a tmw|j hj~jwdjb~wj``mw"

T`j(t{b t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt dab w}b lwjh AD `kbm|j`~afm `kim a tkbf`m(pcatm pmwhabmb~(dapadk~jwkbn}d~kjb hj~jw" ^cm dapadk~jw fmbmwa~mt a ;?j tmdjbnpcatm" Vk~c ~cm nkwmd~ `kbm |j`~afm vm ca|m a 7(pcatmnwk|m" Nwk|m va|mljwht jl gkpjàw #±+ tq}awm va|mt jl 7(7>\ awm hjwm djhhjb ~cmtm na{t" ^cm gkpjàwhafbm~kd lkm`nt ha{ a`tj gm fmbmwa~mnlwjh }bkpjàw #jbm pjàwk~{+ |j`~afmt app`kmn ~j

a`~mwba~m mbnt jl a dmb~mw ~appmn vkbnkbf" #Lkf}wmgm`jv+ Kb j~cmw vjwnt ND dab gm tvk~dcmn ~j ~cmhj~jw tj ~ca~ k~ tmmt AD" At ~cm vkbnkbft awm mbmwfkumnkb tmq}mbdm ~cm wj~jw t{bdcwjbkumt vk~c ~cm djbtmq}mb~t~a~jw hafbm~kd lkm`n" ^c}t vm ~wma~ t~mppmw hj~jwt at adàtt jl AD t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw"

]bkpjàw nwk|m jl dmb~mw ~appmn djk` a~ #g+, mh}à~mt AD d}wwmb~ kb tkbf`m djk` a~ #a+"

Dcawad~mwkt~kdtT~mppmw hj~jwt awm w}ffmn abn kbmspmbtk|m gmda}tm ~cmwj~jw djb~akbt bj vkbnkbf t`kp wkbft jw djhh}~a~jw"^cm wj~jw kt a d{`kbnwkda` tj`kn vckdc ha{ a`tj ca|mmk~cmw ta`kmb~ pj`mt jw lkbm ~mm~c" Hjwm jl~mb ~cab bj~~cm wj~jw kt a pmwhabmb~ hafbm~" Nm~mwhkbm ~ca~ ~cmwj~jw kt a pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ g{ }bpjvmwmn cabnwj~a~kjb tcjvkbf nm~mb~ ~jwq}m ~jwq}m p}`ta~kjbt"T~mppmw hj~jw djk`t awm vj}bn vk~ckb a àhkba~mnt~a~jw msdmp~ ljw dab t~adi djbt~w}d~kjb" ^cmwm ha{ gmat lmv at ~vj vkbnkbf pcatmt jw at hab{ at lk|m" ^cmtmpcatmt awm lwmq}mb~`{ tp`k~ kb~j pakwt" ^c}t a >(pj`mt~mppmw hj~jw ha{ ca|m ~vj pcatmt djhpjtmn jl kb(`kbm pakwt jl pj`mt tpadmn ;?j apaw~" ^cmwm ha{ a`tj gmh}`~kp`m pj`m pakwt pmw pcatm" Ljw msahp`m a 17(pj`mt~mppmw cat <(pakwt jl pj`mt ~cwmm pakwt pmw pcatm"

Tkbdm t~mppmw hj~jwt nj bj~ bmdmttawk`{ wj~a~mdjb~kb}j}t`{ ~cmwm kt bj cjwtmpjvmw wa~kbf" Kl ~cm{ njwj~a~m djb~kb}j}t`{ ~cm{ nj bj~ m|mb appwjadc a t}g(lwad~kjba` cp wa~mn dapagk`k~{" ^cm{ awm ~w}`{ tha`` `jvpjvmw nm|kdmt djhpawmn ~j j~cmw hj~jwt" ^cm{ ca|m~jwq}m wa~kbft ~j a ~cj}tabn kb(ju #kbdc(j}bdmt+ jw ~mb

b(h #Bmv~jb(hm~mwt+ ljw a > if tkum }bk~" A tha``‐nkhm‘ tkum t~mppmw cat a ~jwq}m jl a c}bnwmn~c jl aBmv~jb(hm~mw jw a lmv kbdc(j}bdmt" Hjt~ t~mppmwt awma lmv kbdcmt kb nkahm~mw vk~c a lwad~kjb jl a b(h jw almv kb(ju ~jwq}m" ^cm ~jwq}m a|akàg`m kt a l}bd~kjb jl hj~jw tpmmn `jan kbmw~ka `jan ~jwq}m abn nwk|mm`md~wjbkdt at k``}t~wa~mn jb ~cm tpmmn |t" ~jwq}m d}w|m"#Lkf}wm gm`jv+ Ab mbmwfkumn cj`nkbf t~mppmw cat awmà~k|m`{ ckfc cj`nkbf ~jwq}m wa~kbf" ^cmwm kt `mtt~jwq}m a|akàg`m ljw a w}bbkbf hj~jw nmdwmatkbf ~j umwja~ tjhm ckfc tpmmn" ^ckt tpmmn kt lwmq}mb~`{ bj~a~~akbag`m n}m ~j hmdcabkda` wmtjbabdm jl ~cm hj~jw

`jan djhgkba~kjb"

T~mppmw tpmmn dcawad~mwkt~kdt"

T~mppmw hj~jwt hj|m jbm t~mp a~ a ~khm ~cm t~mp abf`mvcmb ~cm nwk|m va|mljwht awm dcabfmn" ^cm t~mp abf`mkt wmà~mn ~j hj~jw djbt~w}d~kjb nm~ak`t5 b}hgmw jl djk`tb}hgmw jl pj`mt b}hgmw jl ~mm~c" K~ dab gm lwjh ;?j ~j?"6=j djwwmtpjbnkbf ~j > ~j =?? t~mpt pmw wm|j`}~kjb"Nwk|m m`md~wjbkdt ha{ ca`|m ~cm t~mp abf`m g{ hj|kbf~cm wj~jw kb ca`l(t~mpt"

T~mppmwt dabbj~ adckm|m ~cm tpmmnt jb ~cm tpmmn ~jwq}md}w|m kbt~ab~abmj}t`{" ^cm haskh}h t~aw~ lwmq}mbd{ kt~cm ckfcmt~ wa~m a~ vckdc a t~jppmn abn }b`janmnt~mppmw dab gm t~aw~mn" Ab{ `jan vk`` haim ~ckt

pawahm~mw }ba~~akbag`m" Kb pwad~kdm ~cm t~mp wa~m ktwahpmn }p n}wkbf t~aw~kbf lwjh vm`` gm`jv ~cmhaskh}h t~aw~ lwmq}mbd{" Vcmb t~jppkbf a t~mppmwhj~jw ~cm t~mp wa~m ha{ gm nmdwmatmn gmljwm t~jppkbf"

^cm haskh}h ~jwq}m a~ vckdc a t~mppmw dab t~aw~ abnt~jp kt ~cm p}``(kb ~jwq}m" ^ckt ~jwq}m `jan jb ~cmt~mppmw kt n}m ~j lwkd~kjba` #gwaim+ abn kbmw~ka`




1> Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


#l`{vcmm`+ `jant jb ~cm hj~jw tcal~" Jbdm ~cm hj~jw kt}p ~j tpmmn p}``(j}~ ~jwq}m kt ~cm haskh}h t}t~akbag`m~jwq}m vk~cj}~ jtkbf t~mpt"

^cmwm awm ~cwmm ~{pmt jl t~mppmw hj~jwt kb jwnmw jl kbdwmatkbf djhp`msk~{5 |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm pmwhabmb~

hafbm~ abn c{gwkn" ^cm |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw catt tj`kn tjl~ t~mm` wj~jw vk~c ta`kmb~ pj`mt" ^cm pmwhabmb~hafbm~ t~mppmw cat a d{`kbnwkda` pmwhabmb~ hafbm~wj~jw" ^cm c{gwkn t~mppmw cat tjl~ t~mm` ~mm~c annmn ~j~cm pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~jw ljw a tha``mw t~mp abf`m"

\awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw hj~jwA |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw hj~jw wm`kmt }pjbhafbm~kd l`}s tmmikbf ~cm `jvmt~ wm`}d~abdm pa~c~cwj}fc a hafbm~kd dkwd}k~" ^ckt hmabt ~ca~ abkwwmf}àw`{ tcapmn tjl~ hafbm~kd wj~jw vk`` hj|m ~jdjhp`m~m a hafbm~kd dkwd}k~ hkbkhkukbf ~cm `mbf~c jl

ab{ ckfc wm`}d~abdm akw fap" ^cm t~a~jw ~{pkda``{ cat~cwmm vkbnkbft nkt~wkg}~mn gm~vmmb pj`m pakwt ~cm wj~jwlj}w ta`kmb~ pj`mt {km`nkbf a 4?j t~mp abf`m" #Lkf}wmgm`jv+ A nm(mbmwfkumn t~mppmw vk~c bj nm~mb~ ~jwq}mvcmb cabn wj~a~mn kt knmb~klkag`m at a |awkag`mwm`}d~abdm ~{pm t~mppmw"

^cwmm pcatm abn lj}w pcatm |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw

hj~jwt"

^cm nwk|m va|mljwht ljw ~cm 4(: t~mppmw dab gm tmmb kb~cm ‐Wm`}d~abdm hj~jw‘ tmd~kjb" ^cm nwk|m ljw a >(:t~mppmw kt tcjvb kb Lkf}wm gm`jv" Tmq}mb~ka``{tvk~dckbf ~cm t~a~jw pcatmt pwjn}dmt a wj~a~kbfhafbm~kd lkm`n vckdc ~cm wj~jw lj``jvt" Cjvm|mw n}m ~j~cm `mttmw b}hgmw jl wj~jw pj`mt ~cm wj~jw hj|mt `mtt~cab ~cm t~a~jw abf`m ljw madc t~mp"

T~mppkbf tmq}mbdm ljw |awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw"

Kb Lkf}wm agj|m hj|kbf lwjh :1 ~j :7 m~d" ~cm t~a~jwhafbm~kd lkm`n wj~a~mt d`jdivktm" ^cm wj~jw hj|mtdj}b~mwd`jdivktm #DDV+" Bj~m vca~ njmt bj~ cappmb!

^cm nj~~mn wj~jw ~jj~c njmt bj~ hj|m ~j ~cm bms~ t~a~jw~jj~c" Kbt~man ~cm :7 t~a~jw lkm`n a~~wad~t a nkllmwmb~~jj~c kb hj|kbf ~cm wj~jw DDV vckdc kt a tha``mwabf`m #1=j+ ~cab ~cm t~a~jw abf`m jl 4?j" ^cm wj~jw ~jj~cabf`m jl >=j mb~mwt kb~j ~cm da`d}à~kjb g{ ~cm agj|mmq}a~kjb" ^cm wj~jw hj|mn DDV ~j ~cm bms~ wj~jw ~jj~ca~ >=j g}~ k~ a`kfbt vk~c a DV g{ 4?j t~a~jw ~jj~c" ^c}t~cm ad~}a` t~mp abf`m kt ~cm nkllmwmbdm gm~vmmb a t~a~jwabf`m jl >=j abn a wj~jw abf`m jl 4?j " Cjv law vj}`n~cm t~mppmw wj~a~m kl ~cm wj~jw abn t~a~jw can ~cm tahmb}hgmw jl ~mm~c: Umwj(( bj bj~a~kjb"

T~aw~kbf a~ wmt~ vk~c pcatm :1 mbmwfkumn ~cwmm p}`tmt awmwmq}kwmn #:7 :4 :>+ ~j a`kfb ~cm ‐nj~~mn‘ wj~jw ~jj~c ~j~cm bms~ DDV t~a~jw ^jj~c vckdc kt >=j" Vk~c 4(p}`tmtpmw t~a~jw ~jj~c abn 3(t~a~jw ~mm~c 7>(p}`tmt jw t~mpthj|m ~cm wj~jw ~cwj}fc 4<?j"

G{ wm|mwtkbf ~cm tmq}mbdm jl p}`tmt ~cm nkwmd~kjb jl wj~a~kjb kt wm|mwtmn agj|m wkfc~" ^cm nkwmd~kjb t~mp wa~mabn b}hgmw jl t~mpt awm djb~wj``mn g{ a t~mppmw hj~jwdjb~wj``mw lmmnkbf a nwk|mw jw ahp`klkmw" ^ckt dj}`n gmdjhgkbmn kb~j a tkbf`m dkwd}k~ gjawn" ^cm djb~wj``mwdj}`n gm a hkdwjpwjdmttjw jw a tpmdka`kumn kb~mfwa~mn

dkwd}k~" ^cm nwk|mw kt bj~ a `kbmaw ahp`klkmw g}~ a tkhp`mjb(jll tvk~dc dapag`m jl ckfc mbj}fc d}wwmb~ ~jmbmwfkum ~cm t~mppmw" Kb pwkbdkp`m ~cm nwk|mw dj}`n gm awmà{ jw m|mb a ~jff`m tvk~dc ljw madc pcatm" Kbpwad~kdm ~cm nwk|mw kt mk~cmw nktdwm~m ~wabtkt~jw tvk~dcmtjw ab kb~mfwa~mn dkwd}k~" Gj~c nwk|mwabn djb~wj``mw ha{gm djhgkbmn kb~j a tkbf`m kb~mfwa~mn dkwd}k~ addmp~kbf a




1< Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


_mwhabmb~ hafbm~ t~mppmw hj~jw, 7>(pj`m dab(t~adi

djbt~w}d~kjb"

^cm pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ t~mppmw #Lkf}wm agj|m+ jb`{ cat~vj vkbnkbft {m~ cat 7>(pj`mt kb madc jl ~vj pcatmt"^ckt t~{`m jl djbt~w}d~kjb kt ibjvb at dab t~adi " Apcatm vkbnkbf kt vwappmn vk~c a hk`n t~mm` tcm`` vk~clkbfmwt gwj}fc~ ~j ~cm dmb~mw" Jbm pcatm jb a ~wabtkmb~

gatkt vk`` ca|m a bjw~c tknm abn a tj}~c tknm" Madc tknmvwapt awj}bn ~j ~cm dmb~mw jl ~cm nj}fcb}~ vk~c ~vm`|mkb~mwnkfk~a~mn lkbfmwt ljw a ~j~a` jl 7> pj`mt" ^cmtma`~mwba~kbf bjw~c(tj}~c lkbfmwt vk`` a~~wad~ ~cmpmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~jw" Kl ~cm pjàwk~{ jl ~cm pcatmvmwm wm|mwtmn ~cm wj~jw vj}`n e}hp 4<?j *7> 8 1=j" Vmnj bj~ ibjv vckdc nkwmd~kjb vckdc kt bj~ }tml}`"Cjvm|mw kl vm mbmwfkum :(1 lj``jvmn g{ :(7 ~cm wj~jwvk`` hj|m 6"=j gmda}tm ~cm :(7 kt jlltm~ #wj~a~mn+ g{6"=j lwjh :(1" Tmm gm`jv ljw jlltm~" Abn k~ vk`` wj~a~mkb a wmpwjn}dkg`m nkwmd~kjb kl ~cm pcatmt awma`~mwba~mn" App`kda~kjb jl ab{ jl ~cm agj|m va|mljwht

vk`` wj~a~m ~cm pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~jw"

Bj~m ~ca~ ~cm wj~jw kt a fwa{ lmwwk~m dmwahkd d{`kbnmwhafbm~kumn kb ~cm 7>(pj`m pa~~mwb tcjvb" ^ckt dab gm|kmvmn vk~chafbm~ |kmvmw lk`h jw kwjb lk`kbft app`kmn~j a papmw vwappkbf" ^cj}fc ~cm dj`jwt vk`` gm fwmmbljw gj~c bjw~c abn tj}~c pj`mt vk~c ~cm lk`h"

#a+ Ms~mwba` |kmv jl dab t~adi, #g+ lkm`n jlltm~ nm~ak`"

Dab(t~adi t~{`m djbt~w}d~kjb jl a _H t~mppmw ktnkt~kbd~k|m abn mat{ ~j knmb~kl{ g{ ~cm t~adimn ‐dabt‘"#Lkf}wm agj|m+ Bj~m ~cm wj~a~kjba` jlltm~ gm~vmmb ~cm~vj pcatm tmd~kjbt" ^ckt kt im{ ~j haikbf ~cm wj~jwlj``jv ~cm tvk~dckbf jl ~cm lkm`nt gm~vmmb ~cm ~vjpcatmt"

T}hhaw{5 pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ t~mppmw hj~jw

^cm wj~jw kt a pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ jl~mb a lmwwk~mt`mm|m hafbm~kumn vk~c b}hmwj}t pj`mt"

Dab(t~adi djbt~w}d~kjb pwj|knmt b}hmwj}tpj`mt lwjh a tkbf`m djk` vk~c kb~mw`ma|mn lkbfmwtjl tjl~ kwjb"

@awfm ~j hjnmwa~m t~mp abf`m" Jl~mb }tmn kb djhp}~mw pwkb~mwt ~j an|abdm

papmw"

C{gwkn t~mppmw hj~jw

^cm c{gwkn t~mppmw hj~jw djhgkbmt lma~}wmt jl gj~c ~cm|awkag`m wm`}d~abdm t~mppmw abn ~cmpmwhabmb~ hafbm~ t~mppmw ~j pwjn}dm a tha``mw t~mpabf`m" ^cm wj~jw kt a d{`kbnwkda` pmwhabmb~ hafbm~hafbm~kumn a`jbf ~cm askt vk~c wanka` tjl~ kwjb ~mm~c#Lkf}wm gm`jv+" ^cm t~a~jw djk`t awm vj}bn jba`~mwba~kbf pj`mt vk~c djwwmtpjbnkbf ~mm~c" ^cmwm awm~{pkda``{ ~vj vkbnkbf pcatmt nkt~wkg}~mn gm~vmmb pj`mpakwt" ^ckt vkbnkbf ha{ gm dmb~mw ~appmn ljw }bkpjàwnwk|m" ^cm dmb~mw ~ap kt adckm|mn g{ a gklkàw vkbnkbf apakw jl vkwmt vj}bn pc{tkda``{ kb pawa``m` g}~ vkwmn kbtmwkmt" ^cm bjw~c(tj}~c pj`mt jl a pcatm tvap pjàwk~{

vcmb ~cm pcatm nwk|m d}wwmb~ kt wm|mwtmn" Gkpjàw nwk|mkt wmq}kwmn ljw }b(~appmn vkbnkbft"

C{gwkn t~mppmw hj~jw"

Bj~m ~ca~ ~cm >3(~mm~c jb jbm wj~jw tmd~kjb awm jlltm~ g{ca`l a pk~dc lwjh ~cm j~cmw" Tmm wj~jw pj`m nm~ak` agj|m"^ckt wj~jw ~jj~c jlltm~ kt a`tj tcjvb gm`jv" N}m ~j ~cktjlltm~ ~cm wj~jw mllmd~k|m`{ cat ;< kb~mw`ma|mn pj`mt jl jppjtk~m pjàwk~{" ^ckt jlltm~ a``jvt ljw wj~a~kjb kb 1*;<






~c jl a wm|j`}~kjb t~mpt g{ wm|mwtkbf ~cm lkm`n pjàwk~{ jl jbm pcatm" ^vj pcatm vkbnkbft awm djhhjb at tcjvbagj|m abn gm`jv" ^cj}fc ~cmwm dj}`n gm at hab{ atlk|m pcatmt"

^cm t~a~jw ~mm~c jb ~cm 3(pj`mt djwwmtpjbn ~j ~cm >3(

wj~jw ~mm~c msdmp~ ljw hkttkbf ~mm~c kb ~cm tpadmgm~vmmb ~cm pj`mt" ^c}t jbm pj`m jl ~cm wj~jw ta{ ~cmtj}~c pj`m ha{ a`kfb vk~c ~cm t~a~jw kb >3nkt~kbd~ pjtk~kjbt" Cjvm|mw ~cm ~mm~c jl ~cm tj}~c pj`mawm jlltm~ lwjh ~cm bjw~c ~mm~c g{ ca`l a ~jj~c"^cmwmljwm ~cm wj~jw ha{ a`kfb vk~c ~cm t~a~jw kb ;<nkt~kbd~pjtk~kjbt" ^ckt ca`l ~jj~c jlltm~ tcjvt kb ~cmwj~jw pj`m nm~ak` agj|m jw Lkf}wm gm`jv"

At kl ~ckt vmwm bj~ djhp`kda~mn mbj}fc ~cm t~a~jw hakbpj`mt awm nk|knmn kb~j ~vj pcatmt #:(1 :(7+" ^cmtmt~a~jw pcatmt awm jlltm~ lwjh jbm abj~cmw g{ jbm(q}aw~mw

jl a ~jj~c" ^ckt nm~ak` kt jb`{ nktdmwbag`m jb ~cmtdcmha~kd nkafwaht gm`jv" ^cm wmt}`~ kt ~ca~ ~cm wj~jwhj|mt kb t~mpt jl a q}aw~mw jl a ~jj~c vcmb ~cm pcatmtawm a`~mwba~m`{ mbmwfkumn" Kb j~cmw vjwnt ~cm wj~jwhj|mt kb 7Ö;<81;7 t~mpt pmw wm|j`}~kjb ljw ~cm agj|mt~mppmw"

^cm agj|m nwavkbf kt wmpwmtmb~a~k|m jl ab ad~}a` c{gwknt~mppmw hj~jw" Cjvm|mw vm pwj|knm a tkhp`klkmnpkd~jwka` abn tdcmha~kd wmpwmtmb~a~kjb #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ ~jk``}t~wa~m nm~ak`t bj~ jg|kj}t agj|m" Bj~m ~cmwmn}dmn b}hgmw jl djk`t abn ~mm~c kb wj~jw abn t~a~jw ljwtkhp`kdk~{" Kb ~cm bms~ ~vj lkf}wmt vm a~~mhp~ ~jk``}t~wa~m ~cm q}aw~mw ~jj~c wj~a~kjb pwjn}dmn g{ ~cm ~vjt~a~jw pcatmt jlltm~ g{ a q}aw~mw ~jj~c abn ~cm wj~jw ca`l ~jj~c jlltm~" ^cm q}aw~mw ~jj~c t~a~jw jlltm~ kbdjbe}bd~kjb vk~c nwk|m d}wwmb~ ~khkbf a`tj nmlkbmtnkwmd~kjb jl wj~a~kjb"

C{gwkn t~mppmw hj~jw tdcmha~kd nkafwah"

T}hhaw{5 c{gwkn t~mppmw hj~jw

^cm t~mp abf`m kt tha``mw ~cab |awkag`mwm`}d~abdm jw pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ t~mppmwt"

^cm wj~jw kt a pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ vk~c lkbm~mm~c" Bjw~c abn tj}~c ~mm~c awm jlltm~ g{ ca`l a~jj~c ljw a tha``mw t~mp abf`m"

^cm t~a~jw pj`mt ca|m ha~dckbf lkbm ~mm~c jl ~cmtahm pk~dc at ~cm wj~jw"

^cm t~a~jw vkbnkbft awm nk|knmn kb~j bj `mtt~cab ~vj pcatmt"

^cm pj`mt jl jbm t~a~jw vkbnkbft awm jlltm~ g{ aq}aw~mw ~jj~c ljw ab m|mb tha``mw t~mp abf`m"

Gw}tc`mtt ND Hj~jwGw}tc`mtt ND hj~jwt vmwm nm|m`jpmn lwjhdjb|mb~kjba` gw}tcmn ND hj~jwt vk~c ~cm a|akàgk`k~{jl tj`kn t~a~m pjvmw tmhkdjbn}d~jwt" Tj vc{ nj vm

nktd}tt gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jwt kb a dcap~mw jb ADhj~jwt: Gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jwt awm tkhkàw ~j ADt{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt" ^cm haejw nkllmwmbdm kt ~ca~t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt nm|m`jp a tkb}tjkna` gadi MHL atdjhpawmn ~j a wmd~abf}àw jw ~wapmujkna` gadi MHLljw gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jwt" Gj~c ca|m t~a~jw dwma~mnwj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`nt pwjn}dkbf ~jwq}m kb a hafbm~kdwj~jw"

T{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwt awm }t}a``{ àwfm h}`~k(ik`jva~~tkum jl~mb vk~c m`md~wjhafbm~ wj~jwt" ^w}m t{bdcwjbj}thj~jwt awm djbtknmwmn ~j gm tkbf`m tpmmn a t}gh}`~kp`m

jl ~cm pjvmw`kbm lwmq}mbd{" Gw}tc`mtt ND hj~jwt ~mbn~j gm tha``(( a lmv va~~t ~j ~mbt jl va~~t vk~cpmwhabmb~ hafbm~ wj~jwt" ^cm tpmmn jl a gw}tc`mtt NDhj~jw kt bj~ lksmn }b`mtt nwk|mb g{ a pcatmn `jdimn`jjp tà|mn ~j a wmlmwmbdm lwmq}mbd{" ^cm t~{`m jl djbt~w}d~kjb kt mk~cmw d{`kbnwkda` jw pabdaim"#Lkf}wmt abn gm`jv+

D{`kbnwkda` djbt~w}d~kjb5 #a+ j}~tknm wj~jw, #g+ kbtknm

wj~jw"






^cm hjt~ }t}a` djbt~w}d~kjb d{`kbnwkda` dab ~aim jb~vj ljwht #Lkf}wm agj|m+" ^cm hjt~ djhhjbd{`kbnwkda` t~{`m kt vk~c ~cm wj~jw jb ~cm kbtknm agj|mwkfc~" ^ckt t~{`m hj~jw kt }tmn kb cawn nkti nwk|mt" K~ kta`tj pjttkg`m ~cm p}~ ~cm wj~jw jb ~cm j}~tknmt}wwj}bnkbf ~cm t~a~jw" T}dc kt ~cm datm vk~c gw}tc`mtt

ND lab hj~jwt tabt ~cm tcal~" ^ckt t~{`m jl djbt~w}d~kjb ha{ gm tcjw~ abn la~" Cjvm|mw ~cmnkwmd~kjb jl ~cm hafbm~kd l`}s kt wanka` vk~c wmtpmd~ ~j~cm wj~a~kjba` askt"

_abdaim hj~jw djbt~w}d~kjb5 #a+ tkbf`m t~a~jw, #g+

nj}g`m t~a~jw"

Ckfc ~jwq}m pabdaim hj~jwt ha{ ca|m t~a~jw djk`t jbgj~c tknmt jl ~cm wj~jw #Lkf}wm agj|m(g+" @jvmw ~jwq}mapp`kda~kjbt `kim l`jpp{ nkti nwk|m hj~jwt t}llkdm vk~c at~a~jw djk` jb jbm tknm jl ~cm wj~jw #Lkf}wm agj|m(a+"^cm nkwmd~kjb jl ~cm hafbm~kd l`}s kt aska` ~ca~ ktpawa``m` ~j ~cm askt jl wj~a~kjb"

^mtà pj`{pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwtHjt~ AD hj~jwt awm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt" Kbn}d~kjbhj~jwt awm la|jwmn n}m ~j ~cmkw w}ffmnbmtt abntkhp`kdk~{" Kb lad~ ;?- jl kbn}t~wka` hj~jwt awmkbn}d~kjb hj~jwt"

Bkijà ^mtà djbdmk|mn ~cm gatkd pwkbdkpa`t jl ~cmpj`{pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw kb 1334 abn can a ca`l cjwtmpjvmw #>?? va~~+ hjnm` g{ 1333" ^mtà tj`n ~cmhab}lad~}wkbf wkfc~t ~j Fmjwfm Vmt~kbfcj}tm ljw

.<=???"

Hjt~ àwfm # 2 1 cp jw 1 iV+ kbn}t~wka` hj~jwt awm pj`{(

pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt" G{ pj`{(pcatm vm hmab ~ca~~cm t~a~jw djb~akbt h}`~kp`m nkt~kbd~ vkbnkbft pmw hj~jwpj`m nwk|mb g{ djwwmtpjbnkbf ~khm tckl~mn tkbm va|mt"Kb pwad~kdm ~ckt kt ~vj jw ~cwmm pcatmt" @awfm kbn}t~wka`hj~jwt awm 4(pcatm" Vck`m vm kbd`}nm b}hmwj}t

k``}t~wa~kjbt jl ~vj(pcatm hj~jwt ljw tkhp`kdk~{ vmh}t~ mhpcatkum ~ca~ bmaw`{ a`` pj`{(pcatm hj~jwt awm~cwmm(pcatm" G{ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw vm hmab ~ca~ ~cmt~a~jw vkbnkbft kbn}dm a d}wwmb~ l`jv kb ~cm wj~jwdjbn}d~jwt `kim a ~wabtljwhmw }b`kim a gw}tcmn NDdjhh}~a~jw hj~jw"

Djbt~w}d~kjb Ab kbn}d~kjb hj~jw kt djhpjtmn jl a wj~jw ibjvb atab awha~}wm abn a t~a~jw djb~akbkbf vkbnkbftdjbbmd~mn ~j a pj`{(pcatm mbmwf{ tj}wdm at tcjvb kbLkf}wm gm`jv" ^cm tkhp`m 7(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwgm`jv kt tkhkàw ~j ~cm 1*7 cjwtmpjvmw hj~jw vckdcBkijà ^mtà kb~wjn}dmn kb 1333"

^mtà pj`{pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw"

^cm t~a~jw kb Lkf}wm agj|m kt vj}bn vk~c pakwt jl djk`tdjwwmtpjbnkbf ~j ~cm pcatmt jl m`md~wkda` mbmwf{a|akàg`m" ^cm 7(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw t~a~jw agj|m cat7(pakwt jl djk`t jbm pakw ljw madc jl ~cm ~vj pcatmt jl AD" ^cm kbnk|kn}a` djk`t jl a pakw awm djbbmd~mn kbtmwkmt abn djwwmtpjbn ~j ~cm jppjtk~m pj`mt jl abm`md~wjhafbm~" ^ca~ kt jbm djk` djwwmtpjbnt ~j a B(pj`m ~cm j~cmw ~j a T(pj`m }b~k` ~cm pcatm jl ADdcabfmt pjàwk~{" ^cm j~cmw pakw jl djk`t kt jwkmb~mn;?j kb tpadm ~j ~cm lkwt~ pakw" ^ckt pakw jl djk`t ktdjbbmd~mn ~j AD tckl~mn kb ~khm g{ ;?j kb ~cm datm jl a7(pcatm hj~jw" Kb ^mtà&t ~khm ~cm tj}wdm jl ~cm ~vjpcatmt jl AD vat a 7(pcatm a`~mwba~jw"

^cm t~a~jw kb Lkf}wm agj|m cat ta`kmb~ jg|kj}tpwj~w}nkbf pj`mt at }tmn jb ^mtà&t maw`{ kbn}d~kjbhj~jw" ^ckt nmtkfb kt }tmn ~j ~ckt na{ ljw t}g(lwad~kjba`cjwtmpjvmw hj~jwt #0=? va~~t+" Cjvm|mw ljw àwfmwhj~jwt `mtt ~jwq}m p}`ta~kjb abn ckfcmw mllkdkmbd{wmt}`~t kl ~cm djk`t awm mhgmnnmn kb~j t`j~t d}~ kb~j ~cmt~a~jw ahkba~kjbt" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+




1; Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


T~a~jw lwahm tcjvkbf t`j~t ljw vkbnkbft"

^cm t~a~jw àhkba~kjbt awm ~ckb kbt}à~mn wkbft vk~c t`j~tp}bdcmn lwjh tcmm~t jl m`md~wkda` fwanm t~mm`" A t~adi jl ~cmtm kt tmd}wmn g{ mbn tdwmvt vckdc ha{ a`tj cj`n ~cm

mbn cj}tkbft"

T~a~jw vk~c #a+ 7(ό abn #g+ 4(ό vkbnkbft"

Kb Lkf}wm agj|m ~cm vkbnkbft ljw gj~c a ~vj(pcatmhj~jw abn a ~cwmm(pcatm hj~jw ca|m gmmb kbt~a``mn kb~cm t~a~jw t`j~t" ^cm djk`t awm vj}bn jb ab ms~mwba`lks~}wm ~cmb vjwimn kb~j ~cm t`j~t" Kbt}à~kjb vmnfmngm~vmmb ~cm djk` pmwkpcmw{ abn ~cm t`j~ pwj~md~t afakbt~agwatkjb"

Ad~}a` t~a~jw vkbnkbft awm hjwm djhp`ms ~cab ~cmtkbf`m vkbnkbft pmw pj`m kb Lkf}wm agj|m" Djhpawkbf~cm 7(ό hj~jw ~j ^mtà&t 7(ό hj~jw vk~c ta`kmb~ pj`mt,~cm b}hgmw jl djk`t kt ~cm tahm" Kb ad~}a` àwfm hj~jwta pj`m vkbnkbf kt nk|knmn kb~j knmb~kda` djk`t kbtmw~mnkb~j hab{ tha``mw t`j~t ~cab agj|m" ^ckt fwj}p kt da``mn

a pcatm gm`~ " Tmm Lkf}wm gm`jv" ^cm nkt~wkg}~mn djk`t jl ~cm pcatm gm`~ dabdm` tjhm jl ~cm jnn cawhjbkdtpwjn}dkbf a hjwm tkb}tjkna` hafbm~kd lkm`n nkt~wkg}~kjbadwjtt ~cm pj`m" ^ckt kt tcjvb kb ~cm t{bdcwjbj}t hj~jwtmd~kjb" ^cm t`j~t a~ ~cm mnfm jl ~cm pj`m ha{ ca|mlmvmw ~}wbt ~cab ~cm j~cmw t`j~t" Mnfm t`j~t ha{ djb~akbvkbnkbft lwjh ~vj pcatmt" ^ca~ kt ~cm pcatm gm`~tj|mwàp"

^cm im{ ~j ~cm pjp}àwk~{ jl ~cm AD kbn}d~kjb hj~jw kttkhp`kdk~{ at m|knmbdmn g{ ~cm tkhp`m wj~jw #Lkf}wmgm`jv+" ^cm wj~jw djbtkt~t jl a tcal~ a t~mm` àhkba~mnwj~jw abn ab mhgmnnmn djppmw jw a`}hkb}h tq}kwwm`

dafm tcjvb a~ #g+ wmhj|mn lwjh ~cm wj~jw" Atdjhpawmn ~j a ND hj~jw awha~}wm ~cmwm kt bjdjhh}~a~jw" ^ckt m`khkba~mt ~cm gw}tcmt awdkbftpawikbf fwapck~m n}t~ gw}tc ane}t~hmb~ abnwmpàdmhmb~ abn wm(hadckbkbf jl ~cm djhh}~a~jw"

@ahkba~mn wj~jw #a+mhgmnnmn tq}kwwm` dafm,

#g+djbn}d~k|m dafm wmhj|mn lwjh wj~jw"

^cm tq}kwwm` dafm djbn}d~jwt ha{ gm timvmn ~vkt~mn

vk~c wmtpmd~ ~j ~cm tcal~" ^cm hkta`kfbhmb~ vk~c ~cmt~a~jw t`j~t wmn}dmt ~jwq}m p}`ta~kjbt"

Gj~c wj~jw abn t~a~jw djwmt awm djhpjtmn jl a t~adi jl kbt}à~mn àhkba~kjbt" ^cm àhkba~kjbt awm dja~mn vk~ckbt}à~kbf jsknm jw |awbktc ~j hkbkhkum mnn{ d}wwmb~`jttmt" ^cm a``j{ }tmn kb ~cm àhkba~kjbt kt tm`md~mn ljw`jv c{t~mwmtkt jttmt"

^cmjw{ jl jpmwa~kjbA tcjw~ mspàba~kjb jl jpmwa~kjb kt ~ca~ ~cm t~a~jwdwma~mt a wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n vckdc nwaft ~cm wj~jw

awj}bn"

^cm ~cmjw{ jl jpmwa~kjb jl kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt kt gatmn jba wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n" Jbm hmabt jl dwma~kbf awj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n kt ~j wj~a~m a pmwhabmb~ hafbm~at tcjvb kb Lkf}wm gm`jv" Kl ~cm hj|kbf hafbm~kd `kbmtjl l`}s d}~ a djbn}d~k|m nkti k~ vk`` lj``jv ~cm hj~kjbjl ~cm hafbm~" ^cm `kbmt jl l`}s d}~~kbf ~cm djbn}d~jw






vk`` kbn}dm a |j`~afm abn djbtmq}mb~ d}wwmb~ l`jv kb~cm djbn}d~k|m nkti" ^ckt d}wwmb~ l`jv dwma~mt abm`md~wjhafbm~ vcjtm pjàwk~{ jppjtmt ~cm hj~kjb jl ~cmpmwhabmb~ hafbm~(( @mbu&t @av" ^cm pjàwk~{ jl ~cmm`md~wjhafbm~ kt t}dc ~ca~ k~ p}``t afakbt~ ~cm pmwhabmb~hafbm~" ^cm nkti lj``jvt vk~c a `k~~`m `mtt tpmmn ~cab

~cm pmwhabmb~ hafbm~"

Wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n pwjn}dmt ~jwq}m kb djbn}d~k|m

nkti"

^cm ~jwq}m nm|m`jpmn g{ ~cm nkti kt pwjpjw~kjba` ~j ~cmb}hgmw jl l`}s `kbmt d}~~kbf ~cm nkti abn ~cm wa~m a~vckdc k~ d}~t ~cm nkti" Kl ~cm nkti vmwm ~j tpkb a~ ~cmtahm wa~m at ~cm pmwhabmb~ hafbm~ ~cmwm vj}`n gm bjl`}s d}~~kbf ~cm nkti bj kbn}dmn d}wwmb~ l`jv bj

m`md~wjhafbm~ lkm`n bj ~jwq}m" ^c}t ~cm nkti tpmmnvk`` a`va{t la`` gmckbn ~ca~ jl ~cm wj~a~kbf pmwhabmb~hafbm~ tj ~ca~ `kbmt jl l`}s d}~ ~cm nkti kbn}dm ad}wwmb~ dwma~m ab m`md~wjhafbm~kd lkm`n kb ~cm nktivckdc lj``jvt ~cm pmwhabmb~ hafbm~" Kl a `jan ktapp`kmn ~j ~cm nkti t`jvkbf k~ hjwm ~jwq}m vk`` gmnm|m`jpmn at hjwm `kbmt jl l`}s d}~ ~cm nkti" ^jwq}m ktpwjpjw~kjba` ~j t`kp ~cm nmfwmm ~j vckdc ~cm nkti la``tgmckbn ~cm wj~a~kbf hafbm~" Hjwm t`kp djwwmtpjbnt ~jhjwm l`}s d}~~kbf ~cm djbn}d~k|m nkti nm|m`jpkbf hjwm~jwq}m"

Ab aba`jf a}~jhj~k|m mnn{ d}wwmb~ tpmmnjhm~mw ktgatmn jb ~cm pwkbdkp`m k``}t~wa~mn agj|m" Vk~c ~cm nkti wmt~wakbmn g{ a tpwkbf nkti abn bmmn`m nml`md~kjb ktpwjpjw~kjba` ~j hafbm~ wj~a~kjb wa~m"

A wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n kt dwma~mn g{ ~vj djk`t pàdmna~ wkfc~ abf`mt ~j madc j~cmw nwk|mb g{ d}wwmb~t vckdc

awm ;?j j}~ jl pcatm" ^ckt tcj}`n bj~ gm t}wpwktkbf kl {j} awm lahk`kaw vk~c jtdk``jtdjpm @kttaej}t pa~~mwbt"

J}~ jl pcatm #;?j+ tkbm va|mt pwjn}dm dkwd}àw

@kttaej}t pa~~mwb"

Kb Lkf}wm agj|m a dkwd}àw @kttaej}t kt pwjn}dmn g{nwk|kbf ~cm cjwkujb~a` abn |mw~kda` jtdk``jtdjpm kbp}~tvk~c ;?j j}~ jl pcatm tkbm va|mt" T~aw~kbf a~ #a+ vk~chaskh}h ‐S‘ abn hkbkh}h ‐[‘ nml`md~kjb, ~cm ~wadmhj|mt }p abn `ml~ ~jvawn #g+" Gm~vmmb #a+ abn #g+ ~cm~vj va|mljwht awm mq}a` ~j ?"6?6 \pi a~ >=j" ^ckt pjkb~

#?"6?6 ?"6?6+ la``t jb ~cm wank}t jl ~cm dkwd`m gm~vmmb#a+ abn #g+ ^cm ~wadm hj|mt ~j #g+ vk~c hkbkh}h ‐S‘abn haskh}h ‐[‘ nml`md~kjb" Vk~c haskh}h bmfa~k|m‐S‘ abn hkbkh}h ‐[‘ nml`md~kjb, ~cm ~wadm hj|mt ~j#d+" ^cmb vk~c hkbkh}h ‐S‘ abn haskh}h bmfa~k|m‐[‘, k~ hj|mt ~j #n+, abn jb gadi ~j #a+, djhp`m~kbf jbmd{d`m"

S(askt tkbm abn [(askt djtkbm ~wadm dkwd`m"

Lkf}wm agj|m tcjvt ~cm ~vj ;?j pcatm tckl~mn tkbmva|mt app`kmn ~j jtdk``jtdjpm nml`md~kjb pà~mt vckdc

awm a~ wkfc~ abf`mt kb tpadm" Kl ~ckt vmwm bj~ ~cm datm ajbm nkhmbtkjba` `kbm vj}`n nktpà{" ^cm djhgkba~kjbjl ;?j pcatmn tkbm va|mt abn wkfc~ abf`m nml`md~kjbwmt}`~t kb a ~vj nkhmbtkjba` pa~~mwb(( a dkwd`m" ^cktdkwd`m kt ~wadmn j}~ g{ a dj}b~mwd`jdivktm wj~a~kbfm`md~wjb gmah"






Ljw wmlmwmbdm Lkf}wm gm`jv tcjvt vc{ kb(pcatm tkbmva|mt vk`` bj~ pwjn}dm a dkwd}àw pa~~mwb" Mq}a` ‐S‘

abn ‐[‘ nml`md~kjb hj|mt ~cm k``}hkba~mn tpj~ lwjh ~cmjwkfkb a~ #a+ }p ~j wkfc~ #11+ a~ #g+ gadi njvb `ml~ ~jjwkfkb a~ #d+ njvb `ml~ ~j #(1"(1+ a~ #n+ abn gadi }pwkfc~ ~j jwkfkb" ^cm `kbm kt pwjn}dmn g{ mq}a`

nml`md~kjbt a`jbf gj~c asmt9 {8s kt a t~wakfc~ `kbm"

Bj dkwd}àw hj~kjb lwjh kb(pcatm va|mljwht"

Kl a pakw jl ;?j j}~ jl pcatm tkbm va|mt pwjn}dmt adkwd}àw @kttaej}t a tkhkàw pakw jl d}wwmb~t tcj}`n gm

ag`m ~j pwjn}dm a dkwd}àw wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n" T}dckt ~cm datm ljw a 7(pcatm hj~jw" G{ aba`jf{ ~cwmmvkbnkbft pàdmn 17?j apaw~ kb tpadm abn lmn vk~cdjwwmtpjbnkbf 17?j pcatmn d}wwmb~t vk`` a`tj pwjn}dm awj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n"

Wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n lwjh ;?j

pcatmn tkbm va|mt"

At ~cm ;?j pcatmn tkbm va|mt Lkf}wm agj|m pwjfwmttlwjh pjkb~t #a+ ~cwj}fc #n+ ~cm hafbm~kd lkm`n wj~a~mtdj}b~mwd`jdivktm #lkf}wmt a(n+ at lj``jvt5

#a+ ό(1 haskh}h, ό(7 umwj#a&+ ό(1 6?-, ό(7 6?-#g+ ό(1 umwj, ό(7 haskh}h#d+ ό(1 haskh}h bmfa~k|m, ό(7 umwj#n+ ό(1 umwj, ό(7 haskh}h bmfa~k|m

@kbmaw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw ^cm vj}bn t~a~jw abn ~cm tq}kwwm` dafm wj~jw jl abkbn}d~kjb hj~jw ha{ gm d}~ a~ ~cm dkwd}hlmwmbdm abn}bwj``mn kb~j a `kbmaw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw" ^cm nkwmd~kjb jl `kbmaw ~wa|m` kt djb~wj``mn g{ ~cm tmq}mbdm jl ~cm nwk|m~j ~cm t~a~jw pcatmt"

^cm `kbmaw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw cat gmmb pwjpjtmn at a nwk|mljw ckfc tpmmn pattmbfmw ~wakbt" ]p ~j ~ckt ~khm ~cm`kbmaw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw vk~c ~cm addjhpab{kbf hafbm~kdwmp}`tkjb `m|k~a~kjb t{t~mh wmq}kwmn ljw a thjj~c wknmcat gmmb ~jj djt~`{ ljw a`` g}~ mspmwkhmb~a`kbt~a`à~kjbt" Cjvm|mw ~cm `kbmaw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw kttdcmn}`mn ~j wmpàdm t~mah nwk|mb da~ap}`~ akwdwal~à}bdc t{t~mht jb ~cm bms~ fmbmwa~kjb jl ba|a` akwdwal~dawwkmw D\BS(1 kb 7?14" ^ckt vk`` kbdwmatm mllkdkmbd{abn wmn}dm hakb~mbabdm"

Vj}bn wj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jwtA vj}bn wj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw cat a t~a~jw `kim ~cmtq}kwwm` dafm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw g}~ a wj~jw vk~c kbt}à~mnvkbnkbft gwj}fc~ j}~ |ka t`kp wkbft abn gw}tcmt"Cjvm|mw bj pjvmw kt app`kmn ~j ~cm t`kp wkbft" ^cmkwtj`m p}wpjtm kt ~j a``jv wmtkt~abdm ~j gm pàdmn kb tmwkmtvk~c ~cm wj~jw vkbnkbft vck`m t~aw~kbf" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+^ckt wmtkt~abdm kt tcjw~mn j}~ jbdm ~cm hj~jw kt t~aw~mn~j haim ~cm wj~jw `jji m`md~wkda``{ `kim ~cm tq}kwwm` dafmdj}b~mwpaw~"

Vj}bn wj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw"

Vc{ p}~ wmtkt~abdm kb tmwkmt vk~c ~cm wj~jw: Tq}kwwm`dafm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt nwav =??- ~j j|mw 1???- jl

l}`` `jan d}wwmb~ #L@D+ n}wkbf t~aw~kbf" Vck`m ~ckt kt bj~a tm|mwm pwjg`mh ljw tha`` hj~jwt k~ kt ljw àwfm #1?&tjl iV+ hj~jwt" _àdkbf wmtkt~abdm kb tmwkmt vk~c ~cmwj~jw vkbnkbft bj~ jb`{ nmdwmatmt t~aw~ d}wwmb~ `jdimnwj~jw d}wwmb~ #@WD+ g}~ a`tj kbdwmatmt ~cm t~aw~kbf~jwq}m `jdimn wj~jw ~jwq}m #@W^+" Lkf}wm gm`jv tcjvt~ca~ g{ kbdwmatkbf ~cm wj~jw wmtkt~abdm lwjh W? ~j W1 ~jW7 ~cm gwmainjvb ~jwq}m pmai kt tckl~mn `ml~ ~j umwj






tpmmn" Bj~m ~ca~ ~ckt ~jwq}m pmai kt h}dc ckfcmw ~cab~cm t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m a|akàg`m vk~c bj wj~jw wmtkt~abdm#W?+ T`kp kt pwjpjw~kjba` ~j wj~jw wmtkt~abdm abn p}``j}~~jwq}m kt pwjpjw~kjba` ~j t`kp" ^c}t ckfc ~jwq}m ktpwjn}dmn vck`m t~aw~kbf"

Gwmainjvb ~jwq}m pmai kt tckl~mn ~j umwj tpmmn g{

kbdwmatkbf wj~jw wmtkt~abdm"

^cm wmtkt~abdm nmdwmatmt ~cm ~jwq}m a|akàg`m a~ l}``w}bbkbf tpmmn" G}~ ~ca~ wmtkt~abdm kt tcjw~mn j}~ g{ ~cm~khm ~cm wj~jw kt t~aw~mn" A tcjw~mn wj~jw jpmwa~mt `kim atq}kwwm` dafm wj~jw" Cma~ fmbmwa~mn n}wkbf t~aw~kbf kthjt~`{ nkttkpa~mn ms~mwba` ~j ~cm hj~jw kb ~cm t~aw~kbfwmtkt~abdm" ^cm djhp`kda~kjb abn hakb~mbabdmattjdka~mn vk~c gw}tcmt abn t`kp wkbft kt a nktan|ab~afmjl ~cm vj}bn wj~jw at djhpawmn ~j ~cm tkhp`m tq}kwwm`dafm wj~jw"

^ckt hj~jw kt t}k~mn ljw t~aw~kbf ckfc kbmw~ka` `jant" Ackfc t~aw~kbf wmtkt~abdm haimt ~cm ckfc p}`` j}~ ~jwq}m

a|akàg`m a~ umwj tpmmn" Ljw djhpawktjb a tq}kwwm` dafmwj~jw jb`{ msckgk~t p}`` j}~ #pmai+ ~jwq}m a~ 3?- jl k~t&t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn"

Tkbf`m(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwtA ~cwmm pcatm hj~jw ha{ gm w}b lwjh a tkbf`m pcatmpjvmw tj}wdm" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ Cjvm|mw k~ vk`` bj~ tm`l(t~aw~" K~ ha{ gm cabn t~aw~mn kb mk~cmw nkwmd~kjb djhkbf}p ~j tpmmn kb a lmv tmdjbnt" K~ vk`` jb`{ nm|m`jp 7*4 jl ~cm 4(ό pjvmw wa~kbf gmda}tm jbm vkbnkbf kt bj~ }tmn"

4(ό hj~jw w}bt lwjh 1(ό pjvmw, g}~ njmt bj~ t~aw~ "

^cm tkbf`m djk` jl a tkbf`m pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw njmtbj~ pwjn}dm a wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n g}~ a p}`ta~kbflkm`n wmadckbf haskh}h kb~mbtk~{ a~ ?j abn13?j m`md~wkda`" #Lkf}wm +

Tkbf`m pcatm t~a~jw pwjn}dmt a bjb(wj~a~kbf, p}`ta~kbf

hafbm~kd lkm`n"

Abj~cmw |kmv kt ~ca~ ~cm tkbf`m djk` msdk~mn g{ a tkbf`mpcatm d}wwmb~ pwjn}dmt ~vj dj}b~mw wj~a~kbf hafbm~kdlkm`n pcatjwt djkbdknkbf ~vkdm pmw wm|j`}~kjb a~?j #Lkf}wm agj|m(a+ abn 13?j #lkf}wm m+" Vcmb ~cmpcatjwt wj~a~m ~j ;?j abn (;?j ~cm{ dabdm` kb lkf}wm g" A~>=j abn (>=j #lkf}wm d+ ~cm{ awm paw~ka``{ annk~k|m a`jbf~cm )s askt abn dabdm` a`jbf ~cm { askt" Ab aba`jfj}ttk~}a~kjb mskt~t kb lkf}wm n" ^cm t}h jl ~cmtm ~vjpcatjwt kt a pcatjw t~a~kjbaw{ kb tpadm g}~ a`~mwba~kbfpjàwk~{ kb ~khm" ^c}t bj t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m kt nm|m`jpmn"

Cjvm|mw kl ~cm wj~jw kt wj~a~mn ljwvawn a~ a gk~ `mtt ~cab~cm t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn K~ vk`` nm|m`jp haskh}h ~jwq}ma~ 1?- t`kp vk~c wmtpmd~ ~j ~cm ljwvawn wj~a~kbf pcatjw"@mtt ~jwq}m vk`` gm nm|m`jpmn agj|m jw gm`jv 1?- t`kp"^cm wj~jw vk`` tmm 7??- ( 1?- t`kp vk~c wmtpmd~ ~j ~cmdj}b~mw wj~a~kbf hafbm~kd lkm`n pcatjw" @k~~`m ~jwq}m#tmm ~jwq}m |t" t`kp d}w|m+ j~cmw ~cab a nj}g`m lwmq}mbd{wkpp`m kt nm|m`jpmn lwjh ~cm dj}b~mw wj~a~kbf pcatjw"^c}t ~cm tkbf`m pcatm djk` vk`` nm|m`jp ~jwq}m jbdm~cm wj~jw kt t~aw~mn" Kl ~cm wj~jw kt t~aw~mn kb ~cm wm|mwtmnkwmd~kjb k~ vk`` nm|m`jp a tkhkàw àwfm ~jwq}m at k~bmawt ~cm tpmmn jl ~cm gadivawn wj~a~kbf pcatjw"

Tkbf`m pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt ca|m a djppmw jwa`}hkb}h tq}kwwm` dafm mhgmnnmn kb a d{`kbnmw jl t~mm`àhkba~kjbt ~{pkda` jl pj`{(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt"

_mwhabmb~(tp`k~ dapadk~jw hj~jw Jbm va{ ~j tj`|m ~cm tkbf`m pcatm pwjg`mh kt ~j g}k`n a7(pcatm hj~jw nmwk|kbf 7(pcatm pjvmw lwjh tkbf`m






pcatm" ^ckt wmq}kwmt a hj~jw vk~c ~vj vkbnkbft tpadmnapaw~ ;?j m`md~wkda` lmn vk~c ~vj pcatmt jl d}wwmb~nktpàdmn ;?j kb ~khm" ^ckt kt da``mn a pmwhabmb~(tp`k~dapadk~jw hj~jw kb Lkf}wm gm`jv"

_mwhabmb~(tp`k~ dapadk~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw"

^ckt ~{pm jl hj~jw t}llmwt kbdwmatmn d}wwmb~ hafbk~}nmabn gadivawn ~khm tckl~ at ~cm hj~jw djhmt }p ~jtpmmn vk~c ~jwq}m p}`ta~kjbt a~ l}`` tpmmn" ^cm tj`}~kjb

kt ~j immp ~cm dapadk~jw #khpmnabdm+ tha`` ~j hkbkhkum`jttmt" ^cm `jttmt awm `mtt ~cab ljw a tcanmn pj`m hj~jw"^ckt hj~jw djblkf}wa~kjb vjwit vm`` }p ~j 1*>cjwtmpjvmw #7??va~~+ ~cj}fc }t}a``{ app`kmn ~jtha``mw hj~jwt" ^cm nkwmd~kjb jl ~cm hj~jw kt matk`{wm|mwtmn g{ tvk~dckbf ~cm dapadk~jw kb tmwkmt vk~c ~cmj~cmw vkbnkbf" ^ckt ~{pm jl hj~jw dab gm anap~mn ljw}tm at a tmw|j hj~jw nmtdwkgmn m`tmvcmwm kt ~cktdcap~mw"

Tkbf`m pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw vk~c mhgmnnmn t~a~jw

djk`t"

Tkbf`m pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt ha{ ca|m djk`tmhgmnnmn kb~j ~cm t~a~jw at tcjvb kb Lkf}wm agj|m ljwàwfmw tkum hj~jwt" ^cj}fc ~cm tha``mw tkumt }tm `mttdjhp`ms ~j g}k`n djbdmb~wa~mn vkbnkbft vk~c ta`kmb~pj`mt"

Dapadk~jw(t~aw~ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw Kb Lkf}wm gm`jv a àwfmw dapadk~jw ha{ gm }tmn ~j t~aw~a tkbf`m pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw |ka ~cm a}sk`kaw{vkbnkbf kl k~ kt tvk~dcmn j}~ g{ a dmb~wkl}fa` tvk~dcjbdm ~cm hj~jw kt }p ~j tpmmn" Hjwmj|mw ~cm a}sk`kaw{vkbnkbf ha{ gm hab{ hjwm ~}wbt jl cma|kmw vkwm ~cab

}tmn kb a wmtkt~abdm tp`k~(pcatm hj~jw ~j hk~kfa~mmsdmttk|m ~mhpmwa~}wm wktm" ^cm wmt}`~ kt ~ca~ hjwmt~aw~kbf ~jwq}m kt a|akàg`m ljw cma|{ `jant `kim akwdjbnk~kjbkbf djhpwmttjwt" ^ckt hj~jw djblkf}wa~kjbvjwit tj vm`` ~ca~ k~ kt a|akàg`m kb h}`~k(cjwtmpjvmw#h}`~k(ik`jva~~+ tkumt"

Dapadk~jw(t~aw~ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw"

Dapadk~jw(w}b hj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jwA |awka~kjb jl ~cm dapadk~jw(t~aw~ hj~jw #Lkf}wm gm`jv+kt ~j t~aw~ ~cm hj~jw vk~c a wmà~k|m`{ àwfm dapadk~jw ljwckfc t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m g}~ `ma|m a tha``mw |a`}m dapadk~jwkb pàdm al~mw t~aw~kbf ~j khpwj|m w}bbkbf dcawad~mwkt~kdtvck`m bj~ nwavkbf msdmttk|m d}wwmb~" ^cm annk~kjba`

djhp`msk~{ jl ~cm dapadk~jw(w}b hj~jw kt e}t~klkmn ljwàwfmw tkum hj~jwt"

Dapadk~jw(w}b hj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw"

A hj~jw t~aw~kbf dapadk~jw ha{ gm a nj}g`m(abjnm bjb(pjàw m`md~wj`{~kd dapadk~jw vckdc dj}`n gm ~vj ) ~j )#jw ( ~j (+ tmwkmt djbbmd~mn pjàwkumn m`md~wj`{~kddapadk~jwt" T}dc AD wa~mn m`md~wj`{~kd dapadk~jwt ca|mt}dc ckfc `jttmt ~ca~ ~cm{ dab jb`{ gm }tmn ljwkb~mwhk~~mb~ n}~{ #1 tmdjbn jb <? tmdjbnt jll+ `kimhj~jw t~aw~kbf" A dapadk~jw ljw hj~jw w}bbkbf h}t~ bj~




7> Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


gm jl m`md~wj`{~kd djbt~w}d~kjb g}~ a `jvmw `jtt pj`{hmw~{pm"

Wmtkt~abdm tp`k~(pcatm hj~jw kbn}d~kjb

hj~jw Kl ab a}sk`kaw{ vkbnkbf jl h}dc lmvmw ~}wbt jl tha``mw

vkwm kt pàdmn a~ ;?j m`md~wkda` ~j ~cm hakb vkbnkbf k~dab t~aw~ a tkbf`m pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jw" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+Vk~c `jvmw kbn}d~abdm abn ckfcmw wmtkt~abdm ~cmd}wwmb~ vk`` mspmwkmbdm `mtt pcatm tckl~ ~cab ~cm hakbvkbnkbf" Agj}~ 4?j jl pcatm nkllmwmbdm ha{ gmjg~akbmn" ^ckt djk` pwjn}dmt a hjnmwa~m t~aw~kbf ~jwq}mvckdc kt nktdjbbmd~mn g{ a dmb~wkl}fa` tvk~dc a~ 4*> jl t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn" ^ckt tkhp`m #bj dapadk~jw+awwabfmhmb~ tmw|mt vm`` ljw hj~jwt }p ~j 1*4cjwtmpjvmw #7=? va~~t+ nwk|kbf matk`{ t~aw~mn `jant"

Wmtkt~abdm tp`k~(pcatm hj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw"

^ckt hj~jw cat hjwm t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m ~cab a tcanmn pj`m

hj~jw #bms~ tmd~kjb+ g}~ bj~ at h}dc at a ~vj pcatmhj~jw g}k`~ lwjh ~cm tahm paw~t" ^cm d}wwmb~ nmbtk~{ kb~cm a}sk`kaw{ vkbnkbf kt tj ckfc n}wkbf t~aw~kbf ~ca~ ~cmdjbtmq}mb~ wapkn ~mhpmwa~}wm wktm pwmd`}nmt lwmq}mb~wmt~aw~kbf jw t`jv t~aw~kbf `jant"

T}hhaw{5 Tkbf`m(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt Tkbf`m(pcatm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt awm bj~ tm`l(

t~aw~kbf vk~cj}~ ab a}sk`kaw{ t~a~jw vkbnkbfnwk|mb g{ ab j}~ jl pcatm d}wwmb~ jl bmaw ;?j"Jbdm t~aw~mn ~cm a}sk`kaw{ vkbnkbf kt jp~kjba`"

^cm a}sk`kaw{ vkbnkbf jl a pmwhabmb~(tp`k~

dapadk~jw hj~jw cat a dapadk~jw kb tmwkmt vk~c k~n}wkbf t~aw~kbf abn w}bbkbf" A dapadk~jw(t~aw~ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw jb`{ cat a

dapadk~jw kb tmwkmt vk~c ~cm a}sk`kaw{ vkbnkbfn}wkbf t~aw~kbf"

A dapadk~jw(w}b hj~jw ~{pkda``{ cat a àwfmbjb(pjàwkumn m`md~wj`{~kd dapadk~jw kb tmwkmtvk~c ~cm a}sk`kaw{ vkbnkbf ljw t~aw~kbf ~cmb a

tha``mw bjb(m`md~wj`{~kd dapadk~jw n}wkbfw}bbkbf"

^cm a}sk`kaw{ vkbnkbf jl a wmtkt~abdm tp`k~(

pcatm hj~jw nm|m`jpt a pcatm nkllmwmbdm |mwt}t~cm hakb vkbnkbf n}wkbf t~aw~kbf g{ |kw~}m jl ~cm nkllmwmbdm kb wmtkt~abdm"

Tcanmn pj`m kbn}d~kjb hj~jw

Tcanmn pj`m kbn}d~kjb hj~jwAb mat{ va{ ~j pwj|knm t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m ~j a tkbf`m pcatmhj~jw kt ~j mhgmn a tcjw~mn ~}wb kb madc pj`m a~ 4?j ~j<?j ~j ~cm hakb vkbnkbf" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ ^{pkda``{ 1*4jl ~cm pj`m kt mbd`jtmn g{ a gawm djppmw t~wap" ^cmtmtcankbf djk`t pwjn}dm a ~khm àffkbf nahpmn l`}stpadmn 4?j ~j <?j lwjh ~cm hakb lkm`n" ^ckt àffkbf l`}svk~c ~cm }bnahpmn hakb djhpjbmb~ pwjn}dmt a

wj~a~kbf lkm`n vk~c a tha`` ~jwq}m ~j t~aw~ ~cm wj~jw"

Tcanmn pj`m kbn}d~kjb hj~jw, #a+ n}a` djk` nmtkfb, #g+

tha``mw tkbf`m djk` |mwtkjb"

T~aw~kbf ~jwq}m kt tj `jv ~ca~ tcanmn pj`m hj~jwt awmjb`{ hab}lad~}wmn kb tha``mw tkumt gm`jv =? va~~t"@jv djt~ abn tkhp`kdk~{ t}k~ ~ckt hj~jw ~j tha`` labtakw dkwd}à~jwt abn j~cmw `jv ~jwq}m app`kda~kjbt" Hj~jwtpmmn dab gm `jvmwmn g{ tvk~dckbf wmad~abdm kb tmwkmt~j `khk~ d}wwmb~ abn ~jwq}m jw g{ tvk~dckbf hj~jw djk`~apt at kb Lkf}wm gm`jv"

Tpmmn djb~wj` jl tcanmn pj`m hj~jw"




7= Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


7(pcatm tmw|j hj~jw A tmw|j hj~jw kt ~{pkda``{ paw~ jl a lmmngadi `jjpdjb~akbkbf m`md~wjbkd hmdcabkda` abn m`md~wkda`djhpjbmb~t" ^cm tmw|j `jjp kt a hmabt jl djb~wj``kbf~cm hj~kjb jl ab jgemd~ |ka ~cm hj~jw" A wmq}kwmhmb~ jl hab{ t}dc t{t~mht kt lat~ wmtpjbtm" ^j wmn}dm

addm`mwa~kjb wjggkbf kbmw~ka` ~cm kwjb djwm kt wmhj|mnlwjh ~cm wj~jw `ma|kbf jb`{ a tcal~ hj}b~mn a`}hkb}hd}p ~j wj~a~m" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ ^cm kwjb djwm kt wmkbtmw~mnvk~ckb ~cm d}p at a t~a~kd #bjb(wj~a~kbf+ djhpjbmb~ ~jdjhp`m~m ~cm hafbm~kd dkwd}k~" J~cmwvktm ~cmdjbt~w}d~kjb kt ~{pkda` jl a ~vj pcatm hj~jw" ^cm `jvhatt wj~jw dab addm`mwa~m hjwm wapkn`{ ~cab a tq}kwwm`dafm wj~jw"

Ckfc addm`mwa~kjb 7(ό AD tmw|j hj~jw"

Jbm pcatm kt djbbmd~mn ~j ~cm tkbf`m pcatm `kbm9 ~cmj~cmw kt nwk|mb g{ ab ahp`klkmw" Jbm jl ~cm vkbnkbft ktnwk|mb g{ a ;?j pcatm tckl~mn va|mljwh" Kb ~cm agj|mlkf}wm ~ckt kt addjhp`ktcmn g{ a tmwkmt dapadk~jw kb ~cmpjvmw `kbm vkbnkbf" ^cm j~cmw vkbnkbf kt nwk|mb g{ a|awkag`m ahp`k~}nm tkbm va|m ~j djb~wj` hj~jw tpmmn"

^cm pcatm jl ~cm va|mljwh ha{ kb|mw~ #13?j pcatmtckl~+ ~j wm|mwtm ~cm nkwmd~kjb jl ~cm hj~jw" ^ckt |awkag`mtkbm va|m kt ~cm j}~p}~ jl ab mwwjw ahp`klkmw" Tmmt{bdcwj D^ tmd~kjb ljw msahp`m" Akwdwal~ djb~wj`t}wladmt ha{ gm pjtk~kjbmn g{ >?? Cu 7(ό tmw|jhj~jwt"

C{t~mwmtkt hj~jw Kl ~cm `jv c{t~mwmtkt Tk(t~mm` àhkba~mn wj~jw jl abkbn}d~kjb hj~jw kt wmpàdmn g{ a t`j~`mtt vkbnkbf`mttd{`kbnmw jl cawnmbmn hafbm~ t~mm` c{t~mwmtkt jwàffkbf gmckbn jl wj~jw hafbm~kua~kjb kt fwma~`{

addmb~}a~mn" ^cm wmt}`~kbf `jv ~jwq}m t{bdcwjbj}thj~jw nm|m`jpt djbt~ab~ ~jwq}m lwjh t~a`` ~jt{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn" Gmda}tm jl ~cm `jv ~jwq}m ~cmc{t~mwmtkt hj~jw kt jb`{ a|akàg`m kb |mw{ tha`` tkumtabn kt jb`{ }tmn ljw djbt~ab~ tpmmn app`kda~kjbt `kimd`jdi nwk|mt abn ljwhmw`{ pcjbjfwapc ~}wb~ag`mt"

T}hhaw{5 J~cmw tpmdka`kumn hj~jwt ^cm tcanmn pj`m kbn}d~kjb hj~jw }tmn kb }bnmw

=? va~~ `jv ~jwq}m app`kda~kjbt nm|m`jpt atmdjbn pcatm lwjh tcjw~mn ~}wbt kb ~cm t~a~jw"

C{t~mwmtkt hj~jwt awm a tha`` `jv ~jwq}mt{bdcwjbj}t hj~jw jbdm }tmn kb d`jdit abn

pcjbjfwapct" ^cm mnn{ d}wwmb~ d`}~dc pwj|knmt ab ane}t~ag`m

~jwq}m"

Tm`t{b #t{bdcwj+ hj~jwtBjwha``{ ~cm wj~jw vkbnkbft jl a vj}bn wj~jwkbn}d~kjb hj~jw awm tcjw~mn j}~ al~mw t~aw~kbf" N}wkbft~aw~kbf wmtkt~abdm ha{ gm pàdmn kb tmwkmt vk~c ~cmwj~jw vkbnkbft ~j `khk~ t~aw~kbf d}wwmb~" Kl ~cmtmvkbnkbft awm djbbmd~mn ~j a djhhjb t~aw~kbfwmtkt~abdm ~cm ~vj wj~jwt vk`` wmhakb t{bdcwjbkumn

n}wkbf t~aw~kbf" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ ^ckt kt }tml}` ljwpwkb~kbf pwmttmt abn nwav gwknfmt vcmwm ~vj hj~jwtbmmn ~j gm t{bdcwjbkumn n}wkbf t~aw~kbf" Jbdm t~aw~mnabn ~cm wj~jwt awm tcjw~mn ~cm t{bdcwjbkukbf ~jwq}m ktagtmb~" ^cm ckfcmw ~cm wmtkt~abdm n}wkbf t~aw~kbf ~cmckfcmw ~cm t{bdcwjbkukbf ~jwq}m ljw a pakw jl hj~jwt" Kl ~cm t~aw~kbf wmtkt~jwt awm wmhj|mn g}~ ~cm wj~jwt t~k``pawa``m`mn ~cmwm kt bj t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m" Cjvm|mw ~cmwm kta t}gt~ab~ka` t{bdcwjbkukbf ~jwq}m" ^ckt kt a tm`t{bvckdc kt ab aggwm|ka~kjb ljw ‐tm`l t{bdcwjbj}t‘"

T~aw~kbf vj}bn wj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt lwjh djhhjb

wmtkt~jwt"

^cm wj~jwt ha{ gm t~a~kjbaw{" Kl jbm wj~jw kt hj|mn~cwj}fc ab abf`m γ, ~cm j~cmw tm`t{b tcal~ vk`` hj|m~cwj}fc ab abf`m γ" Kl nwaf kt app`kmn ~j jbm tm`t{b, ~cktvk`` gm lm`~ vcmb a~~mhp~kbf ~j wj~a~m ~cm j~cmw tcal~"

Vck`m h}`~k(cjwtmpjvmw #h}`~k(ik`jva~~+ tm`t{bt mskt~~cm hakb app`kda~kjb kt tha`` }bk~t jl a lmv va~~t ljwkbt~w}hmb~a~kjb app`kda~kjbt(( wmhj~m pjtk~kjbkbnkda~kjb"




7< Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


Tm`t{bt vk~cj}~ t~aw~kbf wmtkt~abdm"

Kbt~w}hmb~a~kjb tm`t{bt ca|m bj }tm ljw t~aw~kbfwmtkt~jwt" #Lkf}wm agj|m+ ^cm{ awm bj~ kb~mbnmn ~j gmtm`l wj~a~kbf" Tkbdm ~cm wj~jwt awm bj~ tcjw~mn j}~ bjwwmtkt~jw `janmn bj t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m kt nm|m`jpmn"Cjvm|mw hab}a` wj~a~kjb jl jbm tcal~ vk`` pwjn}dm ab}bgaàbdm kb ~cm wj~jw d}wwmb~t }b~k` ~cm pawa``m` }bk~&ttcal~ lj``jvt" Bj~m ~ca~ a djhhjb tj}wdm jl ~cwmmpcatm pjvmw kt app`kmn ~j gj~c t~a~jwt" ^cj}fc vm tcjv~cwmm pcatm wj~jwt agj|m a tkbf`m pcatm pjvmwmn wj~jwkt t}llkdkmb~ at tcjvb kb Lkf}wm gm`jv"

AD djhh}~a~jw hj~jwtDcaw`mt _wj~m}t T~mkbhm~u&t lkwt~ ejg al~mw awwk|kbf kbAhmwkda vat ~j kb|mt~kfa~m pwjg`mht mbdj}b~mwmn kb ~cmnmtkfb jl ~cm a`~mwba~kbf d}wwmb~ |mwtkjb jl ~cm gw}tcmndjhh}~a~jw hj~jw" ^cm tk~}a~kjb vat tj gan ~ca~hj~jwt dj}`n bj~ gm nmtkfbmn acman jl ~cm ad~}a`djbt~w}d~kjb" ^cm t}ddmtt jw lak`}wm jl a hj~jw nmtkfbvat bj~ ibjvb }b~k` al~mw k~ vat ad~}a``{ g}k`~ a~ fwma~mspmbtm abn ~mt~mn" Cm ljwh}à~mn ~cm àvt jl hafbm~kd c{t~mwmtkt kb lkbnkbf a tj`}~kjb" C{t~mwmtkt kt a

àffkbf gmckbn jl ~cm hafbm~kd lkm`n t~wmbf~c atdjhpawmn ~j ~cm hafbm~kukbf ljwdm" ^ckt pwjn}dmt a`jtt bj~ pwmtmb~ kb ND hafbm~kdt" @jv c{t~mwmtkt a``j{tabn gwmaikbf ~cm a``j{ kb~j ~ckbkbt}à~mn àhkba~kjbt hanm k~ pjttkg`m ~j add}wa~m`{nmtkfb AD djhh}~a~jw hj~jwt gmljwm g}k`nkbf"

AD djhh}~a~jw hj~jwt `kim djhpawag`m ND hj~jwtca|m ckfcmw t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m abn ckfcmw tpmmn ~cab ADkbn}d~kjb hj~jwt" ^cm tmwkmt hj~jw jpmwa~mt vm`` agj|m~cm t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn jl a djb|mb~kjba` AD hj~jw" ADdjhh}~a~jw hj~jwt ha{ gm mk~cmw tkbf`m(pcatm jw pj`{(

pcatm" ^cm tkbf`m(pcatm AD |mwtkjb t}llmwt a nj}g`m`kbm lwmq}mbd{ ~jwq}m p}`ta~kjb bj~ pwmtmb~ kb pj`{(pcatm hj~jw" Tkbdm a djhh}~a~jw hj~jw dab jpmwa~m a~h}dc ckfcmw tpmmn ~cab ab kbn}d~kjb hj~jw k~ dabj}~p}~ hjwm pjvmw ~cab a tkhkàw tkum kbn}d~kjb hj~jw"Cjvm|mw djhh}~a~jw hj~jwt awm bj~ at hakb~mbabdmlwmm at kbn}d~kjb hj~jwt n}m ~j gw}tc abn djhh}~a~jwvmaw"

Tkbf`m pcatm tmwkmt hj~jw Kl a ND tmwkmt hj~jw mq}kppmn vk~c a àhkba~mn lkm`n ktdjbbmd~mn ~j AD ~cm àffkbf wmad~abdm jl ~cm lkm`n djk`vk`` djbtknmwag`{ wmn}dm ~cm lkm`n d}wwmb~" Vck`m t}dc ahj~jw vk`` wj~a~m jpmwa~kjb kt hawfkba`" Vck`m t~aw~kbfawha~}wm vkbnkbft djbbmd~mn ~j djhh}~a~jw tmfhmb~t

tcjw~mn g{ ~cm gw}tcmt `jji `kim tcjw~mn ~wabtljwhmw~}wbt ~j ~cm lkm`n" ^ckt wmt}`~t kb djbtknmwag`m awdkbf abntpawikbf a~ ~cm gw}tcmt at ~cm awha~}wm gmfkbt ~j ~}wb"^ckt kt `mtt jl a pwjg`mh at tpmmn kbdwmatmt vckdctcawmt ~cm awdkbf abn tpawikbf gm~vmmb djhh}~a~jwtmfhmb~t ^cm àffkbf wmad~abdm abn awdkbf gw}tcmt awmjb`{ ~j`mwag`m kb |mw{ tha`` }bdjhpmbta~mn tmwkmt ADhj~jwt jpmwa~mn a~ ckfc tpmmn" Tmwkmt AD hj~jwttha``mw ~cab cabn nwk``t abn ik~dcmb hksmwt ha{ gm}bdjhpmbta~mn" #Lkf}wm gm`jv+

]bdjhpmbta~mn tmwkmt AD hj~jw"

Djhpmbta~mn tmwkmt hj~jw ^cm awdkbf abn tpawikbf kt hk~kfa~mn g{ pàdkbfa djhpmbta~kbf vkbnkbf ~cm t~a~jw kb tmwkmt vk~c ~cm

awha~}wm pjtk~kjbmn tj ~ca~ k~t hafbm~jhj~k|m ljwdm#hhl+ dabdm`t j}~ ~cm awha~}wm AD hhl" #Lkf}wmgm`jv+ A tha``mw hj~jw akw fap abn lmvmw lkm`n ~}wbtwmn}dmt àffkbf wmad~abdm kb tmwkmt vk~c ~cm awha~}wmkhpwj|kbf ~cm pjvmw lad~jw" A`` g}~ |mw{ tha`` ADdjhh}~a~jw hj~jwt mhp`j{ djhpmbta~kbf vkbnkbft"Hj~jwt at àwfm at ~cjtm mhp`j{mn kb a ik~dcmb hksmwjw àwfmw }tm djhpmbta~mn t~a~jw vkbnkbft"

Djhpmbta~mn tmwkmt AD hj~jw"






]bk|mwta` hj~jw K~ kt pjttkg`m ~j nmtkfb tha`` #}bnmw 4??va~~t+ }bk|mwta` hj~jwt vckdc w}b lwjh mk~cmw ND jwAD" \mw{ tha`` }bk|mwta` hj~jwt ha{ gm}bdjhpmbta~mn" @awfmw ckfcmw tpmmn }bk|mwta` hj~jwt}tm a djhpmbta~kbf vkbnkbf" A hj~jw vk`` w}b t`jvmw

jb AD ~cab ND n}m ~j ~cm wmad~abdm mbdj}b~mwmn vk~cAD" Cjvm|mw ~cm pmait jl ~cm tkbm va|mt ta~}wa~m ~cmhafbm~kd pa~c wmn}dkbf ~j~a` l`}s gm`jv ~cm ND |a`}mkbdwmatkbf ~cm tpmmn jl ~cm ‐tmwkmt‘ hj~jw" ^c}t, ~cmjlltm~~kbf mllmd~t wmt}`~ kb a bmaw`{ djbt~ab~ tpmmn lwjhND ~j <? Cu" Tha`` `kbm jpmwa~mn app`kabdmt t}dc atnwk``t |ad}}h d`mabmwt abn hksmwt wmq}kwkbf 4??? ~j1???? wph }tm }bk|mwta` hj~jwt" ^cj}fc ~cmnm|m`jphmb~ jl tj`kn t~a~m wmd~klkmwt abn kbmspmbtk|mpmwhabmb~ hafbm~t kt haikbf ~cm ND pmwhabmb~hafbm~ hj~jw a |kag`m a`~mwba~k|m"

Wmp}`tkjb hj~jw A wmp}`tkjb hj~jw #Lkf}wm gm`jv+ djbtkt~t jl a lkm`nnkwmd~`{ djbbmd~mn ~j ~cm AD `kbm |j`~afm abn a pakw jl tcjw~mn gw}tcmt jlltm~ g{ 1=j~j 7=j lwjh ~cm lkm`n askt"^cm lkm`n kbn}dmt a d}wwmb~ l`jv kb~j ~cm tcjw~mnawha~}wm vcjtm hafbm~kd lkm`n jppjtmt ~ca~ jl ~cm lkm`ndjk`t" Tpmmn dab gm djb~wj``mn g{ wj~a~kbf ~cm gw}tcmtvk~c wmtpmd~ ~j ~cm lkm`n askt" ^ckt hj~jw cat t}pmwkjwdjhh}~a~kjb gm`jv t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn kblmwkjwdjhh}~a~kjb agj|m t{bdcwjbj}t tpmmn" @jv t~aw~kbfd}wwmb~ pwjn}dmt ckfc t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m"

Wmp}`tkjb AD hj~jw"

Wmp}`tkjb t~aw~ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw

Vcmb ab kbn}d~kjb hj~jw nwk|mt a cawn t~aw~kbf `jan

`kim a djhpwmttjw ~cm ckfc t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m jl ~cmwmp}`tkjb hj~jw ha{ gm p}~ ~j }tm" ^cm kbn}d~kjb hj~jwwj~jw vkbnkbft awm gwj}fc~ j}~ ~j djhh}~a~jw tmfhmb~tljw t~aw~kbf g{ a pakw jl tcjw~mn gw}tcmt" A~ bmaww}bbkbf tpmmn a dmb~wkl}fa` tvk~dc tcjw~t j}~ a``djhh}~a~jw tmfhmb~t fk|kbf ~cm mllmd~ jl a tq}kwwm`dafm wj~jw " ^cm gw}tcmt ha{ a`tj gm `kl~mn ~j pwj`jbfg}tc `klm" T~aw~kbf ~jwq}m kt 4??- ~j <??- jl ~cm l}``

tpmmn |a`}m at djhpawmn ~j }bnmw 7??- ljw a p}wmkbn}d~kjb hj~jw"

T}hhaw{5 AD djhh}~a~jw hj~jwt

^cm tkbf`m pcatm tmwkmt hj~jw kt ab a~~mhp~ ~j

g}k`n a hj~jw `kim a ND djhh}~a~jw hj~jw"^cm wmt}`~kbf hj~jw kt jb`{ pwad~kda` kb ~cmtha``mt~ tkumt"

^cm annk~kjb jl a djhpmbta~kbf vkbnkbf {km`nt~cm djhpmbta~mn tmwkmt hj~jw j|mwdjhkbfmsdmttk|m djhh}~a~jw tpawikbf" Hjt~ ADdjhh}~a~jw hj~jwt awm ~ckt ~{pm" A~ ckfc tpmmn~ckt hj~jw pwj|knmt hjwm pjvmw ~cab a tahm(tkum kbn}d~kjb hj~jw g}~ kt bj~ hakb~mbabdmlwmm"

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a }bk|mwta` hj~jw " ^cm AD `kbm kt nkwmd~`{ djbbmd~mn ~j ~cm t~a~jw

jl a wmp}`tkjb hj~jw vk~c ~cm djhh}~a~jwtcjw~mn g{ ~cm gw}tcmt"

Wm~wad~ag`m tcjw~mn gw}tcmt ha{ t~aw~ a vj}bnwj~jw kbn}d~kjb hj~jw" ^ckt kt ibjvb atawmp}`tkjb t~aw~ kbn}d~kjb hj~jw "






C{nwa}`kd Hj~jwtA`` ~{pmt jl c{nwa}`kd hj~jwt ca|m ~cmtm djhhjbnmtkfb lma~}wmt5 a nwk|kbf t}wladm awma t}gemd~ ~jpwmtt}wm nkllmwmb~ka`9 a va{ jl ~khkbf ~cm pjw~kbf jl

pwmtt}wm l`}kn ~j ~cm pwmtt}wm t}wladm ~j adckm|mdjb~kb}j}t wj~a~kjb9 a hmdcabkda` djbbmd~kjb gm~vmmb~cm t}wladm awma abn j}~p}~ tcal~"

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Hj~jw ^mwhkbj`jf{

Hj~jw Nktpàdmhmb~ Hj~jw nktpàdmhmb~ wmlmwt ~j ~cm |j`}hm jl l`}knwmq}kwmn ~j ~}wb ~cm hj~jw j}~p}~ tcal~ ~cwj}fc jbmwm|j`}~kjb" ^cm hjt~ djhhjb }bk~t jl hj~jwnktpàdmhmb~ awm kb kb"4 jw dh4 pmw wm|j`}~kjb"

Nktpàdmhmb~ jl c{nwa}`kd hj~jwt ha{ gm lksmn jw|awkag`m" A lksmn(nktpàdmhmb~ hj~jw pwj|knmtdjbt~ab~ ~jwq}m" Tpmmn kt |awkmn g{ djb~wj``kbf ~cmahj}b~ jl kbp}~ l`jv kb~j ~cm hj~jw" A |awkag`m(nktpàdmhmb~ hj~jw pwj|knmt |awkag`m ~jwq}m abn

|awkag`m tpmmn" Vk~c kbp}~ l`jv abn pwmtt}wm djbt~ab~~cm ~jwq}m tpmmn wa~kj dab gm |awkmn ~j hmm~ `janwmq}kwmhmb~t g{ |aw{kbf ~cm nktpàdmhmb~"

^jwq}m J}~p}~ ^jwq}m j}~p}~ kt mspwmttmn kb(kbdc pj}bnt jw ljj~(pj}bnt abn kt a l}bd~kjb jl t{t~mh pwmtt}wm abn hj~jwnktpàdmhmb~" Hj~jw ~jwq}m wa~kbft }t}a``{ awm fk|mbljw a tpmdklkd pwmtt}wm nwjp adwjtt ~cm hj~jw"^cmjwm~kda` lkf}wmt kbnkda~m ~cm ~jwq}m a|akàg`m a~ ~cmhj~jw tcal~ att}hkbf bj hmdcabkda` `jttmt"

Gwmaiava{ jwq}m^jwq}m wmq}kwmn ~j fm~ a t~a~kjbaw{ `jan ~}wbkbf ktwmlmwwmn ~j at gwmaiava{ ~jwq}m" Hjwm ~jwq}m ktwmq}kwmn ~j t~aw~ a `jan hj|kbf ~cab ~j immp k~ hj|kbf#t~a~kd |t" ikbm~kd lwkd~kjb+"

W}bbkbf jwq}m^vj nmlkbk~kjbt mskt~ ljw w}bbkbf ~jwq}m nmpmbnkbfvcm~cmw ~cm `jan jw hj~jw kt gmkbf wmlmwmbdmn" Vcmb k~wmlmwt ~j a `jan k~ kbnkda~mt ~cm ~jwq}m wmq}kwmn ~j immp~cm `jan ~}wbkbf" Vcmb k~ wmlmwt ~j ~cm hj~jw w}bbkbf~jwq}m kbnkda~mt ~cm ad~}a` ~jwq}m vckdc a hj~jw dab

nm|m`jp ~j immp a `jan ~}wbkbf" W}bbkbf ~jwq}mdjbtknmwt a hj~jw‛t kbmllkdkmbd{ abn kt a pmwdmb~afm jl k~t ~cmjwm~kda` ~jwq}m" ^cm w}bbkbf ~jwq}m jl djhhjbfmaw |abm abn pkt~jb hj~jwt kt appwjskha~m`{ ;?- jl ~cmjwm~kda`"

T~aw~kbf jwq}m^cm dapadk~{ jl a c{nwa}`kd hj~jw ~j t~aw~ a `jan ktwmlmwwmn ~j t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m" K~ kbnkda~mt ~cm ahj}b~ jl ~jwq}m vckdc a hj~jw dab nm|m`jp ~j t~aw~ a `jan~}wbkbf" Kb tjhm datmt ~ckt kt djbtknmwag`{ `mtt ~cab~cm hj~jw‛t w}bbkbf ~jwq}m" T~aw~kbf ~jwq}m a`tj dab gm

mspwmttmn at a pmwdmb~afm jl ~cmjwm~kda` ~jwq}m"T~aw~kbf ~jwq}m ljw djhhjb fmaw |abm abn pkt~jbhj~jwt wabfmt gm~vmmb 6?- abn 3?- jl ~cmjwm~kda`"

Hmdcabkda` Mllkdkmbd{ kt ~cm wa~kj jl ad~}a` ~jwq}mnm`k|mwmn ~j ~cmjwm~kda` ~jwq}m"

^jwq}m Wkpp`m kt ~cm nkllmwmbdm gm~vmmb hkbkh}habn haskh}h ~jwq}m nm`k|mwmn a~ a fk|mb pwmtt}wmn}wkbf jbm wm|j`}~kjb jl ~cm hj~jw"

Hj~jw Tpmmn kt a l}bd~kjb jl hj~jw nktpàdmhmb~ abn

~cm |j`}hm jl l`}kn nm`k|mwmn ~j ~cm hj~jw"

Haskh}h Hj~jw Tpmmn kt ~cm tpmmn a~ a tpmdklkd kb`m~pwmtt}wm vckdc ~cm hj~jw dab t}t~akb ljw a `khk~mn ~khmvk~cj}~ nahafm"

Hkbkh}h Hj~jw Tpmmn kt ~cm t`jvmt~ djb~kb}j}t}bkb~mww}p~mn wj~a~kjba` tpmmn a|akàg`m lwjh ~cm hj~jwj}~p}~ tcal~"

T`kppafm kt ~cm `maiafm ~cwj}fc ~cm hj~jw „ jw l`}kn~ca~ pattmt ~cwj}fc ~cm hj~jw vk~cj}~ pmwljwhkbf vjwi"

Fmaw Hj~jwt

Ms~mwba` fmaw hj~jwt Fwapckd 1 djbtkt~ jl a pakw jl ha~dcmn fmawt mbd`jtmn kb jbm cj}tkbf" Gj~c fmawtca|m ~cm tahm ~jj~c ljwh abn awm nwk|mb g{ pwmtt}wml`}kn" Jbm fmaw kt djbbmd~mn ~j ab j}~p}~ tcal~9 ~cmj~cmw kt ab kn`mw" _wmtt}wm l`}kn mb~mwt ~cm cj}tkbf a~ apjkb~ vcmwm ~cm fmawt hmtc" K~ ljwdmt ~cm fmawt ~j




7; Kbt~k~}~m jl Hab}lad~}wkbf Mbfkbmmwkbf , Habafmhmb~ _aikt~ab Ba|{ Mbfkbmmwkbf Dj``mfm


wj~a~m abn lj``jvt ~cm pa~c jl `mat~ wmtkt~abdm awj}bn~cm pmwkpcmw{ jl ~cm cj}tkbf" ^cm l`}kn mskt~t a~ `jvpwmtt}wm a~ ~cm jppjtk~m tknm jl ~cm hj~jw"

D`jtm ~j`mwabdmt gm~vmmb fmawt abn cj}tkbf cm`pdjb~wj` l`}kn `maiafm abn kbdwmatm |j`}hm~wkd

mllkdkmbd{" Vmaw pà~mt jb ~cm tknmt jl ~cm fmawt immp~cm fmawt lwjh hj|kbf aska``{ abn cm`p djb~wj` `maiafm"

Fwapckd 15 Ms~mwba` fmaw hj~jwt ca|m jbm nwk|mb fmaw abn jbm kn`mw fmaw mbd`jtmn kb tkbf`m cj}tkbf" J}~p}~ ~jwq}m kt a

l}bd~kjb jl pwmtt}wm jb jbm ~jj~c gmda}tm pwmtt}wm jb j~cmw

~mm~c kt kb c{nwa}`kd gaàbdm"

Kb~mwba` Fmaw Hj~jwtKb~mwba` fmaw hj~jwt la`` kb~j ~vj da~mfjwkmt" A nkwmd~(nwk|m fmaw hj~jw djbtkt~t jl ab kbbmw(j}~mw fmaw tm~ abnab j}~p}~ tcal~" ^cm kbbmw fmaw cat jbm `mtt ~jj~c ~cab~cm j}~mw" ^cm tcapm jl ~cm ~mm~c kt t}dc ~ca~ a`` ~mm~c jl ~cm kbbmw fmaw awm kb djb~ad~ vk~c tjhm pjw~kjb jl ~cm

j}~mw fmaw a~ a ` ~khmt" Vcmb pwmtt}wm l`}kn ktkb~wjn}dmn kb~j ~cm hj~jw gj~c fmawt wj~a~m" ^cm hj~jwcj}tkbf cat ab kb~mfwa` iknbm{(tcapmn kb`m~ abn j}~`m~pjw~t" ^cm dmb~mwt jl wj~a~kjb jl ~cm ~vj fmawt awmtmpawa~mn g{ a fk|mb ahj}b~ ibjvb at ~cm mddmb~wkdk~{"^cm dmb~mw jl ~cm kbbmw fmaw djkbdknmt vk~c ~cm dmb~mw jl ~cm j}~p}~ tcal~"

_wmtt}wm l`}kn mb~mwt ~cm hj~jw ~cwj}fc ~cm kb`m~ pjw~"Gmda}tm ~cm kbbmw fmaw cat jbm `mtt ~jj~c ~cab ~cm j}~mwa pjdim~ kt ljwhmn gm~vmmb ~cm kbbmw ~mm~c < abn 1 abnj~cmw tjdim~ A" ^cm iknbm{(tcapmn kb`m~ pjw~ kt nmtkfbtj ~ca~ e}t~ at ~ckt pjdim~t |j`}hm wmadcmt k~thaskh}h l`}kn l`jv kt tc}~ jll vk~c ~cm ~kpt jl kbbmwfmaw ~mm~c < abn 1 pwj|knkbf a tma`"

At ~cm pakw jl kbbmw abn j}~mw fmawt djb~kb}mt ~j wj~a~mFwapckd 7#d+ a bmv pjdim~ kt ljwhmn gm~vmmb kbbmw~mm~c < abn = abn j}~mw tjdim~ F" Hmabvck`m ~cmpjdim~ ljwhmn gm~vmmb kbbmw ~mm~c < abn 1 abn j}~mwtjdim~ A cat hj|mn awj}bn jppjtk~m ~cm iknbm{(tcapmn

j}~`m~ pjw~ t~mank`{ nwakbkbf at ~cm |j`}hm jl ~cmpjdim~ nmdwmatmt" ^cm fwan}a` hm~mwmn |j`}hm dcabfmjl ~cm pjdim~t pwj|knmt thjj~c }bkljwh l`}kn l`jv vk~ca hkbkh}h jl pwmtt}wm |awka~kjb #jw wkpp`m+"

Gmda}tm jl ~cm ms~wa ~jj~c kb ~cm j}~mw fmaw ~cm kbbmw

fmaw ~mm~c hj|m acman jl ~cm j}~mw g{ jbm ~jj~c pmwwm|j`}~kjb" Kbbmw ~jj~c > kt tma~mn kb j}~mw tjdim~ M "Jb ~cm bms~ d{d`m kbbmw ~jj~c > vk`` tma~ kb j}~mw tjdim~L" ^ckt pwjn}dmt a `jv wmà~k|m nkllmwmb~ka` tpmmngm~vmmb ~cm fmawt"

Jwgk~kbf Fmwj~jw Hj~jwAb jwgk~kbf Fmwj~jw hj~jw djbtkt~t jl a tm~ jl ha~dcmnfmawt a dj}p`kbf ab j}~p}~ tcal~ abn djhh}~a~jw jw|a`|m pà~m" ^cm t~a~kjbaw{ j}~mw fmaw cat jbm hjwm~jj~c ~cab ~cm wj~a~kbf kbbmw fmaw" ^cm djhh}~a~jw

~}wbt a~ ~cm tahm wa~m at ~cm kbbmw fmaw abn a`va{tpwj|knmt pwmtt}wm l`}kn abn a pattafmva{ ~j ~abi ~j ~cmpwjpmw tpadmt gm~vmmb ~cm ~vj fmawt"

Kb jpmwa~kjb ~jj~c 1 jl ~cm kbbmw fmaw kt a`kfbmn msad~`{kb tjdim~ N jl ~cm j}~mw fmaw" _jkb~ { kt ~cm dmb~mw jl ~cm t~a~kjbaw{ fmaw abn pjkb~ s kt ~cm dmb~mw jl ~cm wj~jw"Kl ~cmwm vmwm bj l`}kn ~cm wj~jw vj}`n gm lwmm ~j pk|j~agj}~ tjdim~ N kb mk~cmw nkwmd~kjb" K~ dj}`n hj|m~jvawn tma~kbf ~jj~c 7 kb tjdim~ M jw djb|mwtm`{~jvawn tma~kbf ~jj~c < kb tjdim~ E "

Vcmb pwmtt}wm l`}kn l`jvt kb~j ~cm `jvmw ca`l jl ~cm|j`}hm gm~vmmb ~cm kbbmw abn j}~mw fmawt kl apattafmva{ ~j ~abi kt pwj|knmn ljw ~cm }ppmw(ca`l |j`}hm gm~vmmb ~cm kbbmw abn j}~mw fmawt a hjhmb~ ktkbn}dmn vckdc wj~a~mt ~cm kbbmw fmaw dj}b~mwd`jdivktmabn t~aw~t ~j tma~ ~jj~c 7 kb tjdim~ M " ^jj~c > a~ ~cmkbt~ab~ tcjvb kb pwj|knmt a tma` gm~vmmb pwmtt}wm abnwm~}wb l`}kn"

Cjvm|mw at wj~a~kjb djb~kb}mt ~cm `jd}t jl pjkb~ s ktd`jdivktm" At madc t}ddmmnkbf ~jj~c jl ~cm wj~jw tma~tkb k~t tjdim~ ~cm ~jj~c nkwmd~`{ jppjtk~m jb ~cm wj~jwlwjh ~cm tma~mn ~jj~c gmdjhmt ~cm tma` gm~vmmb

pwmtt}wm abn wm~}wb l`}kn" ^cm pwmtt}wkumn l`}kndjb~kb}mt ~j ljwdm ~cm wj~jw ~j hmtc kb a d`jdivktmnkwmd~kjb vck`m k~ ~}wbt dj}b~mwd`jdivktm"

Gmda}tm jl ~cm jbm ms~wa tjdim~ kb ~cm lksmn fmaw ~cmbms~ ~khm ~jj~c 1 tma~t k~ vk`` gm kb tjdim~ E " A~ ~ca~pjkb~ ~cm tcal~ cat ~}wbmn 1*6 jl a wm|j`}~kjb abn pjkb~s cat hj|mn <*6 jl k~t l}`` dkwd`m" Kb ~jj~c 7 cat ha~mn






vk~c tjdim~ N abn pjkb~ s cat afakb gmdjhm a`kfbmngm~vmmb tjdim~ N abn pjkb~ { kbnkda~kbf ~ca~ ~cm wj~jwcat hanm jbm l}`` wm|j`}~kjb kbtknm jl ~cm j}~mw fmaw"^jj~c 1 cat hj|mn ~cwj}fc ab abf`m jl <? lwjh k~tjwkfkba` kb Fwapckd 4#a+9 >7 #jw <s6+ ~jj~c mbfafmhmb~tjw l`}knt d{d`mt vj}`n gm bmmnmn ljw ~cm tcal~ ~j

djhp`m~m jbm wm|j`}~kjb"

^cm djhh}~a~jw jw |a`|m pà~m djb~akbt pwmtt}wm abn~abi pattafmt ljw madc ~jj~c jl ~cm wj~jw" ^cm pattafmtawm tpadmn tj ~cm{ nj bj~ pwj|knm ljw pwmtt}wm jw wm~}wbl`jv ~j ~cm appwjpwka~m pjw~ at a ~jj~c tma~t kb k~ttjdim~" A~ a`` j~cmw ~khmt ~cm pattafmt awm g`jdimn jwawm pwj|knkbf pwmtt}wm l`}kn jw a ~abi pattafm kb ~cmappwjpwka~m ca`l jl ~cm hj~jw gm~vmmb fmawt"

Wj``mw(\abm Fmwj~jw Hj~jw

A wj``mw(|abm Fmwj~jw hj~jw kt a |awka~kjb jl ~cmjwgk~kbf fmwj~jw hj~jw" K~ cat a t~a~kjbaw{ wkbf fmaw #jwt~a~jw+ abn a hj|kbf pàbm~ fmaw #jw wj~jw+" Kbt~man jl gmkbf cm`n g{ ~vj ej}wba` gmawkbft ~cm mddmb~wkd awh jl ~cm pàbm~aw{ kt cm`n g{ hmtckbf jl ~cm < ~jj~c wj~jw abn~cm 6 ~jj~c tjdim~ t~a~jw" Kbt~man jl nkwmd~ djb~ad~gm~vmmb ~cm t~a~jw abn wj~jw wj``mw |abmt wmn}dm vmawmbag`kbf ~cm hj~jwt ~j gm }tm kb d`jtmn(`jjp ckfcpwmtt}wm c{nwjt~a~kd dkwd}k~t at nkwmd~(hj}b~mn vcmm`nwk|mt"

\abm Hj~jwt\abm hj~jw ca|m a t`j~~mn wj~jw hj}b~mn jb a nwk|mtcal~ ~ca~ kt nwk|mb g{ ~cm wj~jw" \abmt d`jtm`{ lk~~mnkb~j ~cm wj~jw t`j~t hj|m wanka``{ ~j tma` afakbt~ ~cmdah wkbf" ^cm wkbf cat ~vj haejw abn ~vj hkbjw wanka`tmd~kjbt ejkbmn g{ ~wabtk~kjba` tmd~kjbt jw wahpt" ^cmtmdjb~j}wt abn ~cm pwmtt}wmt kb~wjn}dmn ~j ~cmh awmgaàbdmn nkahm~wkda``{"

Kb tjhm nmtkfbt `kfc~ tpwkbft ljwdm ~cm |abmt wanka``{afakbt~ ~cm dah djb~j}w ~j att}wm a tma` a~ umwj tpmmn tj~cm hj~jw dab nm|m`jp t~aw~kbf ~jwq}m" ^cm tpwkbft awm

attkt~mn g{ abf}àw hjhmb~}h a~ ckfcmw tpmmnt" Wanka`fwjj|mt abn cj`mt ~cwj}fc ~cm |abmt mq}a`kum wanka`c{nwa}`kd ljwdmt jb ~cm |abmt a~ a`` ~khmt"

_wmtt}wm l`}kn mb~mwt abn `ma|mt ~cm hj~jw cj}tkbf~cwj}fc jpmbkbft kb ~cm tknm pà~mt a~ ~cm wahpt"_wmtt}wm l`}kn mb~mwkbf a~ ~cm kb`m~ pjw~t hj|mt ~cm wj~jwdj}b~mwd`jdivktm" ^cm wj~jw ~wabtpjw~t ~cm l`}kn ~j ~cmwahp jpmbkbft a~ ~cm j}~ m~ pjw~t ~j wm~}wb ~j ~abi" Kl

pwmtt}wm vmwm kb~wjn}dmn a~ ~cm j}~`m~ pjw~t k~ vj}`n~}wb ~cm hj~jw d`jdivktm"

^cm wj~jw kt tmpawa~mn aska``{ lwjh ~cm tknm pà~mt}wladmt g{ ~cm l`}kn lk`h" ^cm lwjb~ tknm pà~m ktdàhpmn afakbt~ ~cm dah wkbf g{ pwmtt}wm abn hakb~akbt

jp~kh}h d`mawabdmt at ~mhpmwa~}wm abn pwmtt}wm dcabfmnkhmbtkjbt"

\abm hj~jwt pwj|knm fjjn jpmwa~kbf mllkdkmbdkmt g}~bj~ at ckfc at ~cjtm jl pkt~jb hj~jwt" Cjvm|mw |abmhj~jwt fmbmwa``{ djt~ `mtt ~cab pkt~jb hj~jwt jl djwwmtpjbnkbf cjwtmpjvmw wa~kbft"

^cm tmw|kdm `klm jl a |abm hj~jw }t}a``{ kt tcjw~mw ~cab~ca~ jl a pkt~jb hj~jw" \abm hj~jwt awm a|akàg`m vk~cnktpàdmhmb~t jl 7? kb"4 *wm|9 tjhm `jv(tpmmn*ckfc(~jwq}m hjnm`t djhm vk~c nktpàdmhmb~t ~j 6=< kb"4 *wm|"Msdmp~ ljw ~cm ckfc(nktpàdmhmb~ `jv(tpmmn hjnm`t|abm hj~jwt ca|m `khk~mn jv(tpmmn dapagk`k~{"

_kt~jb(^{pm Hj~jwtWanka`(_kt~jb Hj~jwt ca|m a d{`kbnmw gawwm` a~~adcmn ~ja nwk|mb tcal~9 ~cm gawwm` djb~akbt a b}hgmw jl pkt~jbt~ca~ wmdkpwjda~m kb wanka` gjwmt" ^cm j}~mw pkt~jb mbntgmaw afakbt~ a ~cw}t~ wkbf" _wmtt}wm l`}kn l`jvt ~cwj}fca pkb~`m kb ~cm dmb~mw jl ~cm d{`kbnmw gawwm` ~j nwk|m ~cmpkt~jbt j}~vawn"

^cm pkt~jbt p}tc afakbt~ ~cm ~cw}t~ wkbf abn ~cm wmad~kjb

ljwdmt wj~a~m ~cm gawwm`"

Hj~jw nktpàdmhmb~ kt |awkmn g{ tckl~kbf ~cm t`knm g`jdi à~mwa``{ ~j dcabfm ~cm pkt~jb t~wjim" Vcmb ~cmdmb~mw`kbmt jl ~cm d{`kbnmw gawwm` abn cj}tkbf djkbdknm~cmwm kt bj l`}kn l`jv abn ~cmwmljwm ~cm d{`kbnmw gawwm`t~jpt" Hj|kbf ~cm t`knm pat~ dmb~mw wm|mwtmt nkwmd~kjbjl hj~jw wj~a~kjb"

Wanka` pkt~jb hj~jwt awm |mw{ mllkdkmb~" A`~cj}fc ~cmckfc nmfwmm jl pwmdktkjb wmq}kwmn kb ~cm hab}lad~}wm jl wanka` pkt~jb hj~jwt waktmt kbk~ka` djt~t ~cm{ fmbmwa``{

ca|m a `jbf klm" ^cm{ pwj|knm ckfc ~jwq}m a~ wmà~k|m`{`jv tcal~ tpmmnt abn msdm``mb~ `jv tpmmn jpmwa~kjb vk~cckfc mllkdkmbd{9 ~cm{ ca|m `khk~mn ckfc tpmmndapagk`k~kmt" Wanka` pkt~jb hj~jwt ca|m nktpàdmhmb~t~j 1??? kb"4 *wm|"

Aska`(pkt~jb hj~jwt a`tj }tm ~cm wmdkpwjda~kbf pkt~jbhj~kjb pwkbdkp`m ~j wj~a~m ~cm j}~p}~ tcal~ g}~ hj~kjb ktaska` wa~cmw ~cab wanka`" ^cmkw mllkdkmbd{ dcawad~mwkt~kdt






awm tkhkàw ~j ~cjtm jl wanka`(pkt~jb hj~jwt" Kbk~a``{aska`(pkt~jb hj~jwt djt~ hjwm ~cab |abm jw fmaw hj~jwtjl djhpawag`m cjwtmpjvmw abn ca|m a `jbf jpmwa~kbf`klm" Gmda}tm jl ~ckt ~cmkw ckfcmw kbk~ka` djt~ ha{ bj~~w}`{ wml`md~ ~cm mspmd~mn j|mwa`` djt~t n}wkbf ~cm `klm jl a pkmdm jl mq}kphmb~"

Kb fmbmwa` aska`(pkt~jb hj~jwt ca|m msdm``mb~ ckfctpmmn dapagk`k~kmt g}~ }b`kim wanka`(pkt~jb hj~jwt ~cm{awm `khk~mn a~ `jv jpmwa~kbf tpmmnt9 ~cm kb`kbm ~{pm vk``jpmwa~m njvb ~j 1??wph abn ~cm gmb~(askt ~{pm vk``fk|m j}~p}~ njvb ~j ~cm >(wph wabfm" Aska` pkt~jbhj~jwt awm a|akàg`m vk~c nktpàdmhmb~t lwjh a lwad~kjb~j <= kb"4 *wm|"

Kb`kbm(_kt~jb Hj~jwtKb`kbm(pkt~jb hj~jwt fmbmwa~m ~jwq}m ~cwj}fc pwmtt}wm

msmw~mn jb ~cm mbnt jl pkt~jbt vckdc wmdkpwjda~m kb ad{`kbnmw g`jdi" Kb ~cm kb`kbm nmtkfb ~cm hj~jw nwk|m(tcal~ abn d{`kbnmw g`jdi awm dmb~mwmn jb ~cm tahm askt"_wmtt}wm a~ ~cm mbnt jl ~cm pkt~jbt da}tmt a wmad~kjbafakbt~ a ~k`~mn tvatcpà~m abn wj~a~mt ~cm d{`kbnmwg`jdi abn hj~jw tcal~" ^jwq}m kt pwjpjw~kjba` ~j ~cmawma jl ~cm pkt~jbt abn kt a l}bd~kjb jl ~cm abf`m a~vckdc ~cm tvatcpà~m kt pjtk~kjbmn"

^cm hj~jwt awm g}k`~ kb lksmn(abn |awkag`m(nktpàdmhmb~hjnm`t" ^cm tvatcpà~m abf`m nm~mwhkbmt hj~jwnktpàdmhmb~" Kb ~cm |awkag`m hjnm` ~cm tvatcpà~m kt

hj}b~mn kb a tvkbfkbf {jim abn ~cm abf`m dab gmdcabfmn g{ |awkj}t hmabt „ wabfkbf lwjh a tkhp`m`m|mw jw cabn(vcmm` ~j tjpckt~kda~mn tmw|j djb~wj`t"Kbdwmatkbf ~cm tvatcpà~m abf`m kbdwmatmt ~cm ~jwq}mdapadk~{ g}~ wmn}dmt nwk|m tcal~ tpmmn" Djb|mwtm`{wmn}dkbf ~cm abf`m wmn}dmt ~cm ~jwq}m dapadk~{ g}~kbdwmatmt nwk|m tcal~ tpmmnt #}b`mtt l`}kn pwmtt}wmnmdwmatmt+" Abf`m t~jpt awm kbd }nmn tj ~ca~ ~jwq}m abntpmmn t~a{ vk~ckb jpmwa~kbf khk~t"

A djhpmbta~jw |awkmt hj~jw nktpàdmhmb~ kb wmtpjbtm~j dcabfmt kb ~cm vjwi `jan" A tpwkbf(`janmn pkt~jb ktdjbbmd~mn ~j ~cm {jim abn hj|mt k~ kb wmtpjbtm ~j|awka~kjbt kb jpmwa~kbf pwmtt}wm" Ab{ `jan kbdwmatm ktaddjhpabkmn g{ a djwwmtpjbnkbf pwmtt}wm kbdwmatm at awmt}`~ jl ~cm annk~kjba` ~jwq}m wmq}kwmhmb~t" ^cmdjb~wj` ~cmb a}~jha~kda``{ ane}t~t ~cm {jim tj ~ca~~jwq}m kbdwmatmt vcmb ~cm `jan kt `kfc~" Knma``{ ~cmdjhpmbta~jw wmf}à~mt nktpàdmhmb~ ljw haskh}hpmwljwhabdm }bnmw a`` `jan djbnk~kjbt }p ~j wm`kml |a`|mtm~~kbf"

Gmb~(Askt _kt~jb Hj~jwtGmb~(askt pkt~jb hj~jwt nm|m`jp ~jwq}m ~cwj}fc awmad~kjb ~j pwmtt}wm jb wmdkpwjda~kbf pkt~jbt" Kb ~cktnmtkfb ~cm d{`kbnmw g`jdi abn nwk|m tcal~ awm hj}b~mna~ ab abf`m ~j madc j~cmw9 ~cm wmad~kjb kt afakbt~ ~cmnwk|m(tcal~ làbfm"

Tpmmn abn ~jwq}m dcabfm vk~c dcabfmt kb ~cm abf`m „ lwjh a pwmnm~mwhkbmn hkbkh}h tpmmn vk~c a haskh}hnktpàdmhmb~ abn ~jwq}m a~ ab abf`m jl appwjskha~m`{4?¿ ~j a haskh}h tpmmn vk~c a hkbkh}h nktpàdmhmb~abn ~jwq}m a~ agj}~ 61*7¿" Gj~c lksmn(abn |awkag`m(nktpàdmhmb~ hjnm`t awm a|akàg`m"

Tm`md~kbf a C{nwa}`kd Hj~jw^cm app`kda~kjb jl ~cm c{nwa}`kd hj~jw fmbmwa``{nkd~a~mt ~cm wmq}kwmn cjwtmpjvmw abn hj~jw tpmmn

wabfm a`~cj}fc ~cm ad~}a` tpmmn abn ~jwq}m wmq}kwmnha{ tjhm~khmt gm |awkmn vck`m hakb~akbkbf ~cmwmq}kwmn cjwtmpjvmw" ^cm ~{pm jl hj~jw tm`md~mnnmpmbnt jb ~cm wmq}kwmn wm`kagk`k~{ `klm abnpmwljwhabdm"

Jbdm ~cm ~{pm jl hj~jw kt nm~mwhkbmn ~cm tm`md~kjb jl ad~}a` tkum kt gatmn jb ~cm mspmd~mn `klm abn ~cmmdjbjhkdt jl ~cm j|mwa`` kbt~a`à~kjb jb ~cm hadckbm"

A l`}kn hj~jw jpmwa~kbf a~ `mtt ~cab wa~mn dapadk~{ vk``pwj|knm a tmw|kdm `klm ms~mbtkjb hjwm ~cab pwjpjw~kjba`

~j ~cm wmn}d~kjb kb jpmwa~kjb gm`jv ~cm wa~mn dapadk~{"

^cm haskh}h cjwtmpjvmw pwjn}dm g{ a hj~jw ktwmadcmn vcmb jpmwa~kbf a~ ~cm haskh}h t{t~mhpwmtt}wm abn a~ ~cm haskh}h tcal~ tpmmn" Kl ~cm hj~jwkt a`va{t ~j gm jpmwa~mn }bnmw ~cmtm djbnk~kjbt k~tkbk~ka` djt~ vk`` gm `jvmt~" Cjvm|mw vcmwm j}~p}~tpmmn h}t~ gm wmn}dmn ~cm j|mwa`` djt~ jl ~cm hj~jwvk~c tpmmn wmn}d~kjb h}t~ gm djbtknmwmn „ ~j jp~khkum~cm j|mwa`` nwk|m kbt~a`à~kjb djt~t"

_wmtt}wm kb ~cmtm mq}a~kjbt kt ~cm nkllmwmbdm gm~vmmbkb`m~ abn j}~ m~ pwmtt}wm" Gmda}tm jl ~ckt ab{ pwmtt}wm

a~ ~cm j}~`m~ pjw~ wmn}dmt ~jwq}m j}~p}~ jl ~cm l`}knhj~jw"

^cm mllkdkmbd{ lad~jw ljw hjt~ hj~jwt vk`` gm lakw`{djbt~ab~ vcmb jpmwa~kbf lwjh ca`l ~j l}`` wa~mnpwmtt}wm abn j|mw ~cm hknn`m pjw~kjb jl ~cm wa~mn tpmmnwabfm" At tpmmn bmawt mk~cmw ms~wmhm mllkdkmbd{nmdwmatmt"






@jvmw jpmwa~kbf pwmtt}wmt wmt}`~ kb `jvmw j|mwa``mllkdkmbdkmt gmda}tm jl lksmn kb~mwba` wj~a~kbf `jttmt ~ca~awm dcawad~mwkt~kd jl ab{ l`}kn hj~jw" Wmn}dkbfnktpàdmhmb~ lwjh haskh}h kb |awkag`m(nktpàdmhmb~hj~jwt a`tj wmn}dmt ~cm j|mwa`` mllkdkmbd{"

C{nwa}`kd Hj~jw Ha`l}bd~kjbt^cm haejwk~{ jl hj~jw pwjg`mht la`` kb~j ~cmtmda~mfjwkmt5

Khpwjpmw l`}kn „ cm hj~jw kt bj nkllmwmb~ ~cab ab{j~cmw jl ~cm djhpjbmb~t jl ~cm c{nwa}`kd t{t~mh „ k~h}t~ ca|m d`mab l`}kn kb anmq}a~m t}pp`{ abn jl ~cmpwjpmw q}a`k~{ abn |ktdjtk~{"

_jjw Hakb~mbabdm „ A pjjw hakb~mbabdm pwjfwahw}bt a d`jtm tmdjbn kb ~cm da}tm jl haejw pwjg`mht"

^{pkda` t`kpt kb ~cm pwjfwah kbd`}nm5

Lak`}wm ~j dcmdi abn wmpakw `kbmt abndjbbmd~kjbt ~j t~jp `mait9 la}`~{ djbbmd~kjbtdab a``jv nkw~ abn akw kb~j ~cm t{t~mh `jvmwpwmtt}wm abn da}tm mwwa~kd jpmwa~kjb"

Lak`}wm ~j kbt~a`` hj~jw djwwmd~`{" Hj~jw tcal~hkta`kfbhmb~ dab da}tm gmawkbf vmaw vckdcdab `man ~j `jt~ mllkdkmbd{" A hkta`kfbmn tcal~a`tj dab wmn}dm ~jwq}m kbdwmatm lwkd~kjb nwafabn cma~kbf abn a`tj wmt}`~ kb tcal~ lak`}wm"

Lak`}wm ~j lkbn ~cm da}tm jl a hj~jw

ha`l}bd~kjb" Kl a hj~jw lak`t a`va{t `jji ljw~cm da}tm jl ~cm lak }wm" Jg|kj}t`{ kl ~cm da}tmkt bj~ djwwmd~mn lak`}wm vk`` wmd}w"

Khpwjpmw Jpmwa~kjb „Msdmmnkbf a hj~jw‛t jpmwa~kbf

`khk~t pwjhj~mt hj~jw lak`}wm" M|mw{ hj~jw cat nmtkfb`khk~a~kjbt jb pwmtt}wm tpmmn ~jwq}m nktpàdmhmb~`jan abn ~mhpmwa~}wm" Msdmttk|m pwmtt}wm dab fmbmwa~mcma~ gmda}tm jl hj~jw t`kppafm abn dab da}tm ~cmhj~jw ~j msdmmn ~jwq}m `khk~t" Msdmttk|m tpmmn dabda}tm cma~kbf abn dab da}tm vmaw jl gmawkbft abn j~cmwkb~mwba` paw~t"Msdmttk|m ~jwq}m dab da}tm la~kf}m abn t~wmtt ~j

gmawkbft abn ~cm hj~jw tcal~ mtpmdka``{ jb app`kda~kjbt~ca~ wmq}kwm lwmq}mb~ hj~jw wm|mwtkbf" Msdmttk|m `jandab dwma~m gmawkbf abn tcal~ la~kf}m" Abn lkba``{msdmttk|m ~mhpmwa~}wm dab da}tm `jtt jl mllkdkmbd{gmda}tm jk` gmdjhmt ~ckbbmw abn dab pwjn}dm wapknvmaw n}m ~j àdi jl `}gwkda~kjb"kk

An|ab~afmt jl C{nwa}`kd Ad~}a~kjb

T{t~mhtC{nwa}`kdt wmlmwt ~j ~cm hmabt abn hmdcabktht jl ~wabthk~~kbf pjvmw ~cwj}fc `kq}knt" ^cm jwkfkba` pjvmwtj}wdm ljw ~cm c{nwa}`kd t{t~mh kt a pwkhm hj|mw t}dc

at ab m`md~wkd hj~jw jw ab mbfkbm vckdc nwk|mt ~cmp}hp" Cjvm|mw ~cm hmdcabkda` mq}kphmb~ dabbj~ gmdj}p`mn nkwmd~`{ ~j ~cm pwkhm hj|mw gmda}tm ~cmwmq}kwmn djb~ wj` j|mw ~cm hj~kjb bmdmttaw{ ljwkbn}t~wka` jpmwa~kjbt dabbj~ gm adckm|mn" Kb ~mwht jl ~cmtm C{nwa}`kd Ad~}a~kjb T{t~mht jllmw }bkq}man|ab~afmt at fk|mb gm`jv"

\awkag`m Tpmmn abn Nkwmd~kjb5 Hjt~ àwfm m`md~wkdhj~jwt w}b a~ ane}t~ag`m g}~ djbt~ab~ tpmmnt" K~ kt a`tj~cm datm ljw mbfkbmt" ^cm ad~}a~jw #`kb maw jw wj~aw{+ jl ac{nwa}`kd t{t~mh cjvm|mw dab gm nwk|mb a~ tpmmnt ~ca~|aw{ g{ àwfm ahj}b~t abn lat~ g{ |aw{kbf ~cm p}hpnm`k|mw{ jw }tkbf a l`jv djb~wj` |a`|m" Kb annk~kjb ac{nwa}`kd ad~}a~jw dab gm wm|m wtmn kbt~ab~`{ vck`m kbl}`` hj~kjb vk~cj}~ nahafm" ^ckt kt bj~ pjttkg`m ljwhjt~ j~cmw pwkhm hj|mwt"

_jvmw(~j(vmkfc~ wa~kj5 C{nwa}`kd djhpjbmb~tgmda}tm jl ~cmkw ckfc tpmmn abn pwmtt}wm dapagk`k~kmtdab pwj|knm ckfc pjv mw j}~p}~ vk~c |aw{ tha`` vmkfc~abn tkum ta{ kb djhpawktjb ~j m`md~wkd t{t~mhdjhpjbmb~t" Bj~m ~ca~ kb m`md ~wkd djhpjbmb~t ~cm tkumjl mq}kphmb~ kt hjt~`{ `khk~mn g{ ~cm hafbm~kdta~}wa~kjb `khk~ jl ~cm kwjb" K~ kt jbm jl ~cm wmatjbt ~ca~

c{nwa}`kd mq}kphmb~ lkbnt vknm }tafm kb akwdwal~tvcmwm nman(vmkfc~ h}t~ gm wmn}dmn ~j a hkbkh}h"

T~a`` Djbnk~kjb abn J|mw`jan _wj~md~kjb5 Ac{nwa}`kd ad~}a~jw dab gm t~a``mn vk~cj}~ nahafm vcmbj|mw`janmn abn vk`` t~aw~ }p khhmnka~m`{ vcmb ~cm`jan kt wmn}dmn" ^cm pwmtt}wm wm`kml |a`|m kb a c{nwa}`kdt{t~mh pwj~md~t k~ lwjh j|mw`jan nahafm" N}wkbf t~a``jw vcmb ~cm `jan pwmtt}wm msdmmnt ~cm |a`|m tm~~kbfp}hp nm`k|mw{ kt nkwmd~mn ~j ~abi vk~c nmlkbk~m `khk~t ~j~jwq}m jw ljwdm j}~p}~" ^cm jb`{ `jtt mbdj}b~mwmn kt kb~mwht jl p}hp mbmwf{" Jb ~cm djb~waw{ t~a``kbf ab

m`md~wkd hj~jw kt `kim`{ ~j da}tm nahafm" @kimvktmmbfkbm t dabbj~ gm t~a``mn vk~cj}~ ~cm bmdmttk~{ ljwwmt~aw~kbf" kkk






_bm}ha~kd Hj~jw

A pbm}ha~kd hj~jw kt a hj~jw ~ca~ }tmt djhpwmttmn fatat ab mbmwf{ tj}wdm" Djhpwmttmn fat kt a ~{pm jl

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djb~wj``mn ~cwj}fc ~cm }tm jl |a`|mt vckdc a``jv ljw~cm fat ~j gm wm`matmn matk`{ abn talm`{" ^cm djhpwmttmnfat „ }t}a``{ akw bk~wjfmb jw ba~}wa` fat „ mspabnt~j lk`` }p ~cm tpadm p}tckbf j}~ jb a nkapcwafh pkt~jb ad~}a~jw jw ~cm |abmt jl a wj~jw nmpmbnkbf jb~cm ~{pm jl hj~jw" ^ckt da}tmt ~cm hj~jw ~j gmfkbjpmwa~kbf"Tjhm pbm}ha~kd hj~jwt wmq}kwm ab annk~kjba` tj}wdm jl pjvmw ~j djb|mw~ ~cm djhpwmttmn fat kb~j abj~cmwmbmwf{ tj}wdm" ^cmtm nm|kdmt ha{ wm`{ jb l}m` jwm`md~wkdk~{ ~j p}tc ~cm fat kb~j ~cm ~abi jw da|k~{ a~ ckfcpwmtt}wm" Jbm t}dc nm|kdm kt ~cm akw djhpwmttjw vckdc

kt }tmn ~j hakb~akb jw dwma~m ~cm appwjpwka~m ahj}b~jl akw pwmtt}wm vk~ckb ~cm hj~jw"

Cjv ~cm mbmwf{ kt wm`matmn vk`` nkwmd~`{ nmpmbn jb ~cmpbm}ha~kd nm|kdm" Vck`m ~cmwm awm a |awkm~{ jl ~jj`t|mckd`m djhpjbmb~t abn j~cmw fanfm~t ~ca~ }tmpbm}ha~kd hj~jwt ~cm{ a`` ha{ jpmwa~m a `k~~`mnkllmwmb~`{" A pbm}ha~kd hj~jw ha{ }tm nm|kdm(tpmdklkd~wkffmwt kb dj`àgjwa~kjb vk~c ~cm |a`|mt ~j wm`matmmbmwf{" Cjtmt ha{ gm wmtpjbtkg`m ljw nkt~wkg}~kbf ~cmpwmtt}wm abn awm }t}a``{ mq}kppmn vk~c tjhm ~{pm jl talm~{ hmat}wmt"

_bm}ha~kd hj~jw t{t~mht awm jl~mb gm lj}bn kbkbn}t~wka` tm~~kbft n}m ~j ~cmkw mbmwf{ ta|kbfdapagk`k~kmt" ^cm pbm}ha~kd hj~jw kt bj~ cjvm|mw abmv knma at a}~jhjgk`m fmaw t{t~mht abn pkt~jbtjpmwa~m lwjh ~cm djbdmp~ jl pwmtt}wkua~kjb" ^cm }tm jl pbm}ha~kd hj~jwt kb ~jj`t kt djbtknmwmn a bmvmwdjbdmp~ ~cj}fc" A`~cj}fc ~cmtm ~jj`t jl~mb ca|m `mttpjvmw ~cab ~cjtm vk~c m`md~wkda` hj~jwt ~cm{ awm jl~mb

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