Sample Assignment Jan June 2016 MS-52

Course Code MS - 52 Course Title Project Management Assignment Code MS-52/TMA/SEM - I/2016 Assignment Coverage All Blocks

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1. What are the phases of a project development cycle? Give the salient tasks under each phase. What are the outlines of opportunity studies in project management? How do their impact upon project feasibility studies? Phases of a project development cycle & Salient tasks under each phase- The project life cycle consists of four phases, initiation, planning, execution (including monitoring and controlling) and evaluation. The Initiation phase begins by defining ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------step of the Planning phase is the creation of a detailed Project Plan which the project manager will refer throughout the project to monitor and control time, cost and quality.

INITIATION PHASE-

During the first of these phases----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------are addressed. Once the recommended solution is approved, a project is initiated to deliver the approved solution and a project manager is appointed. The major deliverables and ---------------------------------------------------------------------- team begins to take shape. Approval is then sought by the project manager to move onto the detailed planning phase.

PLANNING PHASE-

The next phase, the planning ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The project manager coordinates the preparation of a project budget by providing cost estimates for the labor, equipment, and materials costs. The budget is used to monitor and control cost expenditures during project implementation. Once the project team has ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------plan describing the information needed and the delivery method to be used to keep the stakeholders informed.

Finally, you will want to document a quality plan, providing quality targets, assurance, and control measures, along with an acceptance plan, listing the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- been planned in detail and is ready to be executed.

IMPLEMENTATION (EXECUTION) PHASE-

During the third phase, the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------manager uses this information to maintain control over the direction of the project by comparing the progress reports with the project plan to measure the performance of the project activities and take corrective action as needed. The first course of action should always be to bring the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------project’s status according to the agreed-on frequency and format of communication. The plan should be updated and published on a regular basis. Status reports should always ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ for quality and measured against the acceptance criteria. Once all of the deliverables have been produced and the customer has accepted the final solution, the project is ready for closure.

CLOSING PHASE-

During the final closure, or -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is transferred back to the project organization, which will help future project teams. Opportunity studies in project management-

Identification of suitable -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------direction. Another way of going ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ of potentially viable opportunity alternatives to an investor without much expenditure.

A. Outline of an Area Study 1. Basic Characteristics of the area:

-------------------------- location; ----------------------------------------- Important physical features (--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, etc.); -----------------------------------------------------; Environmental --------------------------------------------.

2. Population size, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and per capital income, in the context of the country or state.

3. Major exports ----------------------------------------------------------, the area. 4. Basic --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- labour natural resources, etc.) 5. Structure of any --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local resources. 6. Infrastructural facilities ------------------------------------------------------------------------ new business or industry. 7. A comprehensive check---------------------------------------------------------------------------- and facilities available in the area. 8. Revision of --------------------------------------------------------------------------- the following: a) Those for ------------------------------------------------------------------- to other markets (including export markets) too high to yield acceptable profit levels. b) Those -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, or from nearby areas). c) Those ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- areas. And d) Those for ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- far away. e) Those for ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- not suitable. f) Those which do not ------------------------------------------------------- allocations. 9. Estimates of present and ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- data.

10. Identification --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- estimates of both costs and revenues.

11. Estimated lump---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- into account

Land, --------------------------------------;'

Essential civil ---------------------------------------------------------------------------);

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;

Plant & Equipment (----------------------------------------------------------);

Project ----------------------------------------------------------

Preliminary --------------------------------------------------- studies;

Working ----------------------------------------------. 12. Approximate -------------------------------------------------------------------------- the source of supply (local, national,

imported). These should cover: A. ----------------------------------------------------------- B. Utilities like water------------------------------------------------------------, etc.. C. Manpower ----------------------------------------------------------------------------. D. -------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- on item 2 above. 14. Estimates of annual -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------/product-mix. 15. Organizational -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- or potential enterprise. 16. An indicative ------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 17. Total --------------------------------------------------------------------- of infrastructure, promotional activities, stock-yards, etc. 18. Source of ---------------------------------------------------. 19. Estimated --------------------------------------------------------------------- of foreign exchange. 20. Financial appraisal -------------------------------------------------------------------- of return on investment.' 21. Indicative estimates of ----------------------------------------------------------------------- of foreign exchange, generation of employment, reduction of. social disparities. B. Outline of a Sub-sector Study 1. The place -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 2. The size--------------------------------------------------------------------- of the sub-sector. 3. The ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in the sub-sector which are

a) ---------------------------------------------------- b) --------------------------------------------.

4. Rough projections of future demand for each item. 5. -------------------------------------------------------------------- and/or export potential. 6. A broad survey of the raw materials available indigenously. 7. Identification of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- infrastructure, transport costs, etc. 8. Identification of approximate economic sizes of new or expanded business or industrial units taking into consideration

economics of scale in production and sales. C. Outline of a ------------------------------------------- 1. Nature of the resource, -------------------------------------------- growth rates of tis extraction/utilization, and future potential. 2. Role of the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ country, and exports. 3. Industries presently based on the resource, their status (---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------, future plans and growth prospects. 4. Major constraints and conditions in ---------------------------------------------------------------- the resource. 5. Estimated --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- resource. 6. Identification of --------------------------------------------------------------------- of factors like transportation, power and water. Impact upon project feasibility studies-

A feasibility study ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, there sources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In its simplest terms, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained.

A well-designed feasibility ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, feasibility studies precede technical development and project implementation.

A feasibility study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. It must therefore be conducted with an objective, unbiased approach to provide information upon which decisions can be based.

After the identification stage, the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------followed when project formulation, or a detailed techno-economic feasibility study, which would enable the investor to arrive at definite decision about the project is both costly and time consuming. However, but for the difference of depth of analysis and the level of detail in the study, the pre-feasibility study is on the pattern of the main techno economic feasibility study. Of course, if the preliminary projections thrown up at the stage of opportunity study are themselves quite encouraging or decisive, pre-feasibility study stage may be ignored and one may straightaway take up the feasibility study itself.

2. Doubled Project Report (DPR) forms the foundation on which the entire superstructure of the project is built – if it is weak, project cannot weather the turbulent times ahead. Bring out the do’s and don’ts of a good DPR. "Doubled Project Report (DPR) forms the foundation on which the entire superstructure of the project is built - if it is weak,

project cannot weather the turbulent times ahead." Bring out the do's and don'ts of a good DPR.

Detail Project Report ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ required for the project. Market planning sections of

DPR must cover the demand forecasts for the goods/services. Data collection either by primary source on secondary source

is most important in planning stage.

Process technology and ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------capabilities of each equipment and the output expected thereof. Environment impact assessment would have the specifications of the environment which is known as the base level specification before setting up the project. Doubled Project Report (DPR) forms the foundation for ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------three broad stages:-

(1) ------------------------------------------------------------- (2) Preliminary --------------------------------------------- (3) -----------------------------------------Project Report -------------------------------------- a good DPR.

Your company seeking --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a Project Report covering certain important aspects of the project as detailed below:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Product with capacity ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Project ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cost of the -------------------------------------------------------------------- thereof Availability ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- arrangements Market ------------------------------------------------------- arrangements Environmental aspects Profitability ----------------------------------------------------- period of financial assistance

-------------------------------------------- contain the following live volumes namely:

(i) ------------------------------------------ (ii) Detailed ------------------------------------ (iii) ------------------------------------ Estimate (iv) ------------------------------------------------- and Specifications (v) Detailed -----------------------------------------. 1 Final report: The final Report should contain:

(i) 3n introductory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sites considered and the aspects in favour of the site finally selected. (ii) Design data for the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- data.

(iii) Detailed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ and the factors favoring the choice. (jv) Economic analysis of various ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ of the finally selected option in case of other projects. (v) Report on the ------------------------------------------------------------------------, and (vi) A schedule of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- important mile stones in other cases. 2. Detailed designs : Detailed ---------------------------------------------------------- in this volume. 3. Detailed estimate: Detailed Estimate shall be based on finalized bill of out have to be firm unless under unforeseen circumstances. The items of the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------. (i) -----------------------------works (ii) ---------------------------- (iii) Substructure (iv) --------------------------------- (v) ---------------------------- (vi) Miscellaneous items (vii) ---------------------- (viii) Centage charges like ----------------------------------------------------- and agency charges. 4. Detailed -----------------------------------------------: The detailed bill of quantities should contain the:

(i) Reasonably firm ------------------------------------------------------------ worked out on the basis of detailed drawings.

(ii) The ---------------------------------------------- of the project. 5. --------------------------------------drawings: This volume should contain the following:-

(i) ----------------------------- (ii) ----------------- (iii) ---------------------------- cross sections of the river as-specified in Para 2.2.4.2(ix) (iv) ---------------------- section connecting the cross section points. (v) ---------------------------- survey plan (vi) Bore ------------------------------ (vii) A general ------------------ of the bridge ------------------------------- the proposed site also indicating the bore details (viii) Detailed --------------------------------- of the bridge (ix) Complete details of ---------------------------------------- (x) ------------------------------- section of approaches (xi) Cross section of ---------------------------------- (xii) ------------------------------------ of CD. Works (xiii) Miscellaneous ----------------------------------------

On the whole, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ltd specialises in the oil sector. Even for a medium sized project, it is necessary that a capable consulting firm is entrusted with the task of formulating the DPR.

The process usually takes the following shape:

- The client ------------------------------------------------------------------- with a consultant

- The consultant receives ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- draft to the client

- The client evaluates the draft, -------------------------------------------------------------------------- studies by the consultant

- The --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for approval - The consultant subunits the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and Annexures.

3. What is the concept of “Free Float” (Primary slackness) and “Total Float” (Secondary slackness)? Bring out their significance in project management. FREE FLOAT

“The amount of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- any successor or violating a schedule constraint”

Simple formula to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- activity

Here we are --------------------------------------------------------------------------- as compared to its successors

Looking at above --------------------------------------------------------------------------- what are these two floats all about

Free float is measured by --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of the successor activity.

Free float represents the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the early start date of any immediate successor activity within the network path.

Free float is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- activity sequence.

TOTAL FLOAT

“The amount of time that a schedule --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the project finish date or violating a schedule constraint.”

So this is talking -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- path has as compared to others.

Simple formula to ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- or LF (Late, Finish) – EF (Early Finish)

Total float is measured as ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is defined as the activities between a point of path divergence and path convergence.

Total float represents ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------project duration and is also called “float” or “slack”.

If activity 1.4 has a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------without any effect on the project.

However, if activity 1.4 is delayed by 5 days, there is now a negative float situation: -2 days. This reflects the fact that the project will now take two days longer than anticipated.

Let’s look at one example to compile the stuff. Look at below network diagram

What does this diagram depict?

1. There ---------------------------------------------------------- total float 0 and the critical path length 18

2. Activities A, C & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------- for critical path activities)

3. Total --------------------------------------------------- OR LS-ES) & activity D is 6

4. Out of B & D which ----------------------------------------------------------------------- free float definition. I.e. B can be

delayed w.r.t C (6-4-1=1) but not w.-------------------------------------------------------------------------- definition is not satisfying

i.e. B can’t be delayed without impacting ANY successor of it.

5. Free float --------------------------------------------- along with point 4 and also there is no dependency/constraint in

example which can hinder activity D having flexibility

Significance of free float and total float in project management- The Total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ can be different based on its predecessor and/or successor activity relationships. By definition: Total Float (TF) = the maximum -------------------------------------------------------------- without delaying the entire project. Late Date – Early Date = Total Float More simply, the range an ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------can be delayed without delaying the early start of any of its succeeding activities. More simply, the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the ultimate date the project can finish at. Activities along the critical path are usually the sequence of activities in the project that will take the longest time to complete (i.e. the longest path). The critical path activities are the red activities in the Gantt chart. Now we will move on ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, I have written a blog post on the critical path method explaining all these things. Please visit this blog post to understand these concepts better and then come back here again.

Example: For the below ---------------------- the free and total float for those activities, considering duration in days.

We know that, Free ----------------------------------------- – 1 In the above ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------its successor activity E is starting on next day of completing of activity D. Free Float for Activity G

We know the formula for free float:

Free float --------------------------------- Finish of Activity G – 1

= ------------------------------------------- = 2 Total ---------------------------------------- Total float for Activity G = ------------------------------------------------- Finish of Activity G = ---------------------------------- = 15 You see --------------------------------------, both are different. Please note: if in the exam -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------total float. Total float is commonly referred to as a float. Here is where this blog post finishes. If you have any thoughts, share them through the comments section.

4. A good team-work speeds up project implementation justify. Developing self directed projected teams is the key to improving effectiveness in project management. Elucidate. Minnesota-based 3M ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to plan, control and improve their operations. In short, employees that comprise work teams manage themselves.

Self-directed work teams -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- functions formerly performed by supervisors and managers. This allows managers to teach, coach, develop and facilitate rather than simply direct and control.

At 3M, the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of adaptation to self-directed work teams.

Before you can start team ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------presentations to explain the Ways to Grow The Successful Working Team.

Teamwork: Simply ------------------------------------ we.

1) First of All, Knowing Your People : If you are ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------if you wish to win them over and initiate an organization that uses teamwork to its fullest potential!

TEAM = Together Everyone Achieves More

2) Bringing people together: When ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mance of the organization Coming together, sharing together, working together, and succeeding together. 3) Choosing The ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------or else your teamwork can lead the way to downward. So be cautious while choosing good team members. 4) Forming The Strong Team: In ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------doubt, providing support to those who need it, and recognizing the interests and achievements of others.” - Katzenbach & Smith 6) Previewing The Behavior of All Members: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------attitude problems for which the team has suffer. If necessary, a recommendation from peers and supervisors may be sought for this purpose. Self-directed --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------formerly performed by supervisors and managers. This allows managers to teach, coach, develop and facilitate rather than simply direct and control. Example Minnesota-based 3M is ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------their operations. In short, employees that comprise work teams manage themselves. At 3M, the movement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of adaptation to self-directed work teams. Now, most of 3M's ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------office supply division, dental products division, finance, logistics and quality management services are becoming increasingly team-based and self-directed. A breakthrough approach to designing work Self-directed work teams, also known as self-managing teams, represent a revolutionary approach to the way work is organized and performed. Instead of organizing work based on the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the work to be done, and those closest to the jobs help design the job. Concept -- designing the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of organizations that attribute major productivity results to the advantages of self-directed work teams:

AT&T -- ------------------------------------------------ by 12 percent. ---------------------------- -- Cut service errors by 13 percent. Johnson & --------------------------------------------------- of $6 million. Shenandoah Life Insurance -- --------------------------------- year, while handling a 33-percent greater volume of

work. 3M's Hutchinson facility -- --------------------------------------------------------------.

Thus based on above --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- teams is the key to improving effectiveness in project management.

5. Describe the objectives, planning procedure and organizational structure required for commissioning of projects. What quality control methods are prevalent in project management?

Project commissioning ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------also to existing units and systems subject to expansion, renovation or revamping.

Objectives- The main objective ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------an essential factor for the fulfillment of schedule, costs, safety and quality requirements of the project.

In practice, the commissioning ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------as modules, subsystemsand systems.

Commissioning ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, until the final handover of the unit to the owner, including sometimes an assisted operation phase.

It is, therefore----------------------------------------------------- achieves the following :

Commissioning proceeds ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- personnel

Minimal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ and materials

Commissioning is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- time

Commissioning is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ crews

All raw materials, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- equipment

and are received at the construction sites well on time.

All check sheets for ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the

manuals of equipment suppliers etc. are available complete with requisite drawings.

Where ------------------------------------------------------------------------- of raw materials in the presence of

representatives of equipment suppliers, they are available on hand to meet the schedule.

Planning procedure-

Large ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------products, welfare amenities, canteen, offices etc. For commissioning the main ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------be commissioned until both raw water and power supply and distribution are established and so on. It is also prudent to phase out the commissioning of these service plants so as to optimize the utilisation of scarce resources of professional commissioning personnel Organizational structure required for commissioning of projects- In large organisations, commissioning is handled in the following two ways:

a) Commissioning by Operations

Project management ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------teams are multi-disciplinery and have representatives from process, mechanical, electrical, instrumentation etc. Operations / Production ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------render whatever help is requested by the start-up team.

b) Independent Commissioning

Teams Arising from the requirements of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Creation of specialist commissioning group by large companies like ICI has enabled them to.

Reduce time in --------------------------------------- ------------------------------- engineering problems Ensure better checking and documentation ----------------------------------------- Provide --------------------------------------------------------- / promote quality in projects Improve inter-personnel ------------------------------------------------------- construction and operations teams

Quality control methods which are prevalent in project management- Total Quality Management (TQM) stands ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------may land us in serious problems-remember even a needle can hold us back from our target! The following checks should be incorporated into the project management procedures and documentation:

a) Materials

Whether all the systems, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- cost estimates have been

designed and indented for procurement

Whether all -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- suppliers and contractors

Whether all items -------------------------------------------------------------- site and paid for

Whether all items --------------------------------------------------------------------- and stored safely

In the event of ------------------------------------------------ supplies have been ordered.

b) Drawings / Documentation

Whether there is a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------procedure of sending all revision drawings to site

Whether there is a ------------------------------------------------------------------------- lists, manuals for erection, testing and commissioning to site as soon as the same are received in the central project office

Whether there is a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to avoid pilferage, loss or spoilage.

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