mtpi - trsp

INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATIONSCIENTIFICSCIENTIFIC

the process of finding solution to a problem after a thorough study & analysis of the situational factors.the process of finding solution to a problem after a thorough study & analysis of the situational factors.

RESEARCHRESEARCH

a systematic & organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting, that needs solution or organized, systematic, databased, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.

a systematic & organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting, that needs solution or organized, systematic, databased, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

Research provides needed information that guides managers to make decisions to deal successfully with problems. Information resulted from data gathered first hand (primer) or data already available (secondary), can be quantitative (gathered through structured question) and qualitative data(generated from broad answers).

Research provides needed information that guides managers to make decisions to deal successfully with problems. Information resulted from data gathered first hand (primer) or data already available (secondary), can be quantitative (gathered through structured question) and qualitative data(generated from broad answers).

1

BUSINESSRESEARCHBUSINESSRESEARCH


Business research usually conducted to resolve problematic issues in or interrelated function areas of business such as marketing (consumer behaviour, market orientation, customer satisfaction, new product development positioning), finance (financial ratio, taxation method), management ( impact of changing demographics on management practices, strategy formulation)

Business research usually conducted to resolve problematic issues in or interrelated function areas of business such as marketing (consumer behaviour, market orientation, customer satisfaction, new product development positioning), finance (financial ratio, taxation method), management ( impact of changing demographics on management practices, strategy formulation)

2



TYPE of BUSINESS RESEARCH

TYPE of BUSINESS RESEARCH

Applied Research :Applied Research :

applying the results findings to solve specific problems currently being experienced in the organization

applying the results findings to solve specific problems currently being experienced in the organization

done to enhance understanding of certain problems that commonly occur in the organi-zational setting & seek methods of solving them

done to enhance understanding of certain problems that commonly occur in the organi-zational setting & seek methods of solving them

Basic Research : Basic Research :

3



Applied Research :Applied Research :

Basic Research : Basic Research :

to solve a current problem faced by managerin the work setting, demanding timely solution

to solve a current problem faced by managerin the work setting, demanding timely solution

to generate the body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in the organization can be solved

to generate the body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in the organization can be solved

4


PURPOSE ofPURPOSE of


Identify & effectively solve minor problems in the work setting Identify & effectively solve minor problems in the work setting Know how to discriminate good from bad research Know how to discriminate good from bad research

Take calculated risks in decision making, knowing full well the probabilities attached to the different possible outcomes Take calculated risks in decision making, knowing full well the probabilities attached to the different possible outcomes

Relate to hired researchers & consultants more effectively Relate to hired researchers & consultants more effectively Combine experience with scientific knowledge while decisions Combine experience with scientific knowledge while decisions

Knowleadgeable about research helps manager to : Knowleadgeable about research helps manager to :

Appreciate & be aware of the multiple influences & multiple effectsof factors impinging on a situation

Appreciate & be aware of the multiple influences & multiple effectsof factors impinging on a situation

Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their influence in a situation Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their influence in a situation

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PurposivenessPurposiveness

Rigor Rigor

ReplicabilityReplicability

Objectivity Objectivity

GeneralizabilityGeneralizability

Characteristics of scientific research Characteristics of scientific research

TestabilityTestability

Precision & Confidence Precision & Confidence

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ParsimonyParsimony



The Building Blocks of ScienceThe Building Blocks of Science

ObservationObservation

Identificationof Problem

Area

Identificationof Problem

Area Theoretical Frameworkof Network

Associations

Theoretical Frameworkof Network

Associations

HypothesesHypotheses

Constructs Concepts

Operational Defenition

Constructs Concepts

Operational Defenition

Research Design

Research Design

Data Collection

Data Collection

Analysis of DataAnalysis of Data

Interpretation

of Data

Interpretation

of Data

Refinement of Theory (pure research)

orImplementation

(applied research)

Refinement of Theory (pure research)

orImplementation

(applied research)


DEDUCTION is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logically generalizing from a known fact

DEDUCTION is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logically generalizing from a known fact

INDUCTION is a process where we observe certain phenomena and on this basis arrive at conclusion. In induction we logically establish a general proposition based on observed facts

INDUCTION is a process where we observe certain phenomena and on this basis arrive at conclusion. In induction we logically establish a general proposition based on observed facts

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Observation Observation

Theory formulation Theory formulation

Further scientific data collection Further scientific data collection Data analysisData analysis

Seven steps involved in the hypothetico-deductive method of research :Seven steps involved in the hypothetico-deductive method of research :

Preliminary information gathering Preliminary information gathering

HypothesizingHypothesizing

DeductionDeduction

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PROCESSPROCESSRESEARCHRESEARCH

( STEP 1 - 3 )( STEP 1 - 3 )


RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

1OBSEVATION

Broad area of researchInterest identified

1OBSEVATION

Broad area of researchInterest identified

2PRELIMINARY

DATA GATHERING Interviewing

Literature Survey

2PRELIMINARY

DATA GATHERING Interviewing

Literature Survey

3PROBLEM

DEFENITION Research Problem

Defineated

3PROBLEM

DEFENITION Research Problem

Defineated

4THEORETICALFRAMEWORK

Variables ClearlyIdentified &

Labeled

4THEORETICALFRAMEWORK

Variables ClearlyIdentified &

Labeled

5GENERATION

ofHYPOTHESES

5GENERATION

ofHYPOTHESES

6SCIENTIFICRESEARCH

DESIGN

6SCIENTIFICRESEARCH

DESIGN

7DATA COLLECTION

ANALYSIS, &INTERPRETATION

7DATA COLLECTION

ANALYSIS, &INTERPRETATION

NONO YESYES

10REPORT

PRESENTATION

10REPORT

PRESENTATION

11MANAGERIAL

DECISION MAKING

11MANAGERIAL

DECISION MAKING

9REPORTWRITING

9REPORTWRITING

8DEDUCTIONHypotheses

Substantiated ?Research Question

Answered ?

8DEDUCTIONHypotheses

Substantiated ?Research Question

Answered ?

The RESEARCH PROCESS BASIC & APPLIED RESESEARCHThe RESEARCH PROCESS BASIC & APPLIED RESESEARCH

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN9

PROCESSPROCESS

Developing conceptual frame workHypotheses

Developing conceptual frame workHypotheses

DESIGNDESIGN

LocationSampleCollect DataAnalyze Data

LocationSampleCollect DataAnalyze Data

WRITE REPORTWRITE

REPORT

MAKES PRESENTATIO

N

MAKES PRESENTATIO

N

SOLVING PROBLEMSOLVING PROBLEM

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY in HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY in HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE



ENTIRE SITUATION WHERE ONE SEES A POSSIBLE NEED FOR RESEARCH & PROBLEM SOLVING

ENTIRE SITUATION WHERE ONE SEES A POSSIBLE NEED FOR RESEARCH & PROBLEM SOLVING

BROAD PROBLEM AREA

BROAD PROBLEM AREA

THE SPECIFIC ISSUES NEED TO BE RESEARCHED : THE SPECIFIC ISSUES NEED TO BE RESEARCHED :

PROBLEMS CURRENTLY EXISTING IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING THAT NEED TO BE SOLVED;AREAS IN THE ORGANIZATION THAT A MANAGER BELIEVES NEED TO BE IMPROVED;A CONCEPTUAL OR THEORETICAL ISSUE THAT NEEDS TO BE TIGHTENED UP FOR THE BASIC RESEARCHER TO UNDERSTAND CERTAIN PHENOMENA;SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS THAT A BASIC RESEARCHER WANTS TO ANSWER EMPIRICALLY

PROBLEMS CURRENTLY EXISTING IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING THAT NEED TO BE SOLVED;AREAS IN THE ORGANIZATION THAT A MANAGER BELIEVES NEED TO BE IMPROVED;A CONCEPTUAL OR THEORETICAL ISSUE THAT NEEDS TO BE TIGHTENED UP FOR THE BASIC RESEARCHER TO UNDERSTAND CERTAIN PHENOMENA;SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS THAT A BASIC RESEARCHER WANTS TO ANSWER EMPIRICALLY



NATURE of PRLIMINARY DATA TO BE COLLECTED NATURE of PRLIMINARY DATA TO BE COLLECTED

Background information of the organizationBackground information of the organizationManagerial philosophy, company policies, & other structural aspects

Managerial philosophy, company policies, & other structural aspectsPerceptions, attitudes, & behavioral responses of organizational member & client systems

Perceptions, attitudes, & behavioral responses of organizational member & client systems



Background information of the organization

Background information of the organization

Origin & history of the companyOrigin & history of the companySize in terms of employees & assetsSize in terms of employees & assets

Purpose & ideologyPurpose & ideology

LocationLocation

ResourcesResources

Interdependent relationships with other institutions & the external environment

Interdependent relationships with other institutions & the external environment

Financial positionFinancial position



Managerial philosophy, company policies, & other structural aspects

Managerial philosophy, company policies, & other structural aspects

Roles, position, number of employeeRoles, position, number of employeeExtent of specializationExtent of specializationCommunication channelsCommunication channelsControl systemsControl systems

Coordination & span of controlCoordination & span of control

Reward systemsReward systems

Workflow systems & the likeWorkflow systems & the like





Nature of the workNature of the work

Workflow interdependenciesWorkflow interdependenciesSuperiors in the organizationSuperiors in the organization

Participation in decision makingParticipation in decision makingClient systemsClient systems

CoworkersCoworkers



the documentation of a comprehensive reviewof the published & unpublished work from secondary sources of data.

the documentation of a comprehensive reviewof the published & unpublished work from secondary sources of data.

LITERATURE SURVEY is :LITERATURE SURVEY is :

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to ensure that no important variable is ignored that has in the past been found to have had an impact on the problem.

to ensure that no important variable is ignored that has in the past been found to have had an impact on the problem.

The PURPOSE is :The PURPOSE is :



A GOOD LITERATURE SURVEY ENSURES THAT :A GOOD LITERATURE SURVEY ENSURES THAT :

Important variables are not left outImportant variables are not left out

A clearer idea emerges thus helps the development of the theoretical framework & hypotheses

A clearer idea emerges thus helps the development of the theoretical framework & hypothesesTestability & replicability are enhancedTestability & replicability are enhanced

The problem statement can be made with precision & clarityThe problem statement can be made with precision & clarity

One does not run wasting efforts on trying to rediscover something that is already knownOne does not run wasting efforts on trying to rediscover something that is already known

The problem investigated is perceived by the scientific community as relevant & significant The problem investigated is perceived by the scientific community as relevant & significant



STEP IN CONDUCTING LITERATURE SURVEY :STEP IN CONDUCTING LITERATURE SURVEY :

Identifying various published & unpublished materials on the topic of interest & gaining access to these.Identifying various published & unpublished materials on the topic of interest & gaining access to these.

Gathering relevant informationGathering relevant information

Writing up the literature reviewWriting up the literature review

THREE FORMS of DATABASES in REVIEW the LITERATURE :THREE FORMS of DATABASES in REVIEW the LITERATURE :

Bibliographic databasesBibliographic databasesAbstract databasesAbstract databases

Full-text databasesFull-text databases



ANY SITUATION WHERE A GAP EXISTS BETWEEN THE ACTUAL & THE DESIRED IDEAL STATES

ANY SITUATION WHERE A GAP EXISTS BETWEEN THE ACTUAL & THE DESIRED IDEAL STATES

PROBLEM PROBLEM

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

Low productivityLow productivity

PROBLEMPROBLEM Low morale & motivation of employees who feel the are not being recognized as valuable contributors to the system & get no “praise” for the good work that they do

Low morale & motivation of employees who feel the are not being recognized as valuable contributors to the system & get no “praise” for the good work that they do

Example :Example :



A CLEAR, PRECISE, & SUCCINCT STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION OR ISSUE THAT IS TO BE INVESTIGATED WITH THE GOAL OF FINDING AN ANSWER OR SOLUTION

A CLEAR, PRECISE, & SUCCINCT STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION OR ISSUE THAT IS TO BE INVESTIGATED WITH THE GOAL OF FINDING AN ANSWER OR SOLUTION

PROBLEMDEFINITION PROBLEMDEFINITION

IMPORTANT to :IMPORTANT to :

UNDERSTAND ANTECEDENTS – PROBLEM – CONSECQUENCES SEQUENCEUNDERSTAND ANTECEDENTS – PROBLEM – CONSECQUENCES SEQUENCE

TO INFORM ALL EMPLOYEES WHO WILL BE INTEVIEWED OF THE PROPOSED STUDYTO INFORM ALL EMPLOYEES WHO WILL BE INTEVIEWED OF THE PROPOSED STUDY


PROCESSPROCESSRESEARCHRESEARCH

( STEP 4 - 5 )( STEP 4 - 5 )


A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HOW ONE THEORIZES OR MAKES LOGICAL SENSE OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SEVERAL FACTORS THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT TO THE PROBLEM

A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HOW ONE THEORIZES OR MAKES LOGICAL SENSE OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SEVERAL FACTORS THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT TO THE PROBLEM

CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK

Testable hypotheses can be developTestable hypotheses can be developExamining the problem under investigationExamining the problem under investigation

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IS ANYTHING THAT CAN TAKE ON DIFFERINGOR VARYING VALUES

IS ANYTHING THAT CAN TAKE ON DIFFERINGOR VARYING VALUES

VARIABLEVARIABLE

Dependent variableDependent variableIndependent variableIndependent variable

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Main types of variables : Main types of variables :

Moderating variableModerating variableIntervening variableIntervening variable



VARIABLE OF PRIMARY INTEREST TO THE RESEARCHERVARIABLE OF PRIMARY INTEREST TO THE RESEARCHER

DEPENDENTVARIABLEDEPENDENTVARIABLE

Customer satisfactionCustomer satisfactionSalesSales

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Examples : Examples :



ONE THAT INFLUENCES THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IN EITHER A POSITIVE OR A NEGATIVE WAY

ONE THAT INFLUENCES THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IN EITHER A POSITIVE OR A NEGATIVE WAY

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

PricePricePromotionPromotion

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DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENTHE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE


NEW PRODUCT SUCCESS

NEW PRODUCT SUCCESS

STOCK MARKETPRICE

STOCK MARKETPRICE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

NUMBER OFBOOKS

NUMBER OFBOOKS

READINGABILITIESREADINGABILITIES


ONE THAT HAS A STRONG CONTINGENT EFFECT ON THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – DEPENDENT VARIABLE RELATIONSHIP.THE PRESENCE OF A THIRD VARIABLE MODIFIES THE ORIGINAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT & THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES

ONE THAT HAS A STRONG CONTINGENT EFFECT ON THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – DEPENDENT VARIABLE RELATIONSHIP.THE PRESENCE OF A THIRD VARIABLE MODIFIES THE ORIGINAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT & THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES

MODERATINGVARIABLEMODERATINGVARIABLE

PARENT’S LITERACY MODIFIES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUMBER OF BOOKS & READING ABILITIES OF FIVEYEARS OLD CHILDREN

PARENT’S LITERACY MODIFIES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUMBER OF BOOKS & READING ABILITIES OF FIVEYEARS OLD CHILDREN

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as MODERATED BY THE MODERATING VARIABLE


as MODERATED BY THE MODERATING VARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

NUMBER OFBOOKS

NUMBER OFBOOKS

READINGABILITIESREADINGABILITIES

PARENT’SLITERACYPARENT’SLITERACY

MODERATINGVARIABLE

MODERATINGVARIABLE



ILUSTRATION of the INFLUENCE of INDEPENDENT VARIABLESON the DEPENDENT VARIABLE WHEN NO MODERATING VARIABLE

OPERATES IN the SITUATION

ILUSTRATION of the INFLUENCE of INDEPENDENT VARIABLESON the DEPENDENT VARIABLE WHEN NO MODERATING VARIABLE

OPERATES IN the SITUATION

WIL

LIG

NE

SS

TO

LE

AR

N

TRAINING PROGRAMS

GROWTH NEEDS



ILUSTRATION of the INFLUENCE of AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLESON the DEPENDENT VARIABLE WHEN A MODERATING VARIABLE

IS OPERATING IN the SITUATION

ILUSTRATION of the INFLUENCE of AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLESON the DEPENDENT VARIABLE WHEN A MODERATING VARIABLE

IS OPERATING IN the SITUATION

WIL

LIG

NE

SS

TO

LE

AR

N

TRAINING PROGRAMS

EFFECTS FOR THOSEHIGH IN GROWTH NEEDS

EFFECTS FOR THOSELOW IN GROWTH NEEDS


ONE THAT SURFACES BETWEEN THE TIME THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OPERATE TO INFLUENCE THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE & THEIR IMPAC ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES

ONE THAT SURFACES BETWEEN THE TIME THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OPERATE TO INFLUENCE THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE & THEIR IMPAC ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES

INTERVENINGVARIABLEINTERVENINGVARIABLE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WORKFORCE DIVERSITYINFLUENCED THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS, AN INTERVENING VARIABLE THAT SURFACES AS A FUNCTION OF THE DIVERSITY IN THE WORKFORCE IS CREATIVE SYNERGY

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WORKFORCE DIVERSITYINFLUENCED THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS, AN INTERVENING VARIABLE THAT SURFACES AS A FUNCTION OF THE DIVERSITY IN THE WORKFORCE IS CREATIVE SYNERGY

25





DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONGTHE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, INTERVENING, and DEPENDENT VARIABLE

DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONGTHE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, INTERVENING, and DEPENDENT VARIABLE

WORKFORCE DIVERSITY

WORKFORCE DIVERSITY

ORGANIZATIONALEFFECTIVENESS


INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

CREATIVESYNERGYCREATIVESYNERGY

INTERVENINGVARIABLE

INTERVENINGVARIABLE

TIME :TIME :

t 1t 1 t 2t 2 t 3t 3



DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THREE VARIABLESWORKFORCE DIVERSITY, ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS ,

AND MANAGERIAL EXPERTISE

DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THREE VARIABLESWORKFORCE DIVERSITY, ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS ,

AND MANAGERIAL EXPERTISE

WORKFORCE DIVERSITY

WORKFORCE DIVERSITY



INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

MANAGERIALEXPERTISE

MANAGERIALEXPERTISE

MODERATINGVARIABLE

MODERATINGVARIABLE



DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONGTHE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, INTERVENING, MODERATING,

and DEPENDENT VARIABLE

DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONGTHE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, INTERVENING, MODERATING,

and DEPENDENT VARIABLE

WORKFORCE DIVERSITY

WORKFORCE DIVERSITY



INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

CREATIVESYNERGYCREATIVESYNERGY

INTERVENINGVARIABLE

INTERVENINGVARIABLE

t 1t 1 t 2t 2 t 3t 3TIME :TIME :

MANAGERIALEXPERTISE

MANAGERIALEXPERTISE

MODERATINGVARIABLE

MODERATINGVARIABLE


IT IS A LOGICALLY DEVELOPED, DESCRIBED, AND ELABORATED NETWORK ASSOCIATION AMONG VARIABLES DEEMED RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM SITUATION

IT IS A LOGICALLY DEVELOPED, DESCRIBED, AND ELABORATED NETWORK ASSOCIATION AMONG VARIABLES DEEMED RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM SITUATION

THEORETICALFRAMEWORKTHEORETICALFRAMEWORK

Variables considered relevant should be clearly identified & labeled Variables considered relevant should be clearly identified & labeled

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5 Basic features should be incorporated:5 Basic features should be incorporated:

State how two or more variables are related to another. State how two or more variables are related to another. Nature and direction of the relationship can be theorized on the basis of the finding from previous researchNature and direction of the relationship can be theorized on the basis of the finding from previous research

Clear explanation of why we would expect these relationship existClear explanation of why we would expect these relationship exist

Schematic diagram should be givenSchematic diagram should be given




SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

COMMUNICATION AMONGCOCKPIT MEMBERS


AIR-SAFETYVIOLATIONSAIR-SAFETYVIOLATIONS

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

COMMUNICATION BETWEENGROUND CONTROL & COCKPITCOMMUNICATION BETWEEN

GROUND CONTROL & COCKPIT

DECENTRALIZATIONDECENTRALIZATION

TRAINING OF COCKPIT CREWTRAINING OF COCKPIT CREW



SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKINCLUDING A MODERATING VARIABLE

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKINCLUDING A MODERATING VARIABLE




INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE




TRAININGTRAINING

MODERATINGVARIABLE

MODERATINGVARIABLE



SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKINCLUDING THE INTERVENING VARIABLE

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKINCLUDING THE INTERVENING VARIABLE




INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE




TRAINING OF COCKPIT CREWTRAINING OF COCKPIT CREWNERVOUSNESS& DIFFIDENCENERVOUSNESS& DIFFIDENCE

INTERVENINGVARIABLE

INTERVENINGVARIABLE


LOGICALLY CONJECTURED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF TESTABLE STATEMENT

LOGICALLY CONJECTURED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF TESTABLE STATEMENT

HYPOTHESESHYPOTHESES

If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situation, air safety violations will be reducedIf the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situation, air safety violations will be reduced

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FORMAT STATEMENT of HYPOTHESESFORMAT STATEMENT of HYPOTHESES

IF - THENIF - THEN

IF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE HEALTHY, THEN THEY WILL TAKE SICK LEAVE LESS FREQUENTLYIF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE HEALTHY, THEN THEY WILL TAKE SICK LEAVE LESS FREQUENTLY

PROPOSITIONSPROPOSITIONS

EMPLOYEES WHO ARE MORE HEALTHY WILL TAKE SICK LEAVE LESSFREQUENTLYEMPLOYEES WHO ARE MORE HEALTHY WILL TAKE SICK LEAVE LESSFREQUENTLY



DIRECTIONAL & NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESESDIRECTIONAL & NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES

DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES : DIRECTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES INDICATEDDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES : DIRECTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES INDICATED

THE GREATER THE STRESS EXPERIENCED IN THE JOB, THE LOWER THE JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEESTHE GREATER THE STRESS EXPERIENCED IN THE JOB, THE LOWER THE JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES

NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES : DO POSTULATED A RELATIONSHIP ORDIFFERENCES BUT NO DIRECTION OF THESE RELATIONSHIP OR DEFFERENCES

NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES : DO POSTULATED A RELATIONSHIP ORDIFFERENCES BUT NO DIRECTION OF THESE RELATIONSHIP OR DEFFERENCES

THERE IS REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE & JOB SATISFACTIONTHERE IS REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE & JOB SATISFACTION



NULL HYPOTHESES : IS A PROPOSITION THAT STATES A DEFENITIVE, EXACT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLE. IT STATES THAT THE POPULATION CORRELATION BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES OR THAT THE DIFFERENCE IN THE MEANS OF TWO GROUPS IN THE POPULATION IS EQUAL TO ZERO

NULL HYPOTHESES : IS A PROPOSITION THAT STATES A DEFENITIVE, EXACT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLE. IT STATES THAT THE POPULATION CORRELATION BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES OR THAT THE DIFFERENCE IN THE MEANS OF TWO GROUPS IN THE POPULATION IS EQUAL TO ZERO

Ho : m = wHo : m = w

Ho : m - w = 0Ho : m - w = 0

Where :Where :

Ho : Null hypothesesm : Motivational level of the men w : Motivational level of the women




ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES : STATEMENT EXPRESSING A RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN TWO VARIABLES OR NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO GROUPSALTERNATE HYPOTHESES : STATEMENT EXPRESSING A RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN TWO VARIABLES OR NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO GROUPS

Ha : m < wHa : m < w

Where :Where :



Ha : m > wHa : m > w

NON DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES :NON DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES :

Ha : m wHa : m w



NULL HYPOTHESES :NULL HYPOTHESES :

Ho : P = 0Ho : P = 0

Where :Where :

Ho : Null hypothesesP : Correlation between stress & job satisfactionHo : Null hypothesesP : Correlation between stress & job satisfaction

DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESESDIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES

Ha : P < 0Ha : P < 0

NONDIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESESNONDIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES

Ha : P 0Ha : P 0




SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPINGSEX-ROLE STEREOTYPING

ADVANCEMENT OFWOMEN TO THE TOPADVANCEMENT OF

WOMEN TO THE TOP

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

DEPENDENTVARIABLE

ACCESS TO INFORMATIONACCESS TO INFORMATION


RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5)RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5)The RESEARCH DESIGNThe RESEARCH DESIGN

- EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION

- DESCRIPTION- DESCRIPTION

- HYPOTHESIS TESTING- HYPOTHESIS TESTING

ESTABLISHING :ESTABLISHING :- CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS

- CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS

- CORRELATIONS- CORRELATIONS- GROUP DIFFE- RENCES RANKS, ETC.

- GROUP DIFFE- RENCES RANKS, ETC.

MINIMAL :MINIMAL :

STUDYING EVENTS AS THEY NORMALLY OCCUR

STUDYING EVENTS AS THEY NORMALLY OCCUR

PURPOSEOF THE STUDY

PURPOSEOF THE STUDY

TYPES OFINVESTIGATION

TYPES OFINVESTIGATION

EXTENT OFRESEARCHER

INTERFERENCE

EXTENT OFRESEARCHER

INTERFERENCE

MANIPULATION AND/OR CONTROL AND/OR SITUATION

MANIPULATION AND/OR CONTROL AND/OR SITUATION

- CONTRIVED- CONTRIVED

- NON CONTRIVED- NON CONTRIVED

STUDYSETTINGSTUDY

SETTING

- OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

- OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

- ITEMS ( MEASURE )- ITEMS ( MEASURE )

MEASUREMENS& MEASURES

MEASUREMENS& MEASURES

- SCALING- SCALING- CATEGORIZING- CATEGORIZING

- CODING- CODING

- INDIVIDUALS- INDIVIDUALS- DYADS- DYADS- GROUPS- GROUPS

UNIT OF ANALYSIS

( POPULATION TO BE STUDIED )

UNIT OF ANALYSIS

( POPULATION TO BE STUDIED )

- ORGANIZATIONS- ORGANIZATIONS- MACHINES- MACHINES- ETC- ETC

- PROBABILITY/ NON PROBA- BILITY

- PROBABILITY/ NON PROBA- BILITY

- SAMPLE SIZE ( n )- SAMPLE SIZE ( n )

SAMPLINGDESIGN

SAMPLINGDESIGN

- ONE-SHOT ( CROSS- SECTIONAL )

- ONE-SHOT ( CROSS- SECTIONAL )

- LONGITUDI- NAL- LONGITUDI- NAL

TIMEHORIZON

TIMEHORIZON

- OBSERVATION INTERVIEW- OBSERVATION INTERVIEW

- QUESTIONNAIRE- QUESTIONNAIRE

DATACOLLECTION

METHOD

DATACOLLECTION

METHOD

- PHYSICAL MEASU- REMENT

- PHYSICAL MEASU- REMENT- UNOBTRUSIVE- UNOBTRUSIVE

PR

OB

LEM

S

TATEM

EN

TP

RO

BLEM

S

TATEM

EN

T

DETAILS OF STUDYDETAILS OF STUDY MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT

DATAANALYSIS

DATAANALYSIS

1. FEEL FOR DATA

1. FEEL FOR DATA

2. GOOD- NES OF DATA

2. GOOD- NES OF DATA

3. HYPO- THESES TESTING

3. HYPO- THESES TESTING

RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGNELEMENTS ofELEMENTS of


THE PURPOSE of THE STUDYTHE PURPOSE of THE STUDY

EXPLORATORYEXPLORATORY

DESCRIPTIVEDESCRIPTIVE

HYPOTHESES TESTINGHYPOTHESES TESTING

CASE STUDY ANALYSISCASE STUDY ANALYSIS

Undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past

Undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past

Undertaken in order to ascertain & be able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situationUndertaken in order to ascertain & be able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation

Undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable or to predict organizational outcomesUndertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable or to predict organizational outcomes

Involve in-depth, contextual analyses of similar situations in other organizations, where the nature of the problem & the problem definition happen to be the same as the one experienced in the current situation

Involve in-depth, contextual analyses of similar situations in other organizations, where the nature of the problem & the problem definition happen to be the same as the one experienced in the current situation

ELEMENTS of RESEARCH DESIGNELEMENTS of RESEARCH DESIGN


TYPE of INVESTIGATION TYPE of INVESTIGATION

CORRELATIONALCORRELATIONAL

Is done when it is necessary to establish a definitive cause & effect relationship. The intention is to be able to state that variable X causes variable Y. Ex.Does smoking cause cancer ?

Is done when it is necessary to establish a definitive cause & effect relationship. The intention is to be able to state that variable X causes variable Y. Ex.Does smoking cause cancer ?

If simply wants a mere identification of the important factors associated with” the problem.Ex.Are smoking and cancer related ? OR Are smoking, drinking, and chewing tobacco associated with cancer?. If so, which of these contributes most to the variance in the dependent variable ?

If simply wants a mere identification of the important factors associated with” the problem.Ex.Are smoking and cancer related ? OR Are smoking, drinking, and chewing tobacco associated with cancer?. If so, which of these contributes most to the variance in the dependent variable ?


CAUSALCAUSAL


EXTENT of RESEARCHER INTERFERENCEEXTENT of RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE

Researcher tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effect of such manipulation on the dependent variable. Ex.Want to study the influence of lighting in workers performance, & hance manipulates the intensity of lighting in the work situation to varying degrees.

Researcher tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effect of such manipulation on the dependent variable. Ex.Want to study the influence of lighting in workers performance, & hance manipulates the intensity of lighting in the work situation to varying degrees.

Is conducted in the natural environment of the organization, with the researcher interfering minimally.Ex.If wants to study the factors influencing training effectiveness (a correlational study), the individual simply has to develop a theoretical framework, collect the relevant data, & analyze

Is conducted in the natural environment of the organization, with the researcher interfering minimally.Ex.If wants to study the factors influencing training effectiveness (a correlational study), the individual simply has to develop a theoretical framework, collect the relevant data, & analyze


CAUSALCAUSAL

CORRELATIONALCORRELATIONAL


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STUDY SETTING : CONTRIVED & NONCONTRIVEDSTUDY SETTING : CONTRIVED & NONCONTRIVED

FIELD STUDIESFIELD STUDIES

FIELD EXPERIMENTS

FIELD EXPERIMENTS

Correlational studies done in organizations. Various factors are examined in the natural setting in which daily activities go on as normal with minimal researcher interference.Ex. Analyze the relationship between interest rate & bank deposit patterns of clients

Correlational studies done in organizations. Various factors are examined in the natural setting in which daily activities go on as normal with minimal researcher interference.Ex. Analyze the relationship between interest rate & bank deposit patterns of clientsCause & effect relationships are studied with some amount of researcher interference, but still in the natural setting where work continues in the normal fashion.Ex. Determine the cause & effect relationship between interest rate & the inclinations of clients to save & deposit money.

Cause & effect relationships are studied with some amount of researcher interference, but still in the natural setting where work continues in the normal fashion.Ex. Determine the cause & effect relationship between interest rate & the inclinations of clients to save & deposit money.LAB

EXPERIMENTSLAB EXPERIMENTS

Researcher explores cause & effect relationship exercising a high degree of control & also in artificially created setting.Ex. Create an artificial environment & trace the true cause & effect relationship between interest rates & savings.

Researcher explores cause & effect relationship exercising a high degree of control & also in artificially created setting.Ex. Create an artificial environment & trace the true cause & effect relationship between interest rates & savings.



UNIT of ANALYSIS :UNIT of ANALYSIS :

INDIVIDUALSINDIVIDUALS

DYADSDYADS

Level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage.

Level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage.

GROUPSGROUPS

Data gathered from each individual & treating each employees response as an individual data sourceEx. How many staff would be interested in attending a three day seminar.

Data gathered from each individual & treating each employees response as an individual data sourceEx. How many staff would be interested in attending a three day seminar.

Two person groups will become the unit of analysisEx. Mentor & the mentored pairs are identified, their joint perception about the benefit of mentoring can be obtained by treating each pair as one unit.

Two person groups will become the unit of analysisEx. Mentor & the mentored pairs are identified, their joint perception about the benefit of mentoring can be obtained by treating each pair as one unit.

Data gathered from all individuals comprising several groups, & individual in the groups treated as one unit.Ex. See the patterns of usage of the newly installed information system by the production, sales, HRD personnel.

Data gathered from all individuals comprising several groups, & individual in the groups treated as one unit.Ex. See the patterns of usage of the newly installed information system by the production, sales, HRD personnel.



EXTENT of RESEARCHER INTERFERENCEEXTENT of RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES

LONGITU-DINAL STUDIES

LONGITU-DINAL STUDIES

Data are gathered just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question.Ex. A drug company desirous of investing in research for a new obesity pill, conducted a survey among obese people to see how many of them would be interested in trying the new pill.

Data are gathered just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question.Ex. A drug company desirous of investing in research for a new obesity pill, conducted a survey among obese people to see how many of them would be interested in trying the new pill.

Study people or phenomena at more than one point in time in order to answer the research question.Ex. Researcher might want to study employee’s behaviour before & after a change in the top management to learn the effect of change.

Study people or phenomena at more than one point in time in order to answer the research question.Ex. Researcher might want to study employee’s behaviour before & after a change in the top management to learn the effect of change.


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