mr. rutkoski intro bio chapter 4 energy and the cell
TRANSCRIPT
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MR. RUTKOSKIINTRO BIO
Chapter 4 Energy and the Cell
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4-1 Chemical Energy and Life
• Energy is the ability to do work– Cells use energy for every life process– Without the ability to produce and use energy, living
things could not live
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ATP
ATP= adenosine triphosphate Contains stored energy (similar to a fully charged
battery) Contains three phosphate groups. When the cell uses energy, a phosphate group is
pulled off of the ATP producing ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
All of the energy found in ATP is stored in the third phosphate group
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ATP and ADP
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How do cells make ATP?
Cells make ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP
ADP is similar to a uncharged batteryGlucose (C6H12O6) is used to make ATPEnergy stored in food is released in tiny, tiny
steps*** all of the body’s energy comes from food
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4-2 Making ATP without oxygen
Energy is released from glucose a little bit at a time
This is done by breaking glucose down in a series of RXNs
Takes place in the cytoplasm
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This process is known as glycolysis
1. 10 steps each has its on enzyme2. The cell must use 2 ATP to being the
process3. C6H12O6 is broken down into (2) 3 carbon
molecules ( PGAL )4. The two Pgal - go through more rxns to
produce pyruvic acid5. 4 ATP are produced - but remember 2 ATP
were used to start the RXN
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Animation of glycolysis
glycolysis hyperlink
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End results of glycolysis
Net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH ( High Energy electron carrier ), and 2 pyruvic acid
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Fermentation
1. O2 is not needed2. This is a process that regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis running3. Two types of Fermentation - Lactic Acid + Alcoholic
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Lactic Acid
- Pyruvic acid that accumulates due to glyclosis is converted to lactic acid.
- occurs during vigorous exercise - O2 Debt
- Muscles soreness
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Alcoholic
- occurs in yeast ( baking or brewing )- pyruvic acid broken down to product alcohol
and CO2
- causes bread to rise
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4 - 3 Respiration
* glycolysis releases only about 10% ; 90% of
energy is still unused of energy.* to convert the remaining 90% to ATP - the
cell needs O2
- O2 is an electron acceptor
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Process of Respiration ( Krebs cycle + electron transport chain )
1. Glucose reacts with oxygen to produce CO2 + H2O
2. Pyruvic acid is broken down 3. Takes place in the mitochondria ( starts when pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria )
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Krebs Cycle
1. Pryuvate is broken down2. Sometimes called citric acid cycle3. 2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2
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ETC
Uses NADH + FADH2 from Krebs to produce
ATP
32 ATP are produced
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Cellular respiration formula Total ATP For 1 molecule of glucose is 36 ATP Glyc = 2Krebs = 2ETC = 3236 ATP
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4 -4 Photosynthesis
- the ultimate source of energy comes from the sun
Autotroph - they can make their own foodEx ) plant
Heterotroph - can not make their own foodEx - deer + humans + turkeys
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Heterotroph examples
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis - is the process by which green plants use the energy of sunlight to produce carbohydrates ( glucose - C6H12O6 )
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
* photosynthesis is the reverse of cell
respiration
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Chlorophyll
Plants contain chlorophyll which is a pigment (Substances that reflect or absorb light) Chlorophyll is the chief pigment that absorbs
energy from the sun 1.Absorbs light in the blue & red regions of the
visible spectrum2.Reflects green
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Two stages of photosynthesis
Takes place in the chloroplast1. Light dependent reactions - produce ATP &
high energy electrons2. Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle ) Converts the energy from ATP & the high
energy electrons to produce C6H12O6