MUD SYSTEMS, MUD DATA MUD SYSTEMS, MUD DATA & &

HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS

A.A. Fresh Water MudsFresh Water MudsB.B. Inhibited MudsInhibited MudsC.C. Water Base EmulsionWater Base EmulsionD.D. Oil Base & Synthetic MudsOil Base & Synthetic Muds

I- MUD SYSTEMSI- MUD SYSTEMS

((is that mud with water as its continuous ((is that mud with water as its continuous phase.))phase.))

1- Spud mud.1- Spud mud.

2- Low solids mud.2- Low solids mud.

3- Lignite mud.3- Lignite mud.

4- Lignite surfactant systems.4- Lignite surfactant systems.

5- Lignosulfonate mud.5- Lignosulfonate mud.

6- Lignite/ Lignosulfonate mud.6- Lignite/ Lignosulfonate mud.

A- Fresh water Base MudA- Fresh water Base Mud

B- Inhibited MudB- Inhibited Mud

((Is that mud which repress the hydration ((Is that mud which repress the hydration and subsequent dispersion of clay into and subsequent dispersion of clay into

the mud)).the mud)). 1- Lime mud.1- Lime mud.

2- Low lime mud.2- Low lime mud.

3- Gypsum mud.3- Gypsum mud.

4- Sea water mud.4- Sea water mud.

5- Saturated salt water mud.5- Saturated salt water mud.

6- K-plus mud.6- K-plus mud.

Advantages over conventional water base mud:-Advantages over conventional water base mud:-1- will Telerate a higher concentration of clays before 1- will Telerate a higher concentration of clays before developing high viscosity,developing high viscosity,

2- less drastic effects by contaminants such as cement, 2- less drastic effects by contaminants such as cement, anhydrite, ..anhydrite, ..

3- can be raised to a higher mud weights before developing 3- can be raised to a higher mud weights before developing excessive viscosity,excessive viscosity,

4- less progressive gelling tendency.4- less progressive gelling tendency.

B- Inhibited Mud B- Inhibited Mud (continue)(continue)

C- Water Base Emulsion MudC- Water Base Emulsion Mud

((Is that mud with oil & water being ((Is that mud with oil & water being emulsified together)).emulsified together)).

Advantages over conventional water base mud:-Advantages over conventional water base mud:-

1- Reduction of pipe torque & drag.1- Reduction of pipe torque & drag.

2- Increased ROP & bit life.2- Increased ROP & bit life.

3- Reduction of bit balling.3- Reduction of bit balling.

4- Alleviation of differential sticking.4- Alleviation of differential sticking.

5- Better filtration control & production zone.5- Better filtration control & production zone.

((Is that mud with oil as its continuous ((Is that mud with oil as its continuous phase with not more than 1 – 5% water)).phase with not more than 1 – 5% water)).

Advantages of oil base mud:-Advantages of oil base mud:-

1- protection of production horizon,1- protection of production horizon,

2- drill water sensitive formations; salt, clays..2- drill water sensitive formations; salt, clays..

3- allowing longer bit runs than water base mud of 3- allowing longer bit runs than water base mud of the same weight.the same weight.

4- less viscosity problems in deep hot holes.4- less viscosity problems in deep hot holes.

D- Oil Base & Synthetic MudD- Oil Base & Synthetic Mud

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Water Base MudWater Base Mud1- Shales.1- Shales.

2- Soluble Salts (cement).2- Soluble Salts (cement).

3- Acid Gasses (H2S & CO2).3- Acid Gasses (H2S & CO2).

Oil Base MudOil Base Mud1- Salt water.1- Salt water.

2- Green cement.2- Green cement.

3- Acid Gases (H2S & CO2).3- Acid Gases (H2S & CO2).

MUD CONTAMINATSMUD CONTAMINATS

II- MUD DATAII- MUD DATA

1- DENSITY1- DENSITY

2- RHEOLOGY2- RHEOLOGY

((((Any accepted Any accepted terminology that terminology that

indicates the weight indicates the weight per unit volume of per unit volume of

drilling fluid))drilling fluid))--Pounds per gallon (ppg).Pounds per gallon (ppg).

-Pounds per cubic feet -Pounds per cubic feet (pcf).(pcf).

-Gram per cubic centimeter -Gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).(g/cc).

-Kilogram per liter (kg/l).-Kilogram per liter (kg/l).

1- DENSITY1- DENSITY

((((The laboratory measured mud parametersThe laboratory measured mud parameters))))

a-Funnel Viscosity (vis)a-Funnel Viscosity (vis)

b-Plastic Viscosity (PV)b-Plastic Viscosity (PV)

c- Yield Point (YP)c- Yield Point (YP)

d- Gel strengthd- Gel strength

e- phe- ph

f- Filtrationf- Filtration

g- Alkalinityg- Alkalinity

h- Chloride Contenth- Chloride Content

i- Calciumi- Calcium

j- Retortj- Retort

2- RHEOLOGY2- RHEOLOGY

VISCOSITYVISCOSITY

((Viscosity is a measure of the

internal resistance of a fluid to flow))

1- Funnel ViscosityApparent Viscosity (vis)

• is the measured times it takes for one quart of mud to gravity feed through a hole of a specific diameter.

viscosityviscosity2- Multi Speed rheometr• relates viscosity to

shear rate and shear stress.

i. Newtonian fluids

ii. Non Newtonian fluids

b-Plastic viscosity (Pv)b-Plastic viscosity (Pv)

is that part of flow resistance in a mud caused is that part of flow resistance in a mud caused primarily by the friction between the suspended primarily by the friction between the suspended particles and by the viscosity of the continuous particles and by the viscosity of the continuous liquid phase.liquid phase. i.e. it is a representation of the i.e. it is a representation of the

concentration, size and shape of the solid concentration, size and shape of the solid particles.particles.

c-Yield point (Yp)c-Yield point (Yp)

is a measurement under flowing conditions of the is a measurement under flowing conditions of the forces in the mud which cause gel structure to forces in the mud which cause gel structure to develop when the mud is at rest.develop when the mud is at rest.

2- RHEOLOGY 2- RHEOLOGY ((continue))((continue))

Gel strengthGel strength

• d-Gel strength (Gel)

is a measurement under static conditions of the forces in the mud which cause gel structure to

develop when the mud is at rest.

e- pHe- pH

is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of drilling mud is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of drilling mud as expressed in the hydrogen ion as expressed in the hydrogen ion concentration .concentration . It is used as an aid in determining for type of mud It is used as an aid in determining for type of mud treatment and as indication of contaminants such treatment and as indication of contaminants such as cement, gypsum .as cement, gypsum .

f- Filtration (Wl)f- Filtration (Wl)

is a measurement liquid filtrate of the drilling mud.is a measurement liquid filtrate of the drilling mud. It measure the ability of the solid components to It measure the ability of the solid components to form a thin, low permeability filter cake.form a thin, low permeability filter cake.

2- RHEOLOGY ((continue))2- RHEOLOGY ((continue))

III- HYDRAULICSIII- HYDRAULICS

((Deals with the behavior of mud with specific ((Deals with the behavior of mud with specific Rheology in moving))Rheology in moving))

a- Flow PATTERN.a- Flow PATTERN.

b- PRESSURE DROP.b- PRESSURE DROP.

c- ECD.c- ECD.

d- SLIP VELOCITYd- SLIP VELOCITY

d- SURGE & SWAP.d- SURGE & SWAP.

e- BIT HYDRAULICS.e- BIT HYDRAULICS.

a- Flow Patterna- Flow Pattern

((Refers to the relation between the different ((Refers to the relation between the different layers to each other in moving))layers to each other in moving))

1- Plug flow.1- Plug flow.

2- Laminar flow.2- Laminar flow.

3- Turbulent flow.3- Turbulent flow.

This depends on the relation between the Fluid Velocity & the Critical This depends on the relation between the Fluid Velocity & the Critical VelocityVelocity

i- Fluid Velocity.i- Fluid Velocity.

ii- Critical Velocity.ii- Critical Velocity.

b- Pressure Dropb- Pressure Drop

((Refers to the pressure required to overcome ((Refers to the pressure required to overcome the friction between the drilling fluid and the friction between the drilling fluid and

specific system section))specific system section))

1- Drill String Pressure Drop.1- Drill String Pressure Drop.

2- Annulus Pressure Drop.2- Annulus Pressure Drop.

3- Bit Pressure Drop.3- Bit Pressure Drop.

1- Drill string pressure drop1- Drill string pressure drop

((Refers to the pressure required to overcome the friction between the

drilling fluid and drill pipe))

2- Annulus Pressure Drop2- Annulus Pressure Drop

• ((Refers to the pressure required to overcome the friction between the drilling fluid and annulus))

• ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density):- is the combined pressure being exerted

hydrostatically by the mud and the mud pump when the system is circulating.

• Slip Velocity:-is the rate at which cuttings fall back toward bottom.

((Reology in Bingham model concerned with ((Reology in Bingham model concerned with PV & YP))PV & YP))

PV = C 600 – C 300PV = C 600 – C 300

YP = C 300 – PVYP = C 300 – PV

It is more accurate in Oil Base Mud than in Water base mud.It is more accurate in Oil Base Mud than in Water base mud.

BINGHAM PLASTIC BINGHAM PLASTIC

• It allows for more plastic or pseudo – fluid behavior.

• Power law slip velocity is generally less than Bingham one. Calculating slip velocity by Bingham provide adequate hole cleaning

• More accurate in water base mud.

POWER LAWPOWER LAW

• Swap pressure is a negative value produced by pipe movement up ward.

• Surge pressure is a positive value produced by pipe movement down ward.

3- Swab & Surge Pressure3- Swab & Surge Pressure

4- Bit Hydraulics4- Bit Hydraulics

• Bit Pressure Drop.

• Jet Velocity.

• Hydraulic Horse Power.

• Impact Force