MS. NEINAST’S MOST AWESOME REVIEW PACKET

FOR YOUR BENEFIT SO THAT YOU CAN SUCCEED

ON THE AP TEST AND ALSO

IN LIFE.

If you don’t utilize this, you’re a knucklehead. I have taken all of the important review information from the AP College Board and have compiled it into one lovely, legible, easy-to-read, semi-witty packet. Although I compiled this, all credit goes to Mr. Freeman of freeman-pedia.com. USE THAT WEBSITE, alongside this packet, your review packet, and your test

prep book, to help you study for the AP test! You’re welcome.

(Teacher Appreciation Week is the first week of May.)

UNIT ONE: FOUNDATIONS, ?? - 600BCE The Neolithic Revolution changed the wooooooorld. River Valley Civs, job specialization, tools!

KEY CONCEPT 1.1: BIG GEOGRAPHY AND THE PEOPLING OF THE EARTH BIG GEOGRAPHY = GLOBAL SCALE OF WORLD HISTORY

o Homo Sapiens origination in AFRICA 200,000 years ago o Homo Sapiens left Africa about 60,000 years ago

o Known as the “OUT-OF-AFRICA” theory o Early humans adapted to their surroundings o Hunter/gatherer societies were EGALITARIAN o Humans used FIRE in new ways!!!

o To help them survive by cooking

o Humans used TOOLS in new ways! o To help them survive by cooking and hunting and

killing and general butchery o Hunter/gatherers survived in small KINSHIP GROUPS

o Based on family ties o Specialized workers could not be supported o Men and women both share in hunting and gathering

Focus questions: What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans and the planet? Where did humans first appear on earth, and what were the characteristics of their society, technology, economy, and culture? Describe earliest humans’ technology & tools.

KEY CONCEPT 1.2: NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION AND EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION = the advent of farming which created new socio-economic systems worldwide

The first permanent agricultural villages emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, Nile River, Indus River, Yellow River, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, Andes Mts. The Neolithic Revolution was THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTION EVER and changed the world in the following ways:

Pastoralism Herding animals! Domestication Both plants and animals! Main food sources: rice, maize, potatoes, wheat Irrigation Size of civilization depends on water supply (river valley civilizations) Environmental impact Overgrazing, erosion, bye bye environment Population increase Pastoralism + agriculture = population increase More food = more people

Specialization of jobs Surplus of food = more food than needed = people have free time! To make things! Or become really good at fighting! Agriculture, trade, and transportation improvements Pottery (storage), plows (agriculture), woven textiles, metallurgy (metal working), wheeled vehicles (transportation) Social stratification No more egalitarian societies due to job specialization: wealthy elites emerge, classes formed, hierarchies formed, patriarchy dominates bc men can’t get pregnant

Focus questions: What were the long-term demographic, social, political, and economic effects of the Neolithic Revolution? How did the Neolithic revolution affect human societies economically and socially? Why did the Neolithic Revolution start? What various crops & animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution? What were the environmental effects of the Neolithic Revolution? What effects did pastoralism & agriculture have on the food supply? What were the social effects of the increased food supply caused by increase of agriculture? What technological innovations are associated with the growth of agriculture?

KEY CONCEPT 1.3: THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTIONS OF EARLY AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, AND URBAN SOCIETIES

About 5,000 years ago, “civilization” began in the following foundational areas.

**KNOW THESE SIX GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS** Don’t waste your life delving deep into these societies. Instead, focus on the following similarities: o These were large, powerful states o Agricultural surpluses allowed specialization o Cities have complex bureaucracies, religion, armies, etc o Long distance trade relationships o Growth had to be balanced against environmental constraints o War and war technologies coincided with the increase of wealth

CULTURE POLITICS Architecture

o Monuments, ziggurats, walls, roads, sewers Elites and art

o Promoted the arts from sculpture to weaving Record keeping

o Cuneiform, hieroglyphs, alphabets, quipu (kipu) Legal codes

o Reflected the social hierarchies *HAMMURABI* Religion

o Developed here Trade

o Expanded and led to new ideas and tech Literature

o Epic of Gilgamesh, Book of the Dead, Rig Veda, Book of Songs

Leaders o Monopolized surplus resources over

large areas o Usually DIVINE with support of the army

Competition for resources o The better your location, the bigger your

society (re: Jared Diamond) o Hittites had access to iron deposits, which

made conquering super easy for them Pastoral innovation

o Developed/disseminated new weapons and transportation methods to use against the more settled agrarian civilizations

Focus questions: What is a ‘civilization,’ and what are the defining characteristics of a civilization? How did civilizations develop and grow more complex before 600 BCE? Where did the earliest civilizations develop, and why did they develop in those locations? Why were some early states able to expand and conquering neighboring states? How did culture play a role in unifying populations? What forms of writing developed in ancient civilizations? What was the relationship between literature and culture in ancient societies? How did social and gender identities develop in the ancient civilizations? How big were the pre-600BCE trading regions?

TL;DR Humans left Africa and began using tools & fire.

Neolithic revolution (farming) around the river valleys gave way to civilization. Civilization brought stratification & specialization,

Civilization brought massive architecture and writing. Two early religions begin in this era (Hinduism/Judaism)

UNIT TWO: CLASSICAL ERA, 600 BCE - 600CE Greece, Rome, Persia, and China, baby. Religions become the ‘glue’ during this era. Empires start trading

and connecting with each other.

KEY CONCEPT 2.1: THE DEVELOPMENT AND CODIFICATION OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL TRADITIONS

RELIGIONS: Religion provides both community bonds as well as a moral code. It influenced and reinforces social stratification. It often merged with political rulers to justify their reign. Differences in religious beliefs could also lead to conflict.

Two religions from last period are codified/continue developing during this period:

JUDAISM First monotheistic religion Holy book (TORAH) codified around 500 BCE Hebrew communities conquered DIASPORA

HINDUISM VEDIC RELIGION codified in SANSKRIT Basis for CASTE SYSTEM, REINCARNATION Polytheistic

Four religions/belief systems are codified/founded in this period:

BUDDHISM Founded by SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA Taught that desire led to suffering End suffering by ending desire Spread through Mauryan Emperor ASOKA DAOISM Founded by LAO TZU (LAOZI) Taught people to live in harmony with the Tao Profound effect on Chinese culture – medicine, poetry, metallurgy, architecture

CONFUCIANISM Founded by KONG QUI (CONFUCIUS) Taught proper relationships Stressed patriarchy and FILIAL PIETY CHRISTIANITY Founded by JESUS of Nazareth Believe that Jesus was Son of God; died for sins; resurrected Spread despite Roman persecution

Focus questions: How did religions help strengthen political, economic, and cultural ties within societies? How did religions promote a sense of unity? What are the characteristics and core teachings of… Judaism? Hinduism? Buddhism? How and where did Buddhism spread by 600 CE? Confucianism? Daoism? Christianity? How and where did Christianity spread by 600 CE? Greco-Roman philosophy? How did religions affect gender roles in their respective societies? What other religious and cultural traditions were common by 600CE? How did humans’ reliance on the natural world influence religion? How did art and culture develop by 600 CE? How did different societies’ architectural styles develop? What examples of syncretism reflect the Classical Era? *note: AP test writers LOVE the word syncretism

KEY CONCEPT 2.2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATES AND EMPIRES You need to focus on the politics of these civilizations, but that’s too much for me to review in detail, so here are some basics:

PERSIA CHINA INDIA MEDITERRANEAN AMERICAS ACHAEMENID (550-330 BCE) Founded by CYRUS THE GREAT Largest empire in the world ZOROASTRIANISM religion Postal and road systems Conquered by ALEXANDER THE GREAT Tolerance!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PARTHIAN (247 BCE–224 CE) Center of trade on SILK ROAD Often warred with Rome SASSANID (224-651 CE) Last pre-Islamic Persian empire Considered a world power “Persian Renaissance”

QIN (221-206 BCE) QIN SHI HUANGDI Unified China Legalist Burned books Started GREAT WALL HAN (206 BCE–220 CE) Golden Age of China Ethnic group = Han SILK ROAD linked China to Europe Minted coins, made paper, water clocks, seismograph Highly educated bureaucracy CONFUCIANISM

MAURYAN (322-185 BCE) CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA ASHOKA (ASOKA) converted empire to BUDDHISM United Indian subcontinent GUPTA (320-600 CE) Golden Age of India Peaceful era – science and art flourished Concept of zero, heliocentricity, chess, base 10 numerals, round Earth Sanskrit language

PHOENICIAN (1200-539 BCE) Maritime traders Spread the alphabet City-states GREEK/HELLENISTIC (740-146 BCE) Foundation of the West Independent city-states Architecture, politics, democracy, philosophy, drama, science, math, etc Greco-Persian Wars (Greece won) Peloponnesian War (Athens v. Sparta; led to collapse of Greece bc Alex the G) ROME (509 BCE – 476 CE) Conquered surrounding areas Monarchy, Republic, Empire Punic Wars (v. Carthage; control of Mediterranean) Augustus/Constantine Diocletian – split Rome in half Downfall – military, inflation, borders, conflict

MESOAMERICA: TEOTIHUACAN (200-680 CE) Pre-Aztec, largest pre-Colombian city MAYAN (250-980 CE) Fully developed writing system Calendar Pyramid architecture ANDES: MOCHE (100-780 CE) Northern Peru Pre-Inca Gold work, architecture, irrigation

COMMON ATTRIBUTES TO THESE CLASSICAL REGIMES: ADMINISTRATION

Large empires required ADVANCED BUREAUCRACIES to administer them China – the CIVIL SERVICE EXAM; MERITOCRACY Rome – TWELVE TABLES / CODE OF JUSTINIAN Administering an Empire: diplomacy, supply lines, fortifications, roads, military recruitment

SOCIO-ECONOMIC First major trade centers develop: -- Persepolis (Persia), Athens (Greece), Chang’an (China), Rome, Constantinople, Teotihuacan Social hierarchies often based on occupation: CASTE SYSTEM Food production was paramount; SLAVERY widespread Patriarchy reigned worldwide in all imperial societies

COLLAPSE OF MAJOR CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS: ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

Excessive use of resources led to damage to the surrounding environment a. Deforestation, desertification, erosion

EXTERNAL PROBLEMS AKA INVADERS; generally nomadic o Han v. Xiongnu o Gupta v. White Huns o Romans v. Germanic peoples

KEY CONCEPT 2.3: THE EMERGENCE OF TRANSREGIONAL NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE

All of these huge empires were interconnected!!!!!!!! Trade routes:

o Eurasian (Europe and Asia) o Silk Road o Trans Saharan o Indian Ocean o Mediterranean

New technologies that facilitate long distance trade: -- yokes (animals can work together!) -- saddles (you can ride horses and camels!) -- STIRRUPS (it’s pretty important, especially in warfare) -- LATEEN SAILS! ETHEL LOVES THOSE LATEEN SAILS (triangular sail, used heavily in Indian Ocean trade) -- DHOW ships (ships with one or more LATEEN SAILS!)

Important things that were traded: Crops -- rice, cotton Diseases -- plague of Galen, plague of Justinian, plague of Cyprian Religions – Christianity, Buddhism (took on different characteristics wherever it went; SYNCRETISM)

Focus questions: What is an “empire,” and what were empires’ common characteristics during the Classical Era? Summarize the fundamental ideas and institutions of Western Civilization that originated in Greece/Rome. What role did trading play in creating and maintaining empires? What unique social and economic characteristics existed in empires? What function did imperial cities perform? What labor systems provided the workers for Classical empires? What caused the classical empires to decline, collapse, or transform into something else? How did Classical era trade networks compare to Ancient era networks? What forces contributed to the changes between the two eras? What technologies enabled long-distance overland and maritime trade? Besides the physical goods, what intangibles also traveled along trade networks? Describe goods traded along the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and throughout the Mediterranean region.

TL;DR (Besides Islam) all major earth religions take hold here.

Historically significant civilizations arise here (Rome, India, China) MVP of this era: the classical civilizations. How they rule, interact, and fall.

Trade routes emerge and are as important as religion & civilization. Those religions from above; grew, spread, and changed from here on.

UNIT THREE: POSTCLASSICAL ERA (600 CE - 1450 CE) Major world powers from the last era have collapsed (like Rome). This era is all about the Muslims and

the Mongols, and an increase in global trade routes.

KEY CONCEPT 3.1 EXPANSION & INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Importance and use of trade routes (from 2.3) grew exponentially with MASSIVE EFFECTS on the earth

TRADE ROUTES: THE BIG FOUR SILK ROAD, TRANS-SAHARAN, MEDITERRANEAN, INDIAN OCEAN These routes led to powerful new trading cities: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili Coast, Huangzhou, Calicut, Baghdad, Melaka,

Venice, Tenochtitlan. All of the below is expedited by the spread of large empires. New LUXURY GOODS spread along these trade routes o Silk o Cotton o Porcelain o Spices o Gems o Slaves o Exotic animals

New COMMERCIAL TECH. aided this spread o Caravans! Camel

caravans! Inns to accommodate caravan travelers!

o Camel saddles!

New NAVIGATIONAL TECH. aided this spread o Compass (China) o Astrolabe (Hellenistic

world) o Larger ships

New ECONOMIC TOOLS facilitated this spread o Bills of exchange o Credit/checks/banks o Government coins/paper o Trading organization

(HANSEATIC LEAGUE) o Government commercial

infrastructure (GRAND CANAL)

TRAVELLERS: -- IBN BATTUTA (DAR-AL-ISLAM), MARCO POLO (MONGOLS!) , ZHENG HE MIGRATIONS: -- Bantu migrations -- Polynesian migrations LANGUAGES DEVELOPED: -- Swahili -- Turkic -- Arabic

CROSS CULTURAL EXCHANGES AND DIFFUSION: -- environmental knowledge and technological adaptation -- Viking longships; camels; central Asian horses (sturdy ponies) -- Neoconfucianism, Buddhism spread to SE Asia -- Islam spreads to SE Asia and Africa -- All of those magical Chinese inventions spread to the Islamic empires and Western Europe -- BLACK DEATH originates in China, spreads to Europe, kills so many people

Focus questions: How did trade networks in the post-Classical Era compare to the Classical Era? What new technologies, governmental policies, and merchant activities accompanied these developments? What role did pastoral and nomadic groups play in these trade networks? What classical trade networks continued? What new trade networks developed? What new technologies enabled the growth of inter-regional trade networks? What were the environmental and linguistic effects of migration in the post-classical era? How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, scientific, and cultural traditions? What new foods, crops, and agricultural practices diffused in the post-classical era? What disease and pathogens also spread via the post-classical trade networks?

KEY CONCEPT 3.2 CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS Please actually study the Islamic and Mongol Empires more than what I wrote below because COME ON they are awesome and

I’ve reduced their glory to a handful of sentences

ISLAM (661-1258 CE) MONGOLS (1206-1368 CE)

Islamic expansion introduced a new concept - the CALIPHATE, or the “dominion of the caliph,” a new form of government that took hold across North Africa, West Africa Islamic groups you NEED TO KNOW: ABBASID, DELHI SULTANATE, MUSLIM IBERIA Muslims borrowed a lot of Persian influence Islamic growth led to the European Crusades Key Cultural transfer: ABBASID and TANG CHINA

The pastoral people of Central Asia created the largest empire in the history of the planet that integrated both pastoral and agrarian people. Mongols developed states called KHANATES: Golden Horde (Russia/Eastern Europe), Khanate of the Great Khan (aka the Yuan Dynasty in China), Chagatai (Jagadai; Central Asia), and Ilkhanate (Persia; the illest Khanate of them all) PAX MONGOLICA – reestablished the old SILK ROAD, transferring disease, goods, animals, spices, paper, gunpowder, banking, printing, etc Mongols assimilated into their respective cultures (minus China)

Other major states that “demonstrate remarkable continuity, innovation, and diversity” BYZANTINE EMPIRE (330-1450 CE) - Eastern Rome - JUSTINIAN, codified laws - Divine, absolute emperor – CAESAROPAPISM - Elaborate bureaucracy - Christian empire

ITALIAN CITY-STATES - replaced old Roman Empire - Venice, Milan, Genoa, Verona - Dominated Mediterranean trade - Key trade between Europe and Asia; later, Ottomans

FEUDAL EUROPE - decentralized - serfdom; social hierarchy - Charlemagne and the Franks FEUDAL JAPAN - just like Europe but with SAMURAI - Daimyo = lords; Samurai = knights

CHINA (589-1279 CE) SUI: - Grand Canal TANG: - Silk Road - Tribute system - Buddhism and Confucianism - Cultural influence over Japan, Korea - Invents everything - Footbinding

SONG: - Paper money - Gunpowder - Invented everything - Conquered by Mongols

AMERICAS MAYA: - city-states AZTEC: - human sacrifice and things INCA: - Andes mountains - Llama - Roads - Quipu

Review questions: How did state formations develop in the postclassical era? How did post-classical states avoid the mistakes of classical empires in the regions where classical empires collapsed? What new forms of governance emerged?

KEY CONCEPT 3.3 INCREASED ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Postclassical interactions have MAJOR economic consequences

PRODUCTION

- Crop yields increase due to new tech, like CHINAMPAS, CHAMPA RICE, terracing (Andes and Japan), a new horse-collar

URBANIZATION *you need to know the reasons why empires

and cities indeed both rose and fell* GROWTH (Timbuktu, Huangzhou, Malacca, Venice): invasions cease, safe trade and travel, rise in commerce, rise in temperature, increase in agriculture, more people = more labor DOWNFALL (Athens, Rome, Alexandria, Chang’an): invasions, diseases, agricultural decline, little ice age

SOCIAL Assume similarities as per usual, but there are some differences too: Labor management changes as elites come up with fun new ways to manage labor of people - free peasants, nomadic pastoralists, guilds, governmental labor taxes (MIT’A), military obligations Of course, the above are met by PEASANT REVOLTS

Focus questions: What were the overall worldwide economic trends? What new innovations affected agriculture in the post-classical era? How and why did crops migrate during the post-classical era? Why did some post-classical urban areas decline while others prospered and grew? What pre-existing labor systems continued through the post-classical era? How did social and gender hierarchies develop in the post-classical era? How did social and labor systems develops during the post-classical era?

TL;DR Over half of this era is trade. Old trade routes expanded and new ones emerged (and all the lovely things that come with it:

disease, religions, crops, people). Forget classical peoples, this era is dominated by two new groups: MUSLIMS and MONGOLS.

Remember the ashes of the classical peoples: Feudal Europe, Byzantines, & China. Specific people movements are stressed here (migrations, languages, peoples)

Quick look at the little guy: labor, farming, urban life

UNIT FOUR: THE EARLY MODERN ERA (1450-1750) Here we go. Europe emerges from its ‘dark ages’ and start conquering EVERYTHING. We’re talking the British

Empire, the Dutch East India Trading Company, the Spanish Empire – Europe. Has. Arrived. No more nice Marco Polo visiting a country for funzies; Europeans go to your land and stay there forever.

KEY CONCEPT 4.1: GLOBALIZING NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE Even though Columbus wasn’t the best, 1492 really changed the game. Everything from trade, empire, migration, diets,

disease… this is the first time that we have dealt with a connected planet!

Important mariners: - COLUMBUS (Spain) the Americas - smallpox blankets, Hispaniola - ZHENG HE (China) Indian Ocean - $$, reasserted China’s power - PRINCE HENRY (Portugal) School of Navigation - DA GAMA (Portugal) Made it to India by rounding Africa

Important technology: - ASTROLABE - Maps (improvements made; maps circulated) - Wind patterns (currents) - CARAVELS

Important vocab: MERCANTILISM - creation of colonies for profit JOINT STOCK COMPANY - join together to risk and share in reward

Circulation of goods: Atlantic Ocean MIDDLE PASSAGE - slaves COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE - New World: corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cacao - Old World: livestock, disease, sugar, grains *European colonization led to deforestation and erosion in the New World** - SILVER Indian Ocean European merchants transport goods from one Asian country to another

IMPACT OF INTERACTION: **RELIGION SPREAD** - ISLAM spread to Afro-Eurasia (Africa and Europe and Asia) - CHRSITIANITY spread around the world Especially in L.A. because JESUIT missionaries

Protestantism vs. Catholicism due to the PROTESTANT REFORMATION

- BUDDHISM continued to spread to Southeast and East Asia

IMPACT OF PROFITS: More money = more things to spend it on, like art RENAISSANCE in Europe, sponsored by PATRONS like the MEDICI family Miniature paintings spread throughout Persia Woodblock printing and KABUKI began in Japan Literacy expanded thanks to the PRINTING PRESS Shakespeare and Cervantes

******** the CRUSADES (and exploration), coupled with the PRINTING PRESS, led to new ideas in ART, RELIGION, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY and POLITICS.**********

ART RELIGION SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY POLITICS RENAISSANCE shows a rise in HUMANISM and a shift away from religion. The TMNT paint pretty pictures that are more human-esque and focus less on religion and more on the natural world.

PROTESTANT REFORMATION MARTIN LUTHER nails his 95 THESES to a church door, criticizing the Catholic Church’s SALE OF INDULGENCES, among other things. His main beliefs are that salvation comes through FAITH ALONE and that everyone should read the Bible on their own. PROTESTANTISM spreads throughout Europe in various forms – LUTHERANISM, ANGLICANISM (Henry VIII wants a divorce), and CALVINISM (predestination) Wars are fought between Catholics and Protestants – like the CATHOLIC REFORMATION and their JESUIT missionaries (who went to the New World!) and 30 YEARS WAR

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION revolutionizes the world. People start exploring the natural world through EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION. GALILEO uses TELESCOPES to look at the Sun and moon. NEWTON comes up with idea on gravity. COPERNICUS formulates the HELIOCENTRIC theory. People are getting SMARTER.

ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS question old forms of government, and try to figure out laws that govern society. HOBBES hates people, wrote a book called the LEVIATHAN, and believes in ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, while LOCKE thinks people are inherently good and have NATURAL RIGHTS of life, liberty, and property. VOLTAIRE critiques the Church and French monarchy, and believes in FREEDOM OF SPEECH. MONTESQUIEU advocates for THREE BRANCHES of government. ROUSSEAU believed in a direct democracy.

ABSOLUTE MONARCHS are spending a whole lot of money on themselves and not really anyone else. You have PHILIP II of SPAIN getting wealthy with New World SILVER. You have MARIA THERESA turning Austria into a world power, but she got in a lot of fights with FREDERICK THE GREAT of Prussia, who was an enlightened absolute monarch. IVAN THE TERRIBLE is going insane in Russia, but he starts the ROMANOV dynasty. LOUIS XIV spent two billion dollars building VERSAILLES by raising taxes.

** the impact of the enlightenment cannot be understated. It led to new ideas in economics (CAPITALISM), an increase in

knowledge, improvement in women’s rights, and new ideas in government, which caused REVOLUTIONS around the world.**

Focus questions: Describe the degree of global ‘interconnection’ after 1500 CE compared to before 1500. What were the overall effects of this change in global interconnectedness? How did the global trade network after 1500 affect the pre-existing regional trade networks? (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, trans-Saharan, Silk Road) What technological developments made transoceanic European travel and trade possible? What effect did Columbus’ travels have on Europeans? What originally motivated Europeans to travel across the northern Atlantic? What new financial and monetary means made new scales of trade possible? Describe European merchants’ overall trade role from 1450-1750 What role did silver play in facilitating a truly global scale of trade? What new mercantilist financial means developed to facilitate global trade? What were the economic and social effects of the Atlantic trading system? What were the unintentional biological effects of the Columbian Exchange? What foods were transferred to new geographic regions as part of the Columbian Exchange, and what labor systems made their transfer possible? What plants and animals were transferred? What effects did American food crops have on the diet of Afro-Eurasians? *note: AP test writers LOVE the term “Afro-Eurasian.” It refers to the regions Africa, Europe, and Asia. Where did the “universal” religions of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam spread? How did the practice of religions develop in this era? How did public literacy as well as literary and artistic forms of expression develop during this period?

KEY CONCEPT 4.2: NEW FORMS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND MODES OF PRODUCTION Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agricultural production throughout this period,

major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes.

Peasant labor increased during this time period increase in production of SILK and COTTON North American Systems: INDENTURED SERVITUTE: Temporary labor used to pay off a debt incurred by the servant until debt is paid – usually people who needed someone to sponsor their voyage to the New World SLAVE LABOR was the biggest change during this period – cash crops like COTTON, TOBACCO, SUGAR, and COFFEE grown on plantations led to huge increase in slavery and production of raw materials. Slavery exists most commonly in the CARIBBEAN, southern US, and BRAZIL during this time period

Latin American Systems: MIT’A SYSTEM: Originally by the Incans – required service to help the Incan state. Later, Spanish subjugated the Incan system of labor for the ‘greater good’ – used to mine SILVER ENCOMIENDA/HACIENDA SYSTEM: Spanish received labor from locals as thanks for teaching them Spanish and converting them to Catholicism CHATTEL SLAVERY; people are personal property to be bought and sold

NEW HIERARCHIES: Elites: New elites grew from widening global economic opportunities and imperial conquests – MANCHU in China, CREOLES in the New World, and ENTREPRENUERS heading to the New World Existing elites had to the deal with the growing power of absolute monarchs

Social: Gender roles changed as family became more important. Family units became smaller (not as many babies). For the most part, men were traveling alone on these adventures, so a lot of intermarrying (European and native) happened in the New World and in Southeast Asia

Racial: MESTIZO: European and Native American MULATTO: European and African American CREOLE: Born to Spanish parents in the New World

Focus questions: How did agriculture’s role change between 1450-1750? What pre-requisite conditions made these changes possible? How did labor systems develop between 1450-1750? How was peasant labor affected between 1450-1750? How did slavery within Africa compare to the pre-1450 era? What caused the Atlantic slave trade to expand so dramatically? How did labor systems develop in the colonial Americas? How did the post-1450 economic order restructure the social, economic, and political elites? How were gender and family structures affected to these changes?

KEY CONCEPT 4.3: STATE CONSOLIDATION AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION This section is all about power – and whoever controls the most land - and most trade routes – controls ALL OF THE POWER.

WHO HAS THE POWER? Main land-based powers: MANCHU (China; Qing Dynasty); MUGHAL (India), OTTOMAN (Southwest Asia), and RUSSIAN Main sea-based powers: PORTUGUESE, SPANISH, DUTCH, FRENCH, BRITISH HOW DO THEY MAINTAIN THEIR POWER? Art Architecture (fancy buildings to assert wealth: see TAJ MAHAL)

Religion DIVINE RIGHT to justify rule of European Monarchs HUMAN SACRIFICE in the Aztec Empire

Treatment of subjects Social and racial hierarchies prevalent; MANCHU distinct from ethnic Han

Bureaucracy CHINESE CIVIL SERVICE EXAM, lots of meritocracy, DEVSHIRME in Ottoman

YOU’RE TELLING ME THEY’RE DOING THIS WITHOUT FIGHTS? YEAH RIGHT. PIRACY in the Caribbean, 30 YEARS WAR (fought over religion/the Holy Roman Empire), Ottoman v. Safavid (Sunni v. Shi’ite), PEASANT UPRISINGS rampant

Focus questions: How did empires attempt to administer the new widespread nature of their territories? How did the role of Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe develop in this new worldwide political order? How did political rulers legitimize and consolidate their rule? What role did religion play in legitimizing political rule? How were ethnic and religious minorities treated in various empires? What was the relationship between imperial expansion and military technology? How did Europeans go about creating new global empires and trade networks? How did pre-existing land-based empires and new empires during this era compare to previous era’s empires? What obstacles to empire-building did empires confront, and how did they respond to these challenges?

TL;DR

Starting with Prince Henry from Portugal, Europeans are going to travel the world and be in everybody's business. This is going to make them incredibly wealthy and build them huge empires.

Along with this comes disease, slavery, and horrible conditions for Native Americans. There are also huge land empires from the Ottomans and Russians over to the Chinese.

The Colombian Exchange is arguably the most important thing ever. The AP loves it. They ask about it all the time. There will be something on the Columbian Exchange on the AP test... I guarantee it.

UNIT FIVE: THE MODERN ERA (1750-1900) The previous era was dominated by European discovery. This era is dominated by how these Europeans handled their new-found success both ECONOMICALLY (Industrial Revolution) & POLITICALLY (Revolutions). One could

argue that the Industrial Revolution is the most important thing that ever happened. Besides the Columbian Exchange, it’s the only other thing I can guarantee that will be on the AP test. This is also the only era with 4

subsections: Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, Revolution, and Migration. (**WARNING: DO NOT GET TOO EUROCENTRIC HERE. CHINA, JAPAN, AND THE AMERICAS ARE INCREDIBLY

IMPORTANT**)

KEY CONCEPT 5.1: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION is one of the most (second to agriculture) things that ever happened ever in the entire history of the world because it changed EVERYTHING. Pretty much anything after this unit can be tied back to what happened because

of the Industrial Revolution. Don’t forget that it led to the END OF SLAVERY because machines. The AP test breaks it into six categories:

PRODUCTION Why did the IR begin in Europe (specifically Britain), you ask? Well I’ll tell you:

1) Europe’s location (on the ocean) 2) The availability of raw materials (coal, iron, and timber) 3) European population growth – it doubled every fifty years 4) Urbanization – moving to cities (enclosure movement) 5) Agricultural growth – crop rotation, steel ploughs, new fertilizers 6) Private property rights – life, liberty, and property, am I right? 7) Plenty of rivers/canals – for transportation purposes 8) Access to foreign resources – Europe controlled 40% of the world’s population 9) Capital – 200 years of colonialism led to $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

You know what else helped out? STEAM ENGINE and COMBUSTION ENGINE – brought new forms of energy from fossil fuels FACTORY SYSTEM – led to specialization of labor Ethel doesn’t really talk about it, but there was also a SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION that led to new methods in the production of STEEL, CHEMICALS, and ELECTRICTY. It’s also important.

GLOBAL TRADE By 1900, Europe controlled 80% of the Earth’s surface. Why? Because they could. But seriously. Because of the IR. The factory system required RAW MATERIALS. And do you know what Europe did to get those? They CONQUERED EVERYTHING. EXPORT ECONOMIES emerged in Africa and Asia. Agricultural economies around the world declined because the IR was the hot new thing. Latin America was used as a mining center. I don’t know how many times I’ve said it in this review so far, but NEW WORLD SILVER is really important always. Europe colonized land to a) get raw materials and b) get markets that would buy finished goods. Large-scale transnational businesses started up – like the UNITED FRUIT COMPANY. #bananarepublics, am I right?

TRANSPORTATION AND

COMMUNICATION

We’re talking RAILROADS, STEAMSHIPS, the TELEGRAPH, and CANALS.

RESPONSE TO THE SPREAD

Factory workers didn’t get treated really well. They got treated pretty terribly. Workers organized to form UNIONS. They demanded better wages, hours, and working conditions. In the wake of industrialization, alternative visions of the future emerge, such as COMMUNISM (sometimes called MARXISM) and ANARCHISM. Some empires, like the QING and the OTTOMAN, resisted change during this time period, and suffered greatly as a result (OPIUM WARS, anyone?). Some states, like JAPAN and RUSSIA embraced this change, and came out on top! Governments start thinking straight and give more RIGHTS TO WOMEN and focus more on PUBLIC EDUCATION.

ECONOMICS AND CAPITALISM

Industrialization is not free. Financers developed new ways to facilitate and continue growing the IR. ADAM SMITH came up with CAPITALISM, an economic form that required zero government interference – the ‘invisible hand’ would dictate supply and demand. JOHN STUART MILL came up with LIBERALISM. Transnational businesses developed, as did the stock market and insurance companies.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

The IR was a huge shift and it even created new social classes! Like the MIDDLE CLASS, the WORKING CLASS, and, of course, the elites who do nothing. URBANIZATION led to poor living conditions, like tenements.

HEY. One more thing. We think of the IR as this great thing that brought progress to the world, which it did, but it also significantly declined the economic productivity of agriculturally-based economies (like cotton production in

India).

Focus questions: What were factors that led up to the industrial revolution (peasants/environmental factors/political and economic factors)? How did industrialization affect social structures, culture, and the economy? How “fueled” (both literally and figuratively) the Industrial Revolution? How did factories change the nature of labor itself? What was the “2nd Industrial Revolution”? How did the IR influence world trade overall? What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas? As industrial production rose, what types of production declined? What “new” markets did industrialized states look to/create for their exports? What financial institutions facilitated industrial production? How did workers respond to the IR and how did their vision of society compare to industrialists’? How did governments respond to the tremendous economic changes of the Industrial Revolution? How did industrialization affect global trade, production, transportation, and communication? Explain the demographic transition that occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

KEY CONCEPT 5.2: IMPERIALISM AND NATION-STATE FORMATION The IR was a domestic phenomenon that had international consequences. The most visible of these is the growth of European

empires in the search for markets and materials. Two main things happened during this time period: Imperialism and Nationalism.

IMPERIALISM = EMPIRE BUILDING. *many states from the previous era doubled down on existing colonies – like the BRITISH EMPIRE took over the BRITISH EAST INDIA TRADING COMPANY, establishing the BRITISH RAJ in India. The Dutch East India Company was replaced by the Dutch Empire, which took over much of Indonesia.

*IMPERIALISM gave rise to the golden age of political cartoons. Google some. They might show up on the AP test. *Europe (and later USA and Japan) used their industrial advantage to build empires throughout Asia, the Pacific, and Africa. They utilized two methods: diplomacy and warfare:

Diplomacy: land acquired via treaty (BERLIN CONFERENCE… still wasn’t very diplomatic) Warfare: land acquired and maintained by technological advantage over colonized people (BELGIANS in the CONGO – I *greatly dislike* King Leopold II)

*The most important type of imperialism was ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM – not all empires took over pre-existing political structures; sometimes it was more lucrative to dominated them economically, like Britain did to China during/after the OPIUM WARS. The isolationist MONROE DOCTRINE gave the US a lot of indirect control over Latin American economies. NATIONALISM = being proud of your national identity NATIONALISM is on the rise during this time period, especially in GERMANY under OTTO VON BISMARCK.

The Ottoman Empire starts to crumble, due to rising nationalism in the BALKANS and European involvement in North Africa.

The USA is doing its whole MANIFEST DESTINY thing, conquering westward lands.

Russia expands under PETER and CATHERINE THE GREATS, and Japan is doing great under its MEIJI RESTORATION.

Nationalism and imperialism were facilitated by new RACIAL POLICIES. Europeans justified their actions in numerous ways: SOCIAL DARWINSIM, or “we are better than you because of science.” Europeans believed that they were the superior race and they actually used science to attempt to prove that other races were inferior.

WHITE MAN’S BURDERN, or “we are doing this because we care.” Written by a British dude named Kipling (who, fun fact, also wrote the Jungle Book) in response to the US gaining the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, the poem talks about how it is the white man’s duty to educate, colonize, and ‘make better’ all of the inferior races.

COMPETITON, or “if we weren’t here, some other white guys would be.” This motivated a lot of people in the SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA.

Focus questions: How did industrialization fuel imperialism? What are the similarities and differences between colonialism and imperialism? How did imperialism affect Europe’s influence around the world? Which states increased their influence and control over their pre-existing colonies, and which saw their influence decrease? What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires? How did imperialism help, hurt, or change various states? How did anti-imperialism affect the Ottoman Empire’s territories? What were the effects of nationalism on various peoples and regions? How did imperialists justify imperialism?

KEY CONCEPT 5.3: NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND REFORM This era is dedicated to change. The first two sections looked at the effects of the IR. This concept has a catalyst, too: the ENLIGHTENMENT. The movements below reshaped Earth’s status quo. For real. Lucky for you, I already went over the

Enlightenment thinkers. Recap those, and then pick back up here:

The ENLIGHTENMENT was an intellectual movement beginning in Europe that attempted to reform society using reason, logic, and science. Thinkers like VOLTAIRE, ROUSSEAU, and MONTESQUIEU challenged religion, class, politics, and superstitions. There was also this guy named LOCKE, who pretty much inspired every revolution everywhere. Not only did the Enlightenment lead to political change, but it also sparked drastic social changes, like women’s suffrage (yay voting!), and the end of slavery and serfdom (also thanks to the IR). REVOLUTIONS were further fueled by rising nationalism. People began to see beyond their local town and began to see commonalities between themselves and those around them. This new ‘national’ identity was linked to the national borders of the nation. Leaders used language, religion, customs, and location to further unite their people. Then BAM, REVOLUTIONS HAPPENED!!!!!!!! Called to action by many Enlightenment thinkers, groups pushed for reforms, rights, or all-out revolutions. WHO AGAINST WHEN WHY IMPORTANT DOC? OTHER BIG THINGS? USA (Washington)

Britain 1776 #murica #freedom Declaration of Independence; Constitution

Couldn’t have done it without France and Spain

France (Robespierre)

Louis XVI/The First and Second Estates

1789 Liberty, equality, brotherhood

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen… plus a ton of other constitutions

Reign of Terror; Napoleon tries to take over

Haiti (L’Ouverture)

France 1791 Slavery is awful, that’s why

L’Ouverture wrote some interesting letters

Only successful slave rebellion… then L’Ouverture died and Haiti descended into chaos for a while

Latin America in general (Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Hidalgo, Iturbide)

Spain and Portugal

Early 1800s

Creoles are mad and want more rights! Also, independence, freedom.

“Jamaica Letters” by Bolivar

Lots of dictatorial turmoil after the revolutions

Some other rebellions also happened during this time period… not necessarily new-nation forming, but: India Britain 1857 Sepoy Rebellion- against the British East

India Company rule- because oppression is sad

Resulted in the British government replacing company rule – began the British Raj in India

China China? Europe?

1900 Boxer Rebellion – to “expel the foreign devils” out of China

This was a response to westernization – they wanted to get rid of it completely (quietly sponsored by Cixi)

China China? Manchu?

Late 1800s Taiping Rebellion – a civil war in China between ethnic Han Chinese people and the Manchu, or the people in charge/the Qing

Was a failure. 20 million people died.

Some ‘revolutionary’ movements transcended national borders, and started spreading throughout the world, like LIBERALISM, SOCIALISM, and COMMUNISM, and FEMINISM (Mary Wollstonecraft, Seneca Falls Convention)! Focus questions: How did both the Enlightenment and colonized peoples’ actions affect political developments after 1750? How did political rebellions affect the political structures and ideologies around the world? What role did the Enlightenment play in making political revolutions and rebellions possible? How did Enlightenment thinkers affect understandings of the relationship between the natural world and humans? How did the Enlightenment evaluate the role of religion in public life? How new political ideas re: the individual, natural rights, and the social construct did the Enlightenment develop? What is the basis of national identity or nationalism? How did governments use these new ideas on their populations? How did subject peoples relate to their ruling governments? How did slaves’ resistance affect existing authorities in the Americas? What was the relationship between nationalism and anti-colonialism? What other new ideologies did the Enlightenment stimulate?

KEY CONCEPT 5.4: GLOBAL MIGRATIONS Industrialization, imperialism, and the rise of the global capitalist economy increased the amount of migration in this era.

CAUSES MIGRANTS OUTCOMES

POPULATION GROWTH: Improved food

production Lower death rates Improved

medicine Improved transport Trains, autos,

steamboats – easier to get to places

Manual laborers and skilled professionals who migrate in search for work Why? Free will. Unless… COERCED LABOR, like slavery, indentured servitude (especially in India and China under British rule), and convict labor If not that, then TEMPORARY MIGRANTS for farming (seasonal for crops)

GENDER Migrants tended to be male Women remained at home

ETHNIC ENCLAVES Areas where migrants grouped in new areas

(Little Italy, Chinatown, etc) Transported culture to that area

ANTI-IMMIGRANT POLICIES Governmental prejudice against migrants Tried to regulate the number of immigrants

coming in Chinese Exclusion Act in the States

Focus questions: How did migrations in this time period compare to earlier periods? What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration? How did the IR affect migration patterns? What were the causes of world population growth? How did new modes of transportation affect migration? How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?

TL;DR The Industrial Revolution changed the way that everything is made and would lead Europe to dominate the world.

Using their new industrial powers, Europe went out and conquered everywhere they had not gotten to in the last era (Central Africa, Asia, Australia).

European enlightenment ideas spread and led to revolutions in the new world (and in Europe). Traditional world powers from the last era weakened (Spain, Ottomans, Mughals, Qing China) while new world powers rose (

USA, Germany, Japan). Huge empires + booming industrial economies = global migrations (people moving for work)

UNIT SIX: THE LATE MODERN ERA (1900 – PRESENT) You know what? A lot happens in the Late Modern Era. Globalization accelerates change. Wars are fought. More wars are fought. Atrocities are committed. The Internet happens. More revolutions happen. Society

is advancing at the fastest rate. I also am giving the *briefest* overview of this, because it’s all stuff we just learned.

KEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT New technology led to rapid advances that spread throughout the world.

SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENTS science gets really cool - Einstein’s Theory of Relativity - Quantum Mechanics - Advancements in psychology (Milgram, etc) - THE GREEN REVOLUTION (2011 DBQ topic; chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture) - Advancements in oil and nuclear power

MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS humans are surviving longer - Polio vaccine - Antibiotics - The artificial heart!

DOWNSIDE OF ADVANCEMENT = humans. Environmental damage: Humans exploit natural resources at an extraordinarily high rate. Climate change. Greenhouse gases. Al Gore’s “An Inconvenient Truth.” Animal extinctions. Deforestation. Desertification. Water supplies threatened.

Warfare advancements: Humans get effective at killing other humans. Tanks. Airplanes. Atomic Bombs. Gases. Trench Warfare. Firebombing. All of these led to increased levels of wartime causalities (see: Dresden; Britain; Hiroshima)

OTHER SAD THINGS IN DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS:

Diseases associated with poverty = MALARIA, CHOLERA, TUBERCULOSIS Diseases emerged as new epidemics, like THE FLU, HIV/AIDS, EBOLA Changing lifestyles led to ALZHEIMER’S, DIABETES, HEART DISEASE

Focus questions: How did science affect humans’ conception of the natural world in the 20th century? What new technologies and discoveries affected communication, transportation, and conceptions of the world? How did scientific discoveries affect humans’ ability to feed and care for themselves? What new energy technologies affected the 20th century? How did humans’ relationship to the environment change in the 20th century> What negative consequences in the 20th century accompanied the benefits of industrialization? What caused some of the major demographic changes in the 20th century? How did the new military technology affect wartime casualties?

KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES Throughout this era, peoples and states sought to challenge the world order. Europe was no longer on top (well, the West

remained important). People sought to redistribute power within the existing order and to restructure empires, which led to unprecedented levels on conflict (from both sides – those wanting to change it and those wanting to maintain it). Lots of

political instability due to both internal and external factors. Tons of religious conflicts, secessionist movements, territorial partitions, economic dependency, and the good old lasting legacies of colonialism.

MAJOR EMPIRE SHIFTS Older, land-based empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors Qing China Republic of China Tsarist Russia USSR Ottoman Empire Turkey (plus others)

Some colonies negotiated their independence India (from Britain) Gold Coast/Ghana (from Britain)

Some colonies achieved independence through armed conflict Algeria (from France) Vietnam (from France; used to be called ‘French Indochina’) Angola (from Portugal)

Transnational movements (COMMUNISM, PAN-AFRICANISM, and PAN-ARABISM) sought to unite people across national

boundaries.

Political changes led to major demographic shifts and social consequences: The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements, like the PARTITION OF INDIA/PAKISTAN, the JEWISH SETTLEMENT OF PALESTINE, and the division of the Middle East into mandates. The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence, like the genocides in ARMENIA, THE HOLOCAUST, RWANDA, and CAMBODIA, and the displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations like the PALESTINIANS and DARFURIANS Military conflicts occurred on a global scale: WWI, WWII, COLD WAR – total war, LOTS OF FUN PROPAGANDA! World War 1 World War II Cold War Why? Militarism, Alliances,

Imperialism, Nationalism Treaty of Versailles + Depression = Rise of Hitler

COMMUNISM! I guess.

Major players Britain, France, USA, Russia (Allied Powers); Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Central Powers)

Britain, France, USA, USSR (Allied Powers); Germany, Italy, Japan (Axis Powers)

USA vs USSR (democracy vs. communism!). Kennedy, Khrushchev, Stalin, Truman, Reagan, Gorbachev

Key moments Schlieffen Plan, assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram

Holocaust; invasion of Poland, blitzkrieg, bombing of Britain, Stalingrad, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge; Midway, Island Hopping, Iwo Jima, Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Marshall Plan (money), Truman Doctrine, spy planes, space race, Berlin Wall, Berlin Airlift, etc. Limited War – Korea and Vietnam. Socialist revolutions in LA.

Warfare tactics Trench warfare: machine gunners, bombs, mustard gas, artillery shells, tanks

Just more advanced than last time, plus blitzkrieg, times an atom bomb (squared)

This one is all about espionage, baby. Also MAD. Because nukes.

Outcome Treaty of Versailles, Germany loses everything

UN replaces League of Nations, Israel is formed, decolonization and independence movements, European Union formed

USSR fell in 1991, led to the breakup of many small Eastern European countries. #webeatcommunism

Fun facts? Soccer on Christmas! Remember, no one really wanted to fight this dang war.

Don’t forget the Bataan death march. Super secret operations during this time – Dr. Manhattan and Operation Fortitude and such. Deadliest conflict in human history.

Fidel was NOT a communist; that’s weird Western propaganda trying to encourage you to hate Cuba.

MAJOR SOURCES OF GLOBAL CONFLICT IN THIS ERA: - imperialist expansion by Japan - competition for resources - ethnic conflict - great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany - nationalist ideologies - economic crisis triggered by the Great Depression Focus questions: How has the world’s political order developed since the early 1900s? BY what means did imperial colonies achieve independence? What new movements challenged the status quo during the age of imperial rule? Who helped lead and define these movements? What circumstances contributed to genocide and mass refugee populations? How did the World Wars affect the nature of war and the relationship of the government to their populations? What ideologies motivated the World War conflicts? How did the world’s balance of power change during the Cold War? What were the Cold War’s military consequences? How did the anti-war and non-violence movements respond to the century’s many wars? How was popular culture affected by the global conflicts?

KEY CONCEPT 6.3: NEW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE Scientific breakthroughs, new technologies, increasing levels of integration, changing relationships between humans the environment, and the frequency of political conflict all contributed to global developments in which people crafted new

understandings of society, culture, and historical interpretations. STATES RESPONDED IN A VARIETY OF WAYS TO THE ECONOMIC CHALLENGES: USSR - FIVE YEAR PLAN

CHINA - GREAT LEAP FORWARD - FIRE YEAR PLAN

USA - NEW DEAL (FDR)

EGYPT - Nasser’s economic development

ASIA - export-oriented economies

But by the end of the century, many government encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization – like REAGAN (USA), THATCHER (Britain), DENG XIAOPING (China), and PINOCHET (Chile).

NEW ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPED because people started caring about each other and the world: Economic institutions south to spread free market economics throughout the world -INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND -WORLD BANK -WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION International organizations formed to maintain peace -LEAGUE OF NATIONS -INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT -UNITED NATIONS

Regional trade agreements created trading blocs -EUROPEAN UNION -NAFTA -ASEAN -MERCOSUR Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority -ROYAL DUTCH SHELL -COCA-COLA -SONY

Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental consequences -GREENPEACE -EARTH DAY Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to crises -UNICEF -AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL -RED CROSS -DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS -WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Focus questions: How did states respond to the 20th century’s economic challenges? How did the Great Depression affect governments’ relationship to the(ir) economy? How did new international organizations affect the relationship of states and peoples around the world? What were the economic effects of new international organizations? Humanitarian effects? What new social and cultural ideologies developed, and what were the consequences and reactions to these ideologies? How did the global nature of culture affect sports, music, fashion, and the arts?

IMPORTANT TERMS, PEOPLE, AND EVENTS Vocab is still important. You need to know what the following are because they’ll probably show up on the AP test. DO NOT DEFINE ALL OF THEM. Please no. If you can associate the terms with the correct civilization, that’s great. If you know that

moksha is a part of Hinduism, that’s great. You don’t need to define all of these in great detail. Study the big picture FIRST, and then fit all of these within that big picture.

UNIT ONE: FOUNDATIONS/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS, ?? – 600 CE

Agriculture Bipedalism

Catal Huyuk Horticulture

Independent Invention Jericho

Neolithic Revolution Paleolithic Age

Pastoralism

UNIT TWO: CLASSICAL ERA, 600 BCE – 600 CE BELIEF SYSTEMS The Analects Bhagavad-Gita Buddhism Castes Confucianism Daoism Dharma Eightfold Path Four Noble Truths Torah Hinduism Jesus Judaism Karma Laozi Moksha Nirvana Monotheism Polytheism Rig Veda Siddharta Gautama Universalizing religions Varna Vedas PERSIA Cyrus the Great Darius Xerxes

Royal Road Satraps GREECE Alexander the Great Aristotle Cleisthenes Delian League Hellenic culture Hellenistic synthesis Helots Hoplites Battle of Marathon Minoans Monarchy Aristocracy Democracy Mycenaeans Peloponnesian War Pericles Greco-Persian War Phoenicians Plato Polis Secularism Socrates Tyrant ROME Battle of Actium

Octavian (Augustus Caesar) Constantine Consuls Diocletian Homer Julius Caesar Twelve Tables Mark Antony Patricians Plebeians Patron-client relationship Pax Romana Punic Wars Roman Republic Roman Empire Senate Tribunes Triumvirate Virgil CHINA AND INDIA Ashoka Great Wall Gupta Empire Han Wudi Legalism Qin Dynasty Scholar-gentry Shi Huandgi (Qin Shi Huang) Terra Cotta Army

Warring States Period RIVER VALLEY CIVS Akkadian Empire Aryans Assyrians Babylonians Book of the Dead Cultural hearths Cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh Fertile Crescent Hammurabi’s Code Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Hittites Hyksos Mandate of Heaven Mesopotamia Olmec Chavin Papyrus Pictographs Rosetta Stone Shang Dynasty Sumerians Theocracy Ziggurats

UNIT THREE: POSTCLASSICAL ERA, 600-1450 CE

AFRICA AND ISLAM Delhi Sultanate Ghana Great Zimbabwe Griots Ibn Battuta Mali Mansa Musa

Marco Polo Monsoons Songhay Sundiata Stateless society Swahili Coast

THE AMERICAS Aztecs Chinampas Inca Khipu (Quipu) Maya Moche Quetzlcoatl

Slash and burn agriculture Teothihuacan Tenochtitlan Toltec Tribute system

THE EAST Black Death/Bubonic Plague Champa rice Equal fields system Foot binding Fujiwara Clan Genghis Khan/Temujin Hegemony Heian Era Ilkhanate Jagadai (Chagatai) Khanate Khanate of the Golden Horde Khanate of the Great Khan/Yuan Dynasty Kubilai Khan “Middle Kingdom” Ming Dynasty Neo-Confucianism Osman Pax Mongolica

Samurai Shintoism Shogun Song Dynasty Sui Dynasty Tale of Genji Tang Dynasty Uighurs EUROPE Benedictine Rule Byzantine Empire Caesaropapism Canon Law Carolingian Family Charlemagne Clovis Crusades Excommunication Interdict Feudalism

Franks Hagia Sophia Hanseatic League Heresy Holy Roman Empire Hundred Years’ War Justinian Magna Carta Manorialsim Missi dominici Renaissance Saladin Scholasticism Usury Vernacular

MUSLIM WORLD Abu Bakr Animism Bedouins Caliph/caliphate Five Pillars of Faith Hadith Hajj Hijrah Jihad Ka’ba Madrasas Muhammad “People of the Book” Qur’an (Koran) Seljuk Turks Shari’a Shi’ites, Sunni The Thousand and One Nights Umayyad Dynasty

UNIT FOUR: EARLY MODERN ERA, 1450-1750

JAPAN AND RUSSIA “alternate attendance” Bakufu Boyars Cossacks Daimyos Toyotomi Hideyoshi Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) Jesuits Kabuki Kowtow Ming Dynasty Peter the Great Qing Dynasty Matteo Ricci Table of Ranks Tokugawa Shogunate GUNPOWDER EMPIRES Akbar Devshirme Janissaries

Mughal Empire Ottoman Empire Qizilbash Safavid Empire Shah Abbas I Sikhism Suleiman the Magnificent Taj Mahal Vizier THE AMERICAS Middle Passage Atahualpa Caravel Castas Columbian Exchange Columbus Conquistadors Hernan Cortes Creoles Vasco da Gama Bartholomew Dias

Encomienda Atlantic Circuit Henry the Navigator Indentured servitude Joint-stock companies Magellan Mercantilism Mestizos Mit’a Mectezuma Mulattos Peninsulares Pizarro Treaty of Tordesillas Viceroyalties Zheng He

EUROPE 95 Theses Absolutism Anglican Church Tycho Brahe John Calvin Capitalism Catholic Reformation Cervantes Copernicus Deism Divine Right Edict of Nantes English Civil War Enlightenment Galileo Gutenberg Habsburg Family Humanism Indulgences Kepler Da Vinci

UNIT FIVE: MODERN ERA, 1750-1914

REVOLUTIONS Otto von Bismarck Simon Bolivar Bourgeoisie Count Camillo di Cavour Congress of Vienna DoRMaC French and Indian War

Father Miguel Augustin de Iterbide Louis XVI Napoleon National Assembly Reign of Terror Jose de San Martin L’Ouverture

Battle of Waterloo Mary Wollstonecraft CHINA, RUSSIA, JAPAN Boxer Rebellion Canton system Catherine the Great Crimean War

Decembrist Revolt Hong Xiuquan Intelligentsia Mccartney mission Meiji Restoration Muhammad Ali Opium Wars Matthew Perry

Self-strengthening movement Taiping Rebellion Tanzimat Trans-Siberian Railroad Treaty of Nanking ECONOMICS The Communist Manifesto Corporations Demographic transition during the IR Electric telegraph Samuel Gompers Industrial Revolution Interchangeable parts

Laissez-faire Karl Marx Monopolies Proletariat Adam Smith Socialism Steam engine James Watt The Wealth of Nations Josiah Wedgewood Eli Whitney IMPERIALISM The Young Turks Berlin Conference

Bessemer steel converter British Raj Captain Cook Charles Darwin Thomas Edison Imperialism (colonial. Political, economic, social-cultural) Indian Civil Service Indentured servitude Indian National Congress David Livingstone Nawabs Panama Canal Cecil Rhodes

Rammohun Roy Scientific racism Scramble for Africa Sepoy Rebellion Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer Shaka Zulu Henry Stanley Suez Canal

UNIT SIX: LATE MODERN ERA, 1914-PRESENT WWI Triple entente Treaty of Versailles Weimar Republic Total war Trench warfare WWII Fourteen Points Adolf Hitler Holocaust Home front “island-hopping” Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Alexander Kerensky John Maynard Keynes League of Nations Lenin Mao Zedong Mein Kampf Benito Mussolini Nanking Massacre

Nationalism New Deal Stalin FDR Potsdam Conference Yalta Conference COLD WAR NATO Warsaw Pact Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine Space race Sputnik Tehran Conference Great Leap Forward Iron curtain Nikita Khrushchev Korean War Vietnam War Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong

Zionist movement Winston Churchill Containment Cuban missile crisis REVOLUTIONS Che Guevara United Fruit Company Fulgencio Batista Fidel Castro Ho Chi Minh Iranian Cultural Revolution Muhammah Ali Jinnah Jomo Kenyatta Ruhollah Khomeini Nelson Mandela Gamel Abdel Nasser Jawajarlal Nehru Kwame Nkrumah Pahlavi dynasty Juan Peron Eva Peron

Augusto Pinochet Apartheid WEB DuBois Gandhi GLOBALIZATION AND TERROR Al-Qaeda Cultural imperialism Dependency theory Glasnost Green Revolution Saddam Hussein Market economy Mixed economy NAFTA NGOs Perestroika Putin Tiananmen crisis WMDs World Bank WTO

KEY PICTURES AND DOCUMENTS TO KNOW Look up some of these pictures – they might show up on the AP test. (Yes, actually google them. This is the one thing that I

have not handed to you on a silver platter.) Next to each of them, I’ve explained where they’re from and what they show/represent/are about. Same with documents!

UNIT ONE: ANCIENT ERA (??-600BCE)

Potential documents: Hammurabi’s Code (Babylon; social structure) Epic of Gilgamesh (Babylon; story) Rig Veda (India; religion) Book of the Dead (Egypt; mummification) Book of Songs (China; stories)

Potential images: Ziggurats (Mesopotamia; temples, architecture) Pyramids (Egypt; tombs) Cave paintings (everywhere; art)

UNIT TWO: CLASSICAL ERA (600BCE-600CE)

Potential documents: Twelve Tables (Rome; law code) Lessons for Women (China; excerpt) Sermon on the Mount (Rome; Jesus’ speech) Code of Justinian (Byzantine; law code)

Potential images: Parthenon (Athens; architecture) Stupas (India; Buddhism) Great Wall (China; wall that is great) Terra Cotta Army (China; Shi Huangdi’s army) Aqueducts (Rome; water carriers)

UNIT THREE: POSTCLASSICAL ERA (600 – 1450) Potential documents: Edict on Buddhism (China; Buddhism) Charter of Fealty (France; Christianity) Ten Thousand and One Arabian Nights (Arabia; story) Epic of Sundiata (Mali; history) Travels in Africa and Asia (Morocco; Ibn Battuta)

Potential images: Angkor Wat (Cambodia; temples) Great Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe; fortress) Christ Pantocrator (Byzantine; painting) Alhambra (Spain under Islamic rule; palace) Notre Dame (France; cathedral)

UNIT FOUR: EARLY MODERN ERA (1450 – 1750) Potential documents: Gutenberg Bible (Germany; printing press and Protestantism) 95 Theses (Germany; Protestantism)

Potential images: School of Athens (Rome; humanism and Renaissance) St. Basil’s Cathedral (Russia; architecture) Taj Mahal (India; syncretism [Islamic and Persian], tomb) Las Castas (Mexico; social hierarchy) Versailles (France; absolutism and wealth)

UNIT FIVE: MODERN ERA (1750 – 1900) Potential documents: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France) Wealth of Nations (Scotland; capitalism) Declaration of Independence (USA) Jamaica Letter (Bolivar; for revolutions) Communist Manifesto (Germany; all life is a class struggle)

Potential images: Liberty Leading the People (French painting; French Rev) Great Wave of Kanagawa (Japan; woodblock printing art) American Progress (USA; manifest destiny) Starry Night (Netherlands; new artistic styles)

REGIONAL OUTLINE FOR WESTERN EUROPE

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present Politics

democracy (Greece), republic (Rome),

Small feudal kingdoms Decentralization Holy Roman Empire, Franks, English

Monarchies Emerging nationalism

Emerging constitutional monarchies rivalries between nations strong

Experiments with socialism, communism Swing between right and left wings

Economy

Trade within regions, sometimes trade through silk road

Manorialism Self-sufficient Some Trade

European exploration: start of mercantilism colonialism Columbian Exch.

mercantilism really took off mass production of goods global trade

Globally interconnected Capitalism Industrialized nations better

Social Class Gender

Germanic tribes Serfdom Slaves, citizen, free women inferior

Feudalism/ Chivalry Power by land owners Peasants tied to land

Hierarchical system based on race and ethnocentrism women devalued

Enlightment ideas gave women rise end of slave trade racism still exists

Feminism Attempts to end racism persecution jews, minorities meritocracy

Science Inventions

Pythagoras, created field of medicine

Gutenberg – Printing Press

Lateen Sails Scientific Revolution Navigation technology

Industrial Revolution Assembly line, mass production, technology in general

nuclear power, Internet,

Art Architecture

Domed, ideal human form, literary works, such as Epic by Homer

Gothic style Polyphonic music

Renaissance Humanism

beginning of modern art—abstract art, cubism, impressionism

New uses of concrete and glass, Movies, Cubism

Empire

Greece, Rome Holy Roman Empire England, Iberia… nation states emerge

Imperialism always expanding and colonizing

Empires broken up colonies independent, self determination

Religion

polytheism, animism Roman Catholic

Protestant reformation— Calvinism, Anglican Church, Huguenots

Protestant religions Better religious tolerance

REGIONAL OUTLINE FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics

Decentralized tribes and villages led of chiefs

Decentralized tribes and villages led of chiefs

Exploration/Colonization by mostly northern European nations (France, England, Dutch) -English colonial politics based on strong local government

Emergence of England as preeminent colonial powerAmerican Revolution = 1776 (Confederation more centralized presidential democracy) Civil War

Cold War (world = ideological battlefield b/w USSR and US) ‘Police officer/Peace negotiator of the world’

Economy

Highly localized agriculture

Even though less so economy is still rather localized agriculture

Incorporation into global trading network Beginning of Columbian Exchange (African slaves to southern plantation, etc)

1800s = Initial industrialization of textile full fledged industrialization -Tech spurred improvement of infra

Interwar Period = Great Depression (protectionism)Rebuilding after WWIIEconomic globalization

Social Class Gender

(Most likely) Patriarchal Patriarchal Now, based on European social system: patriarchal

Racism among peoples, particularly toward African Americans -Industrialization = women’s rights slowly ^

Acceleration of women’s rights (suffrage, divorce, economic rights, Feminism) Greater civil liberties (Civil Rights Movt)

Science Inventions

For the most part, behind the rest of the world (Cause: geographical location = independent invention)

Still behind for the same reasons (Some astrological technology diffused from Mesoamerica)

Huge one-way technological diffusion to Native Americans from Europeans

Tech spurred improvement in infrastructure (rail) -Industrialization = new technology

Various tech that improved econ; Military weaponry Physics (A-bomb) (Einstein), Rocketry (Space race), Computer (Internet

Art Architecture

Architecture: Crude, natural materials for basic shelter Art: If any, probably based on nature

Moundbuilders of North America (current day Mississippi area)

European based art (paintings, engravings) and architecture

American regionalism, expressionalism (Hopper, Rockwell), and abstractionism (O’Keefe, Dove, Burchefield)

Architecture = steel larger building Art New, independent form of American writing, movies, art, etc

Empire

N/A N/A European colonial empires (biggest = New England)

Expansionist domestic policy (expansion into West);Isolationist foreign policy(Hesitant to enter WWI)Spanish Am. War=the US Empire (Monroe Doctrine)

WWIWWII (expansion b/c of conflict w/ Axis)Cold War (world = ideological battlefield b/w USSR and US) ‘Police officer/Peace negotiator of the world’

Religion

Most likely, animism Animism New religion/ religious fervor (Pilgrims) / conversion (missionaries)

Christianity = prominent religion Introduction of new religions/beliefs by immigrants (Judaism)

Christianity still dominant Spread of other religions by immigrants

REGIONAL OUTLINE FOR MIDDLE EAST 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics

-city-state - controlled city and surrounding area

Caliphs -political unrest -succession -problem Islam-Theocratic Rulers- codified Islamic law

Sultan -Provincial gov’t -centralized power

-Ottoman decline -centralized, but -not around economy

-Turkish state -Sultan kicked out Ataturk- father of the Turks

Economy

Trade -great traders -agricultural

Participated in trade -Trans Sahara Trade -Silk Road/Route -Indian Ocean Trade

-Initially dominated trade (beginning) -Indian Ocean, African Coast

-Trade still go on -no longer dominant traders/master traders

WWI- join central power (lost) -“Attempted” Industrialization -Iran, Iraq- Oil supply (econ based)

Social Class Gender

-Men work (more freedom) -Women confined to home -Slavery (owned slaves) -from E.Africa

Education- more opportunities Women- married at puberty - equal before Allah

Harems established -female slaves, women had some rights Social Class: 1)Sultan 2)Gov’t Officials 3)Reg Officials 4)General people (peasants, Merchants..)

Women -stayed same, had some property rights -not really property of men -hardly any rights -devalued

Women -Even with pressure from West. Stayed same -negative effect, treatments -still had to wear the clothes to cover the whole body

Science Inventions

-Independent innovations -4000BCE Bronze, Copper -Wheel, irrigation canals -number system (from India, improved) -Navigation tools

Mathematics -Algebra, Geometry…etc Science -Objective experiment -classification -navigation: astrolabe improved -Medicine

Military Tech -canons, guns -advanced medically -Medicines -Science- navigation tools, astronomy

-Affected by western science -overtaken (no longer dominant -stayed isolated

-Fall of USSR -start accepting west influence

Art Architecture

Architecture -Ziggurats -glory of civilization

-Calligraphy, designs -Minarets -Mosques -Literature -Poetic works: Arabian Nights”

-Mosques -Minarets -Mosaics

Arts -still had Mosques -Minarets -Mosaics -styles still there, but -due to decline of empire, corruption, little time for art

Arts -still have, but not much developments improvements

Empire

Regional Kingdom -Babylonians -Acadians…etc

-Islamic -regular civil wars -1258 Mongols overran Islamic empire

Ottoman Empire -“Gunpowder Empire” -Safavid Persia

“Sick man of Europe” -decline of Ottoman Empire -Balkans -seeking independence

Young Turks -Secularization, sceiences technology -Iran vs Iraq -Turkey formed

Religion

-Polytheistic -Animistic -Many gods

Islam -Suffi’s -respect for Jews/Christians -People of the book

Islam -divided -Sunni vs. Shi’a

Islam -still the unifying force -tensions between Sunni vs. Shi’a still occur -still tolerant of other religions

Islam -more focused on religion -tried to become like before

REGIONAL OUTLINE FOR MEDITERRANEAN

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics

- Persian Empire: governors and law code

- Greece: city states (Athenian democracy)

- Roman Republic (510 - 23 BCE): Senate/Assembly

-Roman Empire (23 BCE – 576 CE): bureaucrats

Byzantine: absolute authority

Secular rulers Justianian Code

Spain: Ferdinand + Isabella (Christian North + Muslim South) = nation state

- Unification of Italy – Victor Emmanuel (1870) (helped by Revolution of 1848) - Italy before (mid 1800s): foreign controlled small kingdoms

– power of nationalism - Iberian colonies freeing

selves - Italy: Triple Alliance

WWI - Conflict in Balkans Italy changes sides for alliances – want N territories

controlled by Austria (later got some, but not all they wanted)

Interwar – Fascist Italy, Mussolini – aggression

* no absolutes!

Economy

Trade – among Med (1st controlled by Phoenicians/ Greeks), and also with Africa (Trans-Saharan) and Silk Roads (connected to China)

-necessary b/c large scale agriculture impossible

East Byzantine: trade - at crossroads - commercial,

cultural connections

- Byzantines not dominant - Iberian wave of exploration

-start off strong, later replaced by more W. Europe

- Got lots of wealth, but spent just as quickly

- N. Italian city-states rich

- N. Italy industrializes - Portuguese coastal

settlements (esp. India), and quite harsh w/ African colonies

- Italy – not really colonizing (humiliating loss to Ethiopia)

Interwar period – global econ crisis

Fascists want to protect enterprise

Economic Globalization – Italy in G-8

Social Class Gender

Classes: - citizens (adult males) - free people (no pol rights) - noncitizens, slaves

or patricians, plebians, slaves Women: inferior (marry in

teens) but role in religion

Serfdom Women: domestic

participate in trade/craft

- Women: Overall Europe some awareness of injustices

- limited opportunities

Women: some movement to equality (esp. industrialization) - also w/ indus.: changes in classes (rise of middle)

Fascists (unlike Communists) don’t want to eliminate private property, class distinctions

Women: roles changed during war - suffrage

Science Inventions

Medicine Astronomy (Ptolemy) Engineering (Roman roads,

aqueducts) Philosophy *slavery – applied sci behind

Printing press – Gutenberg (1436): increased impact of new ideas

1252: Gunpowder to Europe -Muslims in Spain maintained

Greek/Roman learning

- (Muslims) Preserved past – added to math and science - Navigational tech - Scientific Revolution

Many associated w/ Industrial Revolution

Mussolini – attempts to modernize Italy (brought medicine/tech to backward parts)

Art/Architecture

Classical – pillars, arches - realistic human statues - literature (Homer) Rome borrowed from G

-Greek Orthodox Church:

Blend of Greek & Roman elements

Domes Icons Cathedrals –

Romanesque, Gothic

- Exploration/colonization ensured spread of culture

- Renaissance (esp. Italy) - Humanism

Artists experimented with new styles

New literary trends (Romanticism, realism)

Media used for propaganda (e.g. for war) – Advertisements More new styles (cubism)

Empire

Alexander the Great Collapse of Roman

-split into east and west - internal/external factors

East Roman Byzantine (Justianian reconquest of N. Africa, Italy, Spain coast)

- Byzantine - 800 CE Holy Roman Empire starts in West

- Greece/Rome essentially forgotten

- Weakening of Byzantine

Splitting into different countries (e.g. new nation of Italy)

Greece, Egypt launch independence movements

Eastern Question – decline of Ottoman

Spanish Civil War (training ground for new weapons) – not so directly involved in WW

No longer a unifying empire, but separate countries

– hard to make generalizations

Religion

Originally polytheistic - Constantine: Edict of Milan

(313 CE) legal status to Christianity

Byzantine = Greek Orthodox Church

West = Roman Catholic Church

(1054 Great Schism)

Spain –ties w/ Catholic church Spanish Inquisition for heretics Protestant Reformation/ Catholic Reformation

Mostly continuities – e.g. Scientific Rev. challenged aspects of Roman Catholicism, but people learned to be both

Now most of the area = Roman Catholic, but some Eastern Churches (Orthodox, etc), some Sunni Muslim

REGIONAL OUTLINE FOR LATIN AMERICA 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450

CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics

- The leaders are related to divinity (priests)

- Hierarchal system

- Arrival of Cortes (1518) - Annihilates existing political system - Codified laws

- Colonization - Implement own government

(Europeans immigrate) - Religion (Catholic) plays a strong

influence in gov’t

- Decolonization - Majority rules - Series of juntas/dictatorships

Economy

- Little trade - Internally based - Mostly agriculture - Large marketplaces

- Cortes – trading - Encomiendas - Haciendas - Trade of crops - Brought beasts of burden

improved agriculture

- improved technology - dependent - Europe sucks natural

resources/profits - monoculture

- Europe cannot maintain - Monoculture - Difficulty industrializing - Heavily dependent on natural

resources (Venezuela)

Social Class Gender

- priests rules - hierarchal - patriarchal (though

women appreciated)

- more hierarchal (by race) - depreciation of women (European

influence)

- Continued hierarchy - New castes created (creoles,

mestizos )

- Society opens up - More egalitarian - Some meritocracy - Existing racism

Science Inventions

- Calendar - No wheels - Road system - Chinampas

- medical advances (longer life span) - Wheel brought in (levers, pulleys) - Brought in writing system (for Incan

empire)

- primitive anesthesia - tools for probing, incision, organ

extraction - blood letting - transfer of European

inventions/influenced

- innovation continued - beginning industrialization - extracting natural resources - science/inventions gotten

through trade

Art Architecture

- Ziggurats - Religion-based

- Western/religion (Christian based) art - Mix of original Spanish and Western art

- Combination of European, indigenous, and Christian arts.

Empire

- Aztecs - Incas - Mayans - Toltecs, etc.

- decimated (guns, germs, steel) - Iberian rule

- Spanish/Portuguese empire - Treaty of Tordesillas (1949) - Portuguese King moves to Brazil - Some French influence

- split into many countries - General Boliva: legacy of anti

American, influenced many countries

- No strong institutions due to dependency

Religion

- Animism - Polytheism - Worship of nature, etc.

- West considered Gods - Lose belief in previous Gods - West brought Christianity - Influenced (little syncretism:

superstitions created)

- Christianity heavily encouraged

- Atheism agnostics increased - Legacy of Catholicism - Society more free to choose

religion

REGIONAL OUTLINE FOR EASTERN EUROPE

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present Politics

Religion based Hierarchal system

Delegation of responsibility Bureaucratic codification

6th century Justinian rule – restore Rome

Mongol invasion 1237-1241

- Russia divided into small kingdoms Tartars control

- left day to day control to locals

Ivan III/IV - Free from Mongols – 1480

Empire expanded eastward Russia – centralization of

authority Peter the Great – St.

Petersburg as capital Parliamentary government

Secret police First Russian navy

Russia – tsar continued to be all powerful

Prussia – remained militaristic and authoritarian

Duma created, but no real power

Local rulers – zemstvoes regulate roads, schools

Military officers based on meritocracy

Tsarist regime falls apart Army in full retreat

USSR formed – collapses following cold war

Soviet troops occupy all of eastern Europe

Gorbachev tries to reform frees E. European nations

updated authoritarian structure in reality

Economy

Byzantine empire Most important

western terminal of the Silk Road

Constantinople located on

important trade routs

Trade lapsed under Tartars

North-south commerce never returned

Moscow – trade, tribute collector

Most part, remained agricultural

Trades with nomadic people

Key economy bound to agriculture

Devalued merchant class Limited commercial

exchange Systemized tax system Metallurgy and mining

Economics funded military

Backward position in trade Exported some grain to W.

Europe Trade deficit lessened by

increasing serf output, not improving industry

- realizes the need to industrialize

But sill doesn’t want to be materialistic

COMECON Economies nationalized

Collectivization under state planned control

Soviet welfare system Focus on heavy industry

Lenin’s New economic policy Russia-five year plan

Social Class Gender

Serfdom began in Middle Age Original sin

devalues women

Influx of jews Monogamy replaced

polygamy Fairly free farmers

Boyars-aristocrats-less political power

Feudalism Peter the Great encourages

serfdom Women and nobles forced to

dress in western fashions Men shaved beards – denial

of Mongol tradition Power to upper class

women

Emancipating serfs 1861 -but most indebted, life doesn’t

improve Increased literacy

Some upper class women have access to new careers Pogroms against Jews

Muslim population growth Lenin’s New Economic Policy

gave freedom to small businesses, peasant landowners

– more power Education started to spread –

literacy

Science Inventions

Focus on Serfs-cheap labor force impeded invention or

new scientific ideas John Desarguliers builds

first steam engine outside England

Western machinery imported Outdated agricultural methods

– hard to compete Mendel and some peas, Pavlov

and his dog

Cold War – Arms race, space race Scientists highly respected

Research heavily funded Direction/research determined by government – want applied

science Art

Architecture

Hagia Sophia Mosaic

Religion based

Ornate churches Icons, illuminated

manuscripts Religious art vs. local

music, street performers & theater

Not part of Renaissance due to illiterate Mongols

Architecture of city done by serfs

Romanov Policy - Italian artists/architects to work on churches/palaces

Beginning of some arts flourish -Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky,

Tchaikivsky Nationalist pride through

dictionaries, histories, folktales, music

Art-attacked western style Classical arts

Literature walked line of angering government – still

discussed patriotism/Russian

REGIONAL OULINE FOR CHINA/EAST ASIA

Empire

Byzantine Empire Kievan Rus could not replicate

Byzantine Kievan decline – rival

princes set up regional governments

Rapid decline of Byzantium

Connection to Byzantine Empire

- married niece of emperor Expansion – fought Ottoman

Empire Fall of Byzantine Empire

(1453)

Religion

Animist – gods of sun, thunder, wind

and fire

Vladimir I convert to Christianity

forced conversion Splendor of Orthodox religious ceremonies

Religion allowed to have vernacular languages

Orthodox Christianity moved to Moscow

Romanov family – state control over Russian

Orthodox Church

Russification – all Russians had to convert to Orthodoxy

Soviet schools taught religion as myth under Stalin

No church service to under 18

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present Politics

Dynasties with emperors- mandate of heaven Start of bureaucracy/meritocracy

Japan borrowed from China Increased bureaucracy Tributary system Constant threat from North Prince Shotoku then daimyos

Fall of Ming from internal/external - Manchu Japan: Warring States Period to Tokogawa Shogunate Centralized rule

Abdication of Qing, unification of China Fight for control with Mao Japan: abolishes feudalism, Civil code, regional govs Nationalism = huge force

Decolonization from Europe Nominally democratic Tensions- China and West USSR/China split Birth of Chinese Republic Japan: parliamentary capitalism

Economy

Lots of money flowing in from Silk Roads Otherwise agricultural

Paper money Credit or “flying money” High taxes cause peasant revolts Serfs bound to land

China: trade with Europeans in Qing Japan: manufacturing, merchant class get wealth and power , urbanization, population growth

Provide labor for plantations/mines Meiji Restoration- quickly industrialized in Japan

Modernization of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea Post- industrial/high-tech Less affected by global depression Need natural resources

Social Class Gender

Patriarchal Confucian principles Women only power in court Scholars/officials military artisans Few live in cities

Code of Bushido- chivalry Women lost freedom in Japan

Foreigners allowed in China Manchus higher than Chinese Japan: hierarchy becomes unbreakable, samurai at top lower class women more free – upper obey or die

Rigid Tokogawa hierarchy ended Middle class grows power Lower classes- horrible conditions, taxed a lot

Slow to embrace/tolerate diversity and individualism High degree/variety social services Rise of feminism- suffrage Women went worked WWII Foot binding outlawed

Science Inventions

Iron Age Modernized army Paper, accurate sundials/calendars, agriculture improvements (plow)

Gunpowder for military Boasts = junks Navigation/block printing Iron production Agriculture technique population cities

Gunpowder more prevalent Globalization of trade

British introduced opium to China Westernization of Japan - steamships/railroads Communication revolution

Atomic bombs Nuclear weaponry Militarism in Japan Computer, internet, biotechnology and genetic science

Art Architectu

re

Brush painting Palaces

Infrastructure (roads, inns, postal stations) Japan: haiku, pencil sketches, ink sketches, Noh drama, tea ceremony

Japan: kabuki theatre replaces restrained drama, Woodblock prints = art form, borrowed Korean ceramics and western oil painting

Artistic styles change more rapidly and radically than ever before

Theme for lit- resisting US New style= cubism Movie industry Use of concrete and glass New skepticism

Empire

Collapse of empires in China from internal problems – economic depression, natural catastrophe, social unrest

Mongol empires – conquer China, but fail in Japan replaced by Ottoman Turks and Ju Yuanzahng of Ming dynasty

Japan empire centralized Fall of the Manchu empire Interaction with west = China – relatively isolated, Japan- periods of isolation and acceptance

The fall of China – opium wars, internal rebellions, external lasses, Boxer Rebellion Japanese imperialism- Taiwan, Korea, Russia

Japan- WWII- invades Manchuria, China, Siberia – taking over Southeast Asia, Bomb Pearl Harbor – brings US into war atomic bomb US occupies Japan

Religion

Polytheism, animism ancestor worship Confucianism, Legalism Daoism, also spread of Buddhism from India

Buddhist missionaries Shinto religion Influenced by monotheistic religions Neo- Confucian thought

New sects of Buddhism from China to Japan Neo- Confucianism increase (ethnocentric, historicism, rationalism)

Scientific/secular world becomes dominant

Religious fundamentalism Western appreciation for science spread

REGIONAL OUTLINE FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics

Pharaoh/queen (living incarnation of sun god), internal disorder, invasions (900 BCE), irrigation

Kingship legitimized by Islam, ‘People of The Book’, Bantu (stateless societies)

leaders cooperated with slave traders; monarchy

Re-colonization of Africa; Sierra Leone, Liberia ; coastal kingdoms ruled by warlords/merchants; intertribal war; Revolutions; White Man’s Burden

Decolonization of Africa; attempt at representative government; involved in WWII; renewed independence efforts civil war, government corruption; socialism

Economy

Trade with Kush and Mesopotamia, agricultural villages engaged in trade.

Trade, with Islam as unifying factor, trans-Saharan trade routes; Ghana (gold), Mali; gold, salt, honey, slaves, ivory, imports, trade with Byzantine Empire, agriculture

Triangular Trade/ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade; guns traded for slaves; slave trade with Mediterranean world

End of Atlantic Slave Trade Islamic states of West Africa still trade slaves; rely on slave trade more; economic slump

Globalized economies; mercantilism in former colonies; poverty stricken countries; international debt

Social Class Gender

Patriarchal, but women manage household, own property, regents of rulers, priestesses, scribes, can divorce, high priest class

Merchants valued; patriarchal society, rich women more restricted; Islamic law, ‘People of the Book’, religious tolerance, class centered around age group

Demographic shifts; more males in the slave trade than females (females traded more in the East coast); depopulated

Rapid population growth Spanish Flu (global epidemic); clear black majority making decolonization easier (apartheid in South Africa)

Science inventions

Hieroglyphics, bronze tools, papyrus, 365 day calendar, medicine, math, astronomy, iron

Hellenistic thought, science/math

manioc, maize, sweet potatoes (from America); technology suffered due to slave trade

Industrialization; guns, textiles, alcohol (importance of foreign imports); Enlightenment

Slow technological development due to colonization, mercantilism, internal instability; miners; no money for industrial goods after WWI; oil (Nigeria)

Art Architecture

Pyramids, temples, hieroglyphics

Linguistic, architectural, artistic version of Christianity; calligraphy, Mosques, minarets

Islamic art/architecture, paper making; arts suffered due to slave trade

Christian/ Islamic arts ; literary/ artistic forms of the west

Western artistic forms, religious art, native art (export)

Empire

Geography—protected, unique civilization, not as urban as Mesopotamia, Nile river

Islamic urban center, Bantu Migrations, trade centers, Trans-Saharan trade route

Part of Triangular Trade (with Europe and America); beginnings of European exploration ; Kongo, Benin, Mali, Songhay

Open to foreign takeover due to economic slump; colonized by Europe

Decolonization new sovereign nations

Religion

Polytheism , afterlife (mummification), Book of the Dead

Islam , Christianity in Ethiopia and Egypt, animistic, syncretism,

Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worshipsyncretism

Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worshipsyncretism

Islam, Christianity, animism, atheists