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SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL * MEDIA PIRACY IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

Media Piracy in Emerging Economies : http://piracy.ssrc.org.

2011 Social Science Research Council .

Social Science Research Council

(URLs) . , Social Science Research Council URL, .

Rosten Woo Mark Swindle : AFP/Getty Images

Media Piracy in Emerging Economies ISBN 978-0-98412574-6 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . I. Social Science Research Council

The Social Science Research CouncilNew York, NY, USA

The Overmundo InstituteRio de Janeiro, Brazil

The Center for Technology and SocietyGetulio Vargas Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

SaraiThe Centre for the Study of Developing Societies Delhi, India

The Alternative Law ForumBangalore, India

The Association for Progressive CommunicationsJohannesburg, South Africa

The Centre for Independent Social ResearchSt. Petersburg, Russia

The Moscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyMoscow State University Moscow, Russia

The Program on Information Justice and Intellectual PropertyWashington College of Law, American University Washington, DC, USA

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CONCIL * MEDIAPIRACY IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

International Development Research Centre ,

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SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CONCIL * MEDIAPIRACY IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

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1 1: Joe Karaganis

75 2: USTR Joe Karaganis and Sean Flynn

99 3: Natasha Primo and Libby Lloyd

149 4: Olga Sezneva and Joe Karaganis

219 5: Pedro N. Mizukami, Oona Castro, Luiz Fernando Moncau, and Ronaldo Lemos

305 6: John C. Cross

327 7: Henry Stobart

339 8: Lawrence Liang and Ravi Sundaram

399 : Bod Balzs

SOCIALSCIENCERESEARCHCONCIL*MEDIAPIRACYINEMERGINGECONOMIES

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Boliek, Brooks. 2004. Dialogue: Dan Glickman. Hollywood Reporter, January 9.

USTR (Office of US Trade Representative). 2003. 2003 Special 301 Report. Washington , DC: USTR.

Valenti, Jack. 2004. Testimony of the MPAA president to the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearing on Evaluating of International Intellectual Property, 108th Cong., June, 9. hearing/?id=f3231d45-0eea-030c-e369-aa64cl6e8b87.


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1 , -

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- , - (Sundaram 2007). - , . , - 2 - ( ) , . - , - - , - . , iPod.

-. - , , . , - , - . - , . , , - . - , , . . - . , , .

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(Goldstein 1994), (Woodmansee and Jaszi 1993) (Rose 1993).

ACTA Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

APCM (Brazil) Associao Anti-Pirataria de Cinema e Msica (Association for the Protection of Movies and Music)

BASCAP Business Coalition to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy

BSA Business Software Alliance ESA Entertainment Software

Association GAO (US) Government Accountability

Office GDP gross domestic product ICC International Chamber of

Commerce IDC International Data Corporation IFPI International Federation of the

Phonographic Industry IIPA International Intellectual

Property Alliance IP intellectual property

ISP Internet service provider IT information technology

MPAA Motion Picture Association of America

OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

P2P peer-to-peer PRO-IP Act

Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act

RIAA Recording Industry Association of America

TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

USTR Office of the United States Trade Representative

VCD video compact disc WTO World Trade Organization

WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization


4

- , -. . - . , - . , , , - - , . - , .

( ) ? , -, - . RIAA, MPAA ( - ) BSA ( ) - -, - . BSA $51 2009 - , , .3 750 000 $200 - , (Sanchez 2008; GAO 2010).4

, - . - - -. IFPI ( - ) ESA ( -) , - . - -, $2, $2, $12. - , , -, . - , , - 3 . . BSA "-

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- , - , - . - RIAA , , , , . , - RIAA, , .

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6

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. - , , , . , BSA , , , . - MPAA, , - , . IFPI , , - , . , , IFPI - .

, , . -. , , , , . .7 6 , 2008 MPAA

. , - , 44 % . 15%. , 80 % , -, , - 3%. , - 2008, , , - - .

7 , , , - , . - Ernst & Young (USIBC/Ernst & Young 2008), StrategyOne (BASCAP/StrategyOne 2009) TERA Consultants (BASCAP/TERA Consultants 2010) - - - . , - , .

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7

, , , . , . USTR - 301 , - .

, , . . , . -. , - . - .

? - IP 1980- 1990-, 301 USTR 1988 ( -) 1994. 301 IP . 301 IIPA - , 1984 IP . 1990- 301 - ( , ) IIPA , - . IIPA USTR , , .

301 . 301 , - USTR, . - , - . MPAA IFPI - . 1988 BSA . 1994 ESA - , , 1990- 2000- .

IIPA - - . - , - . - , : (1)


8

(2) , . 301 . , , , - . , , IFPI , RIAA , -, , - . ESA 8, $3 2007 IIPA.

? . , - , ( ) . - -, , . , , .

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- . - . , - , 8 :

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9

, DVD, , -, . , , -, . 2007 ESA , , . 2009 301 IIPA.

, - -, , , , . , . USTR, -, 301 .

. - (ICC) OECD ( -) , - 2007 - . , () , , , -, . OECD 2009 , - - . 2010 (GAO) , OECD "" , - . - () 2009 - , , .

, OECD GAO , " " . - , -. , , . , . , , . - - , , - , , . , - .

, , , - . , - (Thallam 2008; Varian 2004), , ( ) -- , ( )


10

. 1.1. (% ) Software * Film Music Games ** Russia 67 81 58 79 Brazil 56 22 48 91 India 65 29 (90)*** 55 89 United States 20 7 United Kingdom 27 19 8

* BSA. ** ESA . *** MPAA ( Moser Baer)

: , BSA/IDC (2010b), IIPA (2010a), MPAA (2005) .

, : . , "" (, , -). - - . , . - , , , - , - VCD ( -) 1990-, DVD 2000-, . , , DVD , 2003-49, , DVD.

DVD, , MP3, MP4, , . , , - .

BSA, - . BSA ( ) , , - ASL. BSA - . . - 9 2000 3.5 [ ],

2 . 2003, DVD 70 - , 5 - (Linden 2004). 2006 172 , 19 (CCID Consulting 2008).

*

11

, -. , , , BSA IDC (Interna-tional Data Corporation). - , , , - . , , BSA 16%- 2005 2009 - , .

? USTR - , , () . - , - , - . .

- , . BSA , , - , . , , , - - , . , , 10 .

-, . , , , .

, , , . , BSA. 2010 , - BSA, , , - . 2003 BSA $29 .11 2008, $53 . 10 , , 2008 ,

15%- , 80%- , BSA 2009. , - 68% 2006 29 % 2008 ( 2009).

11 BSA 1990- 2000- $11 2002. 2003 BSA


12

-. , , 50% 2003 2008 , , - $1,1 2003 $4,2 2008. , , 40% , 2003 BSA - .

MPAA $6,1 2005 , . RIAA $5 , . - , , 2007 $3 ( , BSA).

. - 2008 ($4,2 ) ($6,6 ) ($9,1 ); ($1,64 ).12 - - $1,2 ( 2005 MPAA), - $480 ( 3-6 , , ). -, , , - .

. - , , , . -, 2006-2007 - . (RIMS II) , , $5 - $12,5 (Siwek 2007a). $6 - $20,5 (Siwek 2006). -

, Windows Microsoft , - . , , - , 30% , - . 2009, - , - $51,4 (BSA/IDC 2010b).

12 BSA (- ) 2008 , 2009. , 2009 $4,2 $2,6 , $2,7 $2,0 , $1,6 $2,2 , $820 $1 .

*

13

$58 2007 (Siwek 2007b).13

. BSA 2007, - , . - , 373 000 2005 . 2010 , - ICC - - 611 000 1 217 000 2008 2015 ( BASCAP/TERA 2010).

, - , :

, , / ;

, , , , .

14 : : -, (Huygen . 2009), -. , , . , - , .

- - - . - , - , - . , . - , . 1992, - MPAA " - " 301 - $250 - (Drahos 2007 Braithwaite). , , 13 , Siwek -

BSA , , BSA 50%-60%. TERA - 2010.

14 , . Huygen . (2009) Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf (2009).


14

. MPAA - -

2004 , - . RIAA , 2009, , 301 ( ). ESA IFPI - .

BSA - -, ( 2010 ), - -, ( , -, "" ). , BSA , - , , , , - , . BSA, , , (BSA/IDC 2003).15 2009 IDC , - (BSA/IDC 2009). , , , .

, , . , - , . - , , - ( 2008 Frenz), - (Huygen . 2009; Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf 2007), 30%- (Zentner 2006). - , , -. , DVD (Peitz and Waelbroeck 2006; Bounie, Waelbroeck and Bourreau 2006). - , - 2007, , - 65% ( - -) 20% - .

- , - ,

15 2010 BSA

, , , , - , - .

*

15

. , , , . - DVD P2P ? , Smith and Telang (2009)? - , , ? - - (Liebowitz 2004). , .

, - / . 65% 20%- , - . , MPAA 2005 , , . MPAA ( , , OECD, GAO, - ). . , (Balzs 2010 Lakatos). IDC - , , - . - , $29 , BSA 2003. , ($29 ) - (Lohr 2004). 2010 , IDC - (BSA/IDC 2010b). , , -: - IDC, - . .

2006 - . - , , - , IDC TERA Consultants, - . - , . . , . -, - . -


16

. -, -

, . - , . , - -, DVD -, , , , -, . , - , , , , .

, -, : - - , , - (Sanchez 2008). , , . , - . - , , - , , - . , , - , / - , . , , - , , , , .

-, ( ). , - , , : IP -. IP , , "" . - , "" , "" .

, TERA. , - , MPAA $6,1 - ( - ), . , MPAA, . - 20% ($1,3 ) MPAA , , . - $4,8 , , "" , .

TERA, , , - . , -

*

17

. 67% ( 2010) , () - (Squire 2004). Microsoft, Adobe 90%.16 -, IP -, -. - .17

-. - , . , Huygen . (2009) - 100 .18

IDC , . , - - , , , - . IDC - , , $1 $3-4 - (BSA/IDC 2010a).19 IDC , Microsoft, Microsoft , , $1 Microsoft $5,50 (IDC 2009).

, : ? 16 IDC 80% (BSA/IDC

2010a). , , , . IDC -.

17 TERA - : , / ( -), . , - . , .

18 2009 , , . (Huygens et al.) - , , , - 100 ( ). , , - , . .

19 IDC , - 76% , 73% , 61% 68% (BSA/IDC 2010a).


18

, - , -. Windows Photoshop . -, , . - .

, , Microsoft - , Microsoft ( 90% ), - Windows . , - IDC, , -. , - .

Windows - . IDC , - Windows, . IDC , - . , - IDC - , . ( ), , , - (GAO 2010).

? - , - . - , , ; , ; ; ; ; - ; .

, - . , - . , - , . - - , . - - . 2009 IFPI 75 ($120 ) (enigmax 2009) , -

*

19

IFPI $250-300 . RIAA $45-55 , . 2009, MPAA $60-75 , (DiOrio 2009). BSA $70 , - ( $55 2007, $10 ). ESA $30 ( E3 Expo). , -, , - , 115 - , . -, $150 (2008) IP . , Mi-crosoft Nintendo, -. Microsoft ( ) (Hachman 2010).

. , BSA / (Di Orio 2009).


20

- , , . - - -, - , . -- (Asso-ciao Anti-Pirataria de Cinema e Msica-

APCM), -, , - , , . , - - . - APCM -. APCM , - . 2010 .

- , - . 2008 - - (PRO IP Act) , $429 2009 2013 ( 2008). , -, , - . - , , - , - .

, . USTR , - -. - - . ( ) ACTA (the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement), - .

, - , . - , , , . , - , IP , - .

- -

*

21

- . IIPA - - . : - ( - ); - ( ) ( ); - ( - US RICO); IP ; ; ; .20

- , . , - . - , , , . - , -, .

. , - . - . , , , -, , , - . - , , . : -, . - , , .

- . - , - (. 2). - - . - , , 20 , -

, "" , . - " " . , - , , , .


22

.

, , -. - , - , , -- . . 2008, - 3170 , 120 7 . 2006-7, - 29 670 "", 73 - . BSA 2007 589 - , 83 . APCM 3942 2008, 195 - , . 2000 2007 6 ( 2008, , the Indian Music Industry-IMI-reported 60).

1.1

: , IIPA.

, . SAFACT ( ), , 973 2008, 617 447 - 2007. - .

- . , , . , - . - , , , - .

IIPA

*

23

. - , . IP . , ( ) . - , , , , .

, , . - , , Microsoft, - . , , . - : , - , , - 2000-. , -. - - , , .

. , - (. 1.2), - , . , . . . , - , , - , , - . .


24

2. 1000 000 (2007/2008)

: UNODC (2009).

- IIPA, - , , IP , -, , - . , , .

, , . , - , . IIPA - , -, . - , , - . , , - . - . . - , , , .

, . , , . , ,

*

25

. - , - , , , . , , - , 30% , - . - -, , - . , , .

, , - . - 2006-2007 - , , - . , - . , - USTR .

, , , - . , - , - . . , - .

, - . , . , . - RIAA - , 675 000$ $1,92 , .21 - -, 21 2008 2009 . - ; Tenenbaum

. , - , , 1999 . - 2010 54 000$ $1,5 , - . (Samuelson and Wheatland 2009). 200$ ( "" ) 150 000$ .


26

2006. , . 2005 . , DVD PlayStation .

, , , - . - Mocke , -, . --, , - ( -), , .

, , . - , - - , , - , , RIAA.22 , - -. , , . -- ( - ). , , -. . "" , - , .

22 2003 2008 RIAA 27 000 ,

. - . - RIAA , - , (Masnick 2009). 2010 DC - Dunlap, Grubb, & Weaver (Anderson 2010) , P2P , - Far Cry (2008) Smile Pretty (2009), The Hurt Locker (2008) Oscar. 2010 14 000 John Does , IP ( ). RIAA - , - , . - 1 500$ . 2010 - , , - IP - .

*

27

2

, 2 - . - , - 2, :

. -, OBEP [] , [ - ] . -

, , -. , . (Vershinin 2008)

- , - , - - -, .

, - , - . , -. -, OKO, , " " , BSA - , . , - , IT ( ) , . , , .

, . , . - , 2 (2007) , Tsotsi (2005) , 2 (2010) , Lagaan (2001) . - , .23

23

MPAA, , () , - , - / . ( DOJ DHS) - . , - (AFTRA . 2010).


28

2006, , - - - - ( -, - ), - . , - VCDs DVD - -, , . , . - .

. , - . - - . - -, - . - , - . 2000, ( Microsoft). .

, . , . Mi-crosoft , - , - . - , , , , - , .

, , , - , , . - , - Microsoft . - , , - . , , , , . , - , ( ). , 1C, - , - 126 207 - 2002 2008. Microsoft 21 .

? , -

*

29

. , - . , , , : , , , - .

, , . - , , . - , - . , - . , , . -, .

? -, , - P2P , - , AllofMP3, 2008 0,01$ . , IP , , . . - , - P2P, (cyberlocker), (streaming) , - . , - . , - P2P , , , - Google. Google, , , . " " RapidShare Megaupload, - .

Napster 1999-2000 , P2P , , .24 -, -, . , (- ) , ,25 (

24 - SuprNova (Slovenia,

2004), Finreactor (Finland, 2004), LokiTorrent (US, 2004), Grokster (US, 2005), EliteTorrents (US, 2005), TorrentSpy (US, 2006), OiNK (UK, 2007), The Pirate Bay (Sweden, 2009), and Mininova (Neth-erlands, 2009). .


30

) .

, - - ,26 - , -, . P2P , , , P2P (Fel-ton 2010; IFPI 2006). Ipoque - P2P 2009 70% - , 60% , (Schulze 2009).27 25%-30%, P2P, - , YouTube Hulu. cyberlocker RapidShare , . IFPI , - P2P 2008, 2006, 5% (IFPI 2009).28

, , , , - . - . - , - 25 MGM Grokster (2005), -

"" . - , , P2P - .

26 27 000 RIAA, P2P 2003 2008. - P2P RIAA Pew Internet American Life Project, RIAA. 50 % , P2P 29 % 14 %. - 2005 Pew 24 %, Pew - (Madden and Rainie 2005). , EEF (2008).

27 Ipoque , . - - . "" - , . Ipoque , . , IFPI Ipoque , 80 % P2P (IFPI 2009) , . Cisco 55 % 2008 (2009). - , Zhang (2008) , - .

28 , . IFPI, .

*

31

. - , , 2011.29

-, , , IP- . ( ) . , , , , - , . 2010 , 79% . - , FCC ( ) .

, -, - . - , , , , - . MPAA RIAA , , , . , - , " - , (AFTRA . 2010). , - 14 24 , 2008 (Bahovich and Collopy 2009) .

29 , , , .

2010.


32

?

,

IP , - , - - . , - , , , - IP .30 , , : -; . - , -, . Projeto Escola Legal , - , : , , , - 30 , , . 202 , -

2000, 52 -. Defne the Line BSA Join the Team ESA - , Children Against Piracy Change Starts with an Idea . . . It Can be Yours!! Projeto Escola Legal, , 5. Escape from Terror Byte City MPAA (2009) , Cap-tain Copyright (2006).

*

33

, (Amcham-Brasil 2010). DVD: , , , -!

. , . - . - . : - , , . - .

, . , - , , - . - , , , , .31 , , , , - .

? - , , : . - ( , - ) : (1) - ; (2) ; (3) , . - , DVD - . , , , - . - .

, , , - , , . , , - , ,

31 -

. - , - .


34

, - . , .

, , - , , Pew , BPI ( ) , PROFECO ( -) , IBOPE ( -) Ipsos , . - StrategyOne 2009, - . StrategyOne 176 , , , . , StrategyOne - . , , , , , (BASCAP/StrategyOne 2009).32 , - . , , , .

, , , , , - . , . , , , , , - . -, , - . - - .

- , . , StrategyOne 333 2009. - . , -, . - , . , , StrategyOne 202 .

, , -

32 BASCAP/StrategyOne ,

. - . , , , . , - , - , - . , StrategyOne , ( , ) .

*

35

. - , -, , , , . , StrategyOne -, , - , - (BASCAP/StrategyOne 2010). , -, , , , , - .

, - - . 22000 Projeto Escola Legal - . - : , , , .., , , , , , , - . , - .33

? , , . - , , - , , , , . , . , , , - - , - . , , .

. , - , , . , - .

- : 33 Brazils National Council on Combating

Piracy , Projeto Escola Legal . .


36

, . , - . , , .

, , . , - : - . 2009 1 800 - , 8 000 , 1 800 iPod (Bahanovich and Collopy 2009). - (Lamer 2006).

, , , - , -. , - P2P , , . - , , . - , -: , . , (, , - iTunes), , . , - .

, , "" , . , , , , . , - .34 , , . , .

, - . - - 1980- (Manuel 1993). - VCD DVD, , , -

34 . Wang (2003) .

*

37

. -, CD DVD -, , -. -, , DVD .

, - , , , , . , , , , : - , , - . - , -, .

? , "" 1990-, IFPI - (IFPI 2001). - . 2003, , Ronald Nobl, , - - (Noble 2003). 2008 , , , , , - IP (Mukasey 2008). 2009, , - : MPAA 150 - - (Treverton . 2009).

, . - . , CD DVD , . - . -, . , , . -?

, -, - , - - . - --

. ... , - , , - , - (


38

), -, , - , -. , -, , , , , , , , .

, - , , - . - , - MPAA ( McIllwain 2005)

, . -, ( ), DVD... , (Treverton . 2009:xii). - , , - 2004.35 , - 2000-, - , . , (, , ), , , . - , , , , - . , , - , , . -, . , , , .

2000-. - -, . 2001 DVD . 2010 - . , , -, , . - - - , , ,

35 , , 2001 -

Maranne, , - , . 2003 , . (Piracy Is Not A Crime.com 2006), : -, - $30 000. DVD (60-65 16 ) - ( 5$ DVD) 300$. USTR 2010 IIPA .

*

39

. , , : -.

, , , . , , - . , , , IP . IP - , , . -, , , -, . , , - . , -, , , - , FARC PKK (Will-son 2009).

, , - . , . - , , - . , IFPI , - . IRA DVD , , 1980- 1990- . , , . , - . D-Company, - Bollywood, , - DVD , .

. IP 2000 2004 , 49 105 , . warez . - DOJ (McIllewain 2005:27). - , .


40

, - , , , - . - , ().

, , , , CD DVD. , . - , -, . - , , -, ( ) - 2008.

, " " . 35,516 2000 79,695 2007 (Oberholzer- Gee and Strumpf 2009). 370 460 1990- 450 928 2000-, 2006 677 , 2009 (MPAA 2006, 2010).36 , 20%-30% 2009. 17% 2005 2008 2007 2008, , 28 % 23 % (Siweck 2010).37 IIPA, 5.8% 2003 2007 3%- - (Siwek 2009). , 2002 2008 - 5.3% 6.4% - ( IFRA 2008). , , , .

, , , - CD, DVD - , . , , - , , , 36 .

MPAA, MPAA, , 2010, ( ) , 2005-2009 (MPAA 2010). 2005, .

37 10%- 2009.

*

41

/ . - , . , CD DVD - , . - Spotify Hulu , , redbox - BigFlix , , - , . , , - , - . , - .

, , . , CD (EMI, Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group Warner Music Group), - , . , , ( 1.3). IFPI, $33,7 2001 $18,4 2008 - CD. CD $7 2004 $3,1 2008 , $1,8 . - . 2004 2008, $399 $179 ; $352 $221 ; - $237 $145. , , 2007, $129 $119 2008.


42

1.3 ( ).

: IFPI, 2004-10.

, Napster 1999.38 , , - , CD 2000-, 1990- , LP.39 (DVD, , ) - , , - . , - 38 - RIAA 2003, -

- . - IFPI 2001, - : , (Hu 2002).

39 - 1990-, $3,4 1990 $13,2 2000. - " ", - LP CD.

*

43

. , - .

, - . CD - -: $1,3 1998 $4,2 - 2008. - CD v .40 , , - , , .

, CD . . , : (1) - 84 % , 82 % 78 % ;41 (2) 80 %-85 % , - , , ; (3) - , - , Apple - .

" ", . , -, . , , -. , - , - . (-) : .

, - CD. , , : - , iTunes .42 , - CD ,

40 . ,

, , , , , . , -, - , .

41 70 %-75 % . 42 iTunes App Store iPhone Apple,

. iTunes Music Store 2008 2009, , , .


44

, . CD , . IIPA 90 % -, , . , - DVD.

. . - - . - . - .

, - . , - . - T-Series ; , CD, CD - , .

, , -, 2000- . , $20 , . - . - , , - . , - CD . - .

. CD, T-Series , , . , , - , . : - , .

, ( ) , CD , . , - " / ". , , - , , . - , - , , ,

*

45

, .

- . 2009 MPAA . PRO-IP 2008, - , 2008, . - . 2008. - $1 .

, : ; . 2002 - $9-10,5 , -, 2007, 2008 2009. $16,6 2007, $18,1 2008 $19,3 2009 (MPAA 2009). DVD , : $23,4 2007 - $22,4 2008 2009. - , $16 (Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf 2009).43 . - , 2008 13%- $2,2 ( 1.4). 2009 $1,86 - (Kohi-Khandekar 2010).

43 ""

: , , , - - . , $30 - 2008, $3,7 2006 Cars $2,7 - (tie-ins) Hannah Montana (Walt Disney Company 2010).


46

1.4 ( )

: European Audiovisual Observatory (2001-10). , , -. , , , . DVD , Netfix Hulu redbox . - - - . , , , . - , . - , -, , . DVD , CD, $50-60 , $60-70 .

- ( 1.2) 2008 RocknRolla, - . , P2P.

*

47

1.2 2009

Number of Downloads

Worldwide Gross

Star Trek 10,960,000 $385,459,000 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 10,600,000 $834,969,000 RocknRolla 9,430,000 $25,728,000 The Hangover 9,180,000 $459,422,000 Twilight 8,720,000 $384,997,000

Heroes 6,580,000 5,900,000 Lost 6,310,000 11,050,000 Prison Break 3,450,000 5,300,000 Dexter 2,780,000 2,300,000 House 2,590,000 15,600,000

PC ( )

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 4,100,000 The Sims 3 3,200,000 Prototype 2,350,000 Need for Speed: Shift 2,100,000

New Super Mario Bros. (Wii) 1,150,000 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (XBox 360) 970,000 Punch-Out!! (Wii) 950,000 Wii Sports Resort (Wii) 920,000 Street Fighter IV (XBox 360) 840,000

: TorrentFreak.

- , - , . - - . , - , , . - 2010 - .


48

: . , - ? - ? : , , ; ; . , , -, , - , -. , . ... , ,

, , , . , , . , , - , , , -, - . - , . - , - BigChampagne (Sando-val 2009)

, - , - , . "" P2P, , . DesiTorrents , Torrents.ru ( 2010) , Pirate Bay Mininova. , , - . 20% DesiTorrents . . , 2000-, , , , , . Bollywood - . - , Legendas.tv, , - . - .

ESA, $11,7 2008, 28%- 2007 , CD. , , -, , $46,5 2009 (Wu 2010).

39% 2007, (ISFE 2009). - , -, $4 , , World Warcraft, - $7-8 $15 . $13 .

-

*

49

, - , . - . , - - , - , (Ghazi 2009). - , , .

- - , , - . Wii Xbox 360 " ", .. , . PlayStation 3, - 2010. , " ", , - , DS.

, , , , , , , , , -, .44 - , - , - .

, - modded , - , . 2007, , - DS -, , $975 - ( 2009). USTR 2009 - , , , - - .

44 DS "-

" , - ( , ). - Divineo "", DS. Divineo 2006 ( ), 2009 -, , Divineo , . , , , . -.


50

Operation Tan-gled Web 2007 netted 61 000 , , , , (- 2007a).45 ESA , - , - . , , -. Xbox Live

45 2008 .

- . , . - Sony PlayStation-3 . Microsoft , , - . - -, Xbox Live, , -- Xbox 360, 2010. , -. Xbox 360, 299$ - , 700$ - , -, .

Xbox Live - . , - 60$ , - Xbox 360. Xbox , -

. , Xbox Live , Microsoft - modded -. , - , , - , - - - : , - - .

, Live Points, -, - , - - . Microsoft - IP-, - , - - - , , - . XBox Live Xbox 360s: modded Xbox Live. Sony , PlayStation, .

*

51

, .. , . -, World of Warcraft , , $7 2007 , .46 - , . , - , , . , -, , - . , - . , , , - .

? , - . , BSA 2010 - . , - . , -, BSA , .

-, - . , , . , , - , , , , . , , , , - . , Microsoft , . , , , -.47 46 ESA IIPA -

, , . . , , , - .

47 - - -, ,


52

BSA , - , ( ), - , .48 , , - ( ), . - , " " , -. , - , , , , - .

, . - , - . , , . , - . , - , , . , - , - .

, , - , , , -. , - , , , , Linux .49 - Microsoft : , -

( , . Katz [] 2005). , - - - .

48 BSA - 90% 2000-. 90 % 2008. 70 %; 60 %-70 %.

49 Microsoft , 1998: , , . , , - (Grice 1998 Junnarkar). : Linux, , , .... , - (Kirkpatrick 2007). , , LogMeIn, $320 . , : -, , (Vance 2010).

*

53

, . -, - (Mondok 2007).

- , - . - , , - . , , - , , : / - . 2007 , 95%- Win-dows . - 2008 , - . Karnakata 2009 . , BSA , , (BSA/IDC 2009). ( , 2010), - .

, , - , , . ? , , , $300 Windows $1000 Creative Suite Adobe. . , , . , , / ,50 - .

, , , . . , , : ,51 , - . "" , . Windows "", -, , , , , . : - 50 , Microsoft -

( ) 20% .

51 , , .


54

Windows Microsoft. BSA ( 2010)

, , - . , , , , 90% 10%, : - , - ? , - : , - . - . , BSA .

, BSA , . - , -, . , . , BSA - , , - , ( 2007b). - , , , - , - , , - .

- , -. -, . , -. , , ( -) - .52 52 , Microsoft, 2001:

1980- [ - ] , . , , : - , , . , , 80%, 20% . , , Microsoft (Katz 2005). 2010, Microsoft - Windows Genuine Advantage, Windows Office Microsoft.

*

55

- . . ,

, - Microsoft -. ( - - ) ( 2007)

. - , , , - . (, 2008 - Ubisoft 2010, ), .

-, , , . , , : - , , AutoCAD Au-todesk. , : Microsoft , - , , - .53 , .

, - IIPA, IP . - , , -, . , IIPA - 2010 , -, - , , (IIPA 2010b).54 - , - (OReilly 2002). , IP , . , .

BSA, - ,

53 , . Linux Kara-

ganis Latham (2005). 54 2010 IIPA , , -

, .


56

, . - , (, -), - . , No Electronic Theft Act (1997), - . - , -.

, 30% -, , - , - . . - , , - -, .

, . , - , - (CPP). , , - ( 1.3).55

2008 2009 -. , , , - . . , , CD DVD -.

55 (OER) 2009 -

, ( ) - : 46 857$; : 8 694$; -: 8 200$; : 8 135$; : 5 824$; : 1 031$.

*

57

1.3 : , 2008-9 ( ).

Coldplay: Viva la Vida (CD)

Legal Price CPP Price Pirate Price

Pirate CPP Price

United States $17 Russia $11 $55 $5 $25 Brazil $14 $80 $2.5 $14 South Africa $20.5 $164 $2.7 $22 India $8.5 $385 $1.2 $54 Mexico $14 $80.50 $(.4) 1 $5.75

The Dark Knight (DVD)


Pirate CPP Price

United States $24 Russia $15 $75 $5 $25 Brazil $15 $85.50 $3.50 $20 South Africa $14 $112 $(.4) 2.8 $22.40 India $14.25 $641 $(.3) 1.2 $54 Mexico $27 $154 $(.4) .75 $4.25

: .

Viva la Vida Coldplay Warner Bros. (The Dark Knight) 2008. Coldplay Viva la Vida, , . $1 , 2008 DVD, .

, . - , . , . - , , -.

, . , . , .

. DVD $14-15 , . DVD, , -


58

, . , , , . - CD DVD . / , , .

, ( 1.4). . CD, , . - , , . , - , - .

1.4 : , 2008-9

Legal Price CPP Price Krematorium: Amsterdam (Russia) $6.50 $32.5 Thermal and a Quarter: first album (India) $7 $315 Victor and Leo: Borboletas (Brazil) $9.50 $54 Thalia: Primera Fila (Mexico) $15 $86

Legal Price CPP Price Tropa de Elite (Brazil) $10 $57 The Inhabited Island (Obitaemiy Ostrov) (Russia) $15 $75 Mr. Bones 2 (South Africa) $18 $144 Arrncame la Vida (Mexico) $17.6 $100 Jaane Tu . . . Ya Jaane Na (India) $3.8 $171 Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! (India) $2 $90 Mission to Nowhere (Nigeria) $3 $123

: .

*

59

- 40% 2000, . - 2000 - ; 2004.1, , - , - - -. , , , - ( 1.5 1.6). , - . ( - 2000.) 3D IMAX - .

, - , -: - , , - , . - - , $0,60-0,70 $10-12 , - - Bollywood. - , :

- - , - - . -, .

, : - , . - - , - , - .

, , - , Ster-Kinekor 2005 . , , 2$. - , - , . 2007 , - -.

i -

, .


60

1.5 ( )

1.6

: , European Audiovisual Observatory (2001-10).

*

61

, . DVD - , , - , - . DVD Moser Baer - - DVD, , - . , - Bollywood , , DVD (Larkin 2004). : , - , . , , .

CD DVD - . 2000- - DVD 5$. 2009 1$ - , . , 1$ DVD , , . - 1$ , , . .

. , P2P . - . , , - - . - , , .

, , - , , . , 2006 , - .


62

DVD - , - , -, . 2003 2007 DVD 100 ($15) - 50 ($7,50) $1,50 - 1,20$ . , - - 20-30 ($3-4,50), , - DVD-5.

- . - , - , - - , - . Warner Bros. Paramount Pic-tures - , 2007 - Warner Bros. 10 - DVD-5 , $1,50. - , - .1 , - Walmart DVD - 22 ($3,20).

, DVD - , , . , - DVD-5 - DVD-9 , - Warner Bros. , . Blu-ray, 30 - ($4,50).

, - Warner Bros. Paramount Pictures - , ( - ) - - , . - Microsoft Office 2007: 26$ 2010, , , . -, , 2

i Warner

Bros.. ii DVD

, Jinying Li.

*

63

1.5 : , 2009

Microsoft Office 2007: Home and Student Edition


Pirate CPP Price

United States $149 Russia $149 $745 Brazil $109 $621 South Africa $114 $912 Mexico $155 $883 $1 $4 India $100 $4500 $2 $90

Halo 3 (Xbox 360)


Pirate CPP Price

United States $40 Russia $101 $505 Brazil $60 $342 South Africa $53 $424 $30 $240 Mexico $54 $308 $2 $11 India $36 $1620

: .

-. , . - - , : (1) - -, (2) . - ( 1.5).

. , CD DVD, - - . . - -- - 9% , 41% (Funarte 2009). - 11% , (Berezin and Leontieva 2009). - 2007. , (. 1.7). -


64

. - , - , - .

1.7 100 000

: , European Audiovisual Observatory (2001-10).

- , , -. , , - , , . T-Series 1980-, - , - . , , , , , - , - . - -, , (Larkin 2004).

, , , - -

*

65

. - , , - . -, - .

, - . - - , -, . - , , .

, - . , , - , , - , . pay-mp3 " " , - , . -, , - . , , , .

, , - . - , . - P2P , - , - . , , - . , , , . .

, - . , - - , . - . 1980- 2000- Jack Valenti MPAA - : -


66

, 1982 - (Valenti 1982). , Jamie Keller Turner Broadcasting , , ... - (Kramer 2002).56

2009 MPAA - - . 2009, - (Robert Bauer) : , , , - .

- - , , - - . - , - , , , - .

. , , -, . , , . - , - . - .

56 , - , 2010

: -. . . Tiffany (Sandoval 2010).

*

67

1 , -. , - , , Jinying Li, Jaewon Chung, Emmanuel Neisa, Nathaniel Poor, Sam Howard Spink Pedro Mizukami. - , IIPA, BSA, ESA, RIAA, IFPI MPAA. , .

, , , . , , - , . , -, .

, Alyson Metzger, - , Jaewon Chung, . - Rosten Woo. IDRC, Alan Divack, Ana Toni, Jenny Toomey, Phet Sayo Khaled Fourati.

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