Ancient EgyptMs. Orville

Afterlife- an existence after death Artisan- a person skilled in crafts such as carving or tool

making Cataract- a large waterfall or rapids Delta- a triangular or fan-shaped piece of land made by

deposits of mud and sand at the mouth of a river Dynasty- a line of rulers from the same family or the period

during which they rule Economy- related to activities such as the production of

goods and services in a particular region Hieroglyphics- ancient Egyptian written language Mummy- the body of a person that was preserved after

death Silt- a deposit of rich soil, sand, and mud along a river Nilometer- staircase, or a simple stone/other surface, to

record the height of the Nile flood

Vocabulary

Youtube-

Nilometers

Natural Resources

Mines

Egyptian Scribe

BK IZPV XNV LMMNB VWK DMNDH LXT VWK DLMKXTLJ VN SMRXT ZP VN VWK ULDV VWLV KLDW INIKXV NU MRUK RP L IRJLDMK LXT IQPVKJQ.

-- W. A. BHIIP

NDO: Translate the ancient code into W English!

Agua ם' מ

http://www.discoveringegypt.com/hieroglyphic-typewriter.html

Translating the Rosetta Stone

B=WA=GK=E

Clues to solve the puzzle

Pharaohs: Egyptian Kings had absolute power◦Whatever they decided became law◦Were religious leaders and considers

to be gods

31 Dynasties from 3100-322 BCEDynasty- a series of rulers from the

same family or ethnic group

Ancient Egyptian Rulers

Social ‘pyramid’

Ancient Egyptian Culture• The Egyptian social order resembled a pyramid with the pharaoh

at the top• The peasants (largest class) at the bottom

• A person could rise to a higher class (social mobility)• Slaves- prisoners of war

• Considered property more than human• Egyptian women had many rights: could own property, run

businesses, enter into legal contracts

Science and Medicine Egyptians studied

the stars and practiced medicine◦ Astronomers-

scientists who study the stars and other objects in the sky

◦ Medicine: used herbalism- practice of creating medicines from plants

Pharaoh’s Tombs◦ Pharaohs began the long, difficult process of building

their tombs as soon as they came to power◦ Pyramid- huge buildings with four sloping triangle-

shaped sides◦ Giza- location of important pyramids ◦ Could take 20 years to build by slaves and other

workers

◦ http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=building+the+pyramids+of+ancient+egypt&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=060FBF1F9076037813DD060FBF1F9076037813DD

Pyramids

Khufu Giza

Early Pyramids

Step pyramid Mastaba (eternal house)

Great Pyramid

Tomb for Khufu an almost perfect square

(deviation .05%) Orientation is exactly

North, South, East West 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft

high 20 years to build Average block weighs 2.5

tons◦ Some weighed 9 tons!

Monuments

Washington Monument, Washington D.C.

Eiffel tower: Paris, France

Pearl Harbor Memorial

Tears of the Arizona

Middle Kingdom◦ Egypt reunited◦ Pharaohs used Egypt’s wealth on public works,

instead of wars

New Kingdom Pharaohs built large armies, which made the Egyptians

nearly unbeatable Ramses I-XII rule Egypt It is during this time that Moses leads Jews out of Egypt

The Kingdoms

Pharaoh

Pharaoh was believed by the Egyptians to be the supreme ruler chosen by the gods to lead his people. They believed that when a man became a pharaoh, he also became a god. To keep the bloodline of the gods pure, pharaohs often married their sisters, mothers, and cousins.

Ancient Egypt prospered during three major time periods (kingdoms)◦Old Kingdom Menes united Upper and Lower

Egypt: well run government Traded with Nubia for timber At the end of the Old Kingdom

Egypt’s unity crumbled and the dynasties grew weak

Rulers

Menes◦ Legendary founder of the first Egyptian dynasty◦ unified Upper and Lower Egypt◦ Founded capital of Memphis

King Tut (Tutankhamun)◦ Became ruler when he was a child and died at around age

18

◦ His tomb was

discovered in 1922

completely intact

◦ Buried with

many possessions

Famous Ancient Egyptian Rulers

King Tut’s tomb

Thutmose III One of the greatest pharaohs Expanded empire to include

Syria and Nubia Treated defeated people well Tomb was in the valley of the

kings

Ancient Egyptian Rulers

Hatshepsut: only woman Pharaoh

Hatshepsut- Pharaoh Queen◦ Regent- someone who rules for

a child until the child is old enough to rule

◦ was regent for Tuhtmose III -> proclaimed herself as pharaoh

◦ Achieved economic success [trade]

◦ Built many temples

Cleopatra

“Queen of Egypt” Last Macedonian to

rule Egypt Official end to the

New Kingdom

Religion

Osiris

Egyptian Gods and Goddesses◦ Deeply religious and

polytheistic believed in many gods and goddesses

Believed that their gods controlled life, death, and all of nature◦Amon-Re :chief god of

creation◦Osiris: god of afterlife

Burial rituals

Egyptians carefully prepared their dead for afterlife- to ensure immortality ◦ Mummy- preserved body of a dead person

Believed the soul would leave the mummy but return to it to receive food

Mummification- expensive and took 2-3 months ◦ Organs removed

Put into jars◦ Decorated coffins

Not known when it started in Egypt Perfected by time of New Kingdom

Belief in Afterlife

1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards .

How to make a mummy: 70 steps

Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of brain, stomach, intestines and liver

Funerary Gifts

model boat Gift bearers

Ancient Gods & Goddesses

Gods & Goddesses

Isis

Powerful goddess She used powerful magic spells to help people in need

Isis was the wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus.

Gods

Horus

Horus: god of balance and harmony

Animal symbol: hawk

maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil.

Amun/Re Anubis Sun god Most powerful god in Egypt

Animal symbol: Ram

Wears crown with two plumes

god of embalming the dead (mummification process)

Watched over the dead

Animal symbol: jackal